In present scenario, the high speed data transmission services has pushed limits for wireless communication network capacity, at same time multimedia transmission in real-time needs provision of QoS, therefore the network capacity and small cell coverage has comes with lots of challenges. Improving the channel capacity and coverage area within the available bandwidth is necessary to provide better QoS to users, and improved channel capacity for the FCUs and MCUs in network. In this paper, we are proposing an NQHN approach that incorporate with efficient power allocation, improving the channel capacity by optimized traffic scheduling process in a small cell HetNets scenario. This work efficiently handle the interference with maintaining the user QoS and the implemented power controller uses HeNB power as per the real time based approach for macro-cell and femto-cell. Moreover, we consider the real traffic scenario to check the performance of our proposed approach with respect to existing algorithm.
Dear Student,
DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS is one of the Hardware Training and Software Development centre available in
Trichy. Pioneer in corporate training, DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS provides training in all software
development and IT-related courses, such as Embedded Systems, VLSI, MATLAB, JAVA, J2EE, CIVIL,
Power Electronics, and Power Systems. It’s certified and experienced faculty members have the
competence to train students, provide consultancy to organizations, and develop strategic
solutions for clients by integrating existing and emerging technologies.
ADD: No:73/5, 3rd Floor, Sri Kamatchi Complex, Opp City Hospital, Salai Road, Trichy-18
Contact @ 7200021403/04
phone: 0431-4050403
Dynamic Topology Re-Configuration in Multihop Cellular Networks Using Sequent...IJERA Editor
Cellular communications has experienced explosive growth in the past two decades. Today millions of people around the world use cellular phones. Cellular phones allow a person to make or receive a call from almost anywhere. Likewise, a person is allowed to continue the phone conversation while on the move. Cellular communications is supported by an infrastructure called a cellular network, which integrates cellular phones into the public switched telephone network. The cellular network has gone through three generations.The first generation of cellular networks is analog in nature. To accommodate more cellular phone subscribers, digital TDMA (time division multiple access) and CDMA (code division multiple access) technologies are used in the second generation (2G) to increase the network capacity. With digital technologies, digitized voice can be coded and encrypted. Therefore, the 2G cellular network is also more secure. The third generation (3G) integrates cellular phones into the Internet world by providing highspeed packet-switching data transmission in addition to circuit-switching voice transmission. The 3G cellular networks have been deployed in some parts of Asia, Europe, and the United States since 2002 and will be widely deployed in the coming years. The high increase in traffic and data rate for future generations of mobile communication systems, with simultaneous requirement for reduced power consumption, makes Multihop Cellular Networks (MCNs) an attractive technology. To exploit the potentials of MCNs a new network paradigm is proposed in this paper. In addition, a novel sequential genetic algorithm (SGA) is proposed as a heuristic approximation to reconfigure the optimum relaying topology as the network traffic changes. Network coding is used to combine the uplink and downlink transmissions, and incorporate it into the optimum bidirectional relaying with ICI awareness. Numerical results have shown that the algorithms suggested in this thesis provide significant improvement with respect to the existing results, and are expected to have significant impact in the analysis and design of future cellular networks.
Social-sine cosine algorithm-based cross layer resource allocation in wireles...IJECEIAES
Cross layer resource allocation in the wireless networks is approached traditionally either by communications networks or information theory. The major issue in networking is the allocation of limited resources from the users of network. In traditional layered network, the resource are allocated at medium access control (MAC) and the network layers uses the communication links in bit pipes for delivering the data at fixed rate with the occasional random errors. Hence, this paper presents the cross-layer resource allocation in wireless network based on the proposed social-sine cosine algorithm (SSCA). The proposed SSCA is designed by integrating social ski driver (SSD) and sine cosine algorithm (SCA). Also, for further refining the resource allocation scheme, the proposed SSCA uses the fitness based on energy and fairness in which max-min, hard-fairness, proportional fairness, mixed-bias and the maximum throughput is considered. Based on energy and fairness, the cross-layer optimization entity makes the decision on resource allocation to mitigate the sum rate of network. The performance of resource allocation based on proposed model is evaluated based on energy, throughput, and the fairness. The developed model achieves the maximal energy of 258213, maximal throughput of 3.703, and the maximal fairness of 0.868, respectively.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WIRELESS MESH NETWORK USING ADAPTIVE INFORMANT FACTOR...IJCSES Journal
Wireless mesh network (WMN) has become an important leading technology which provides several types of useful applications such as community network, broadband home network and internet access, etc. The rise in the size of users in WMN has created a degradation of efficiency in a network especially in dense areas due to the clumsy channel allocation and hence creating many challenges for enhancing the users experience, network quality and throughput. Therefore in this paper, we proposed OCA based AIF model that can access the channel information and then it process to improve the RF channel association. The proposed OCA-AIF will function for each period when some interference is detected via AIF and we further extend this analysis by taking in to consideration the influence of interference to provide a high quality indicator in network. The analysis of result shows the optimization by our proposed approach which increases as per the increment of relay nodes (RNs).
Dear Student,
DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS is one of the Hardware Training and Software Development centre available in
Trichy. Pioneer in corporate training, DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS provides training in all software
development and IT-related courses, such as Embedded Systems, VLSI, MATLAB, JAVA, J2EE, CIVIL,
Power Electronics, and Power Systems. It’s certified and experienced faculty members have the
competence to train students, provide consultancy to organizations, and develop strategic
solutions for clients by integrating existing and emerging technologies.
ADD: No:73/5, 3rd Floor, Sri Kamatchi Complex, Opp City Hospital, Salai Road, Trichy-18
Contact @ 7200021403/04
phone: 0431-4050403
A MIN-MAX SCHEDULING LOAD BALANCED APPROACH TO ENHANCE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ...IJCNCJournal
Energy efficiency and traffic management in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is a complex process due
to the self-organizing nature of the nodes. Quality of service (QoS) of the network is achieved by
addressing the issues concerned with load handling and energy conservation. This manuscript proposes a
min-max scheduling (M2S) algorithm for energy efficiency and load balancing (LB) in MANETs. The
algorithm operates in two phases: neighbor selection and load balancing. In state selection, the
transmission of the node is altered based on its energy and packet delivery factor. In the load balancing
phase, the selected nodes are induced by queuing and scheduling the process to improve the rate of load
dissemination. The different processes are intended to improve the packet delivery factor (PDF) by
selecting appropriate node transmission states. The transmission states of the nodes are classified through
periodic remaining energy update; the queuing and scheduling process is dynamically adjusted with energy
consideration. A weight-based normalized function eases neighbor selection by determining the most
precise neighbor that satisfies transmission and energy constraints. The results of the proposed M2SLB
(Min-Max Scheduling Load Balancing) proves the consistency of the proposed algorithm by improving the
network throughput, packet delivery ratio and minimizing delay and packet loss by retaining higher
remaining energy.
Energy Behavior in Ad Hoc Network Minimizing the Number of Hops and Maintaini...CSCJournals
Wireless ad-hoc mesh network is a special kind of network, where all of the nodes move in time. The topology of the network changes as the nodes are in the proximity of each other. Ad-hoc networks are generally self-configuring no stable infrastructure takes a place. In this network, each node should help relaying packets of neighboring nodes using multi-hop routing mechanism. This mechanism is needed to reach far destination nodes to solve problem of dead communication. This multiple traffic "hops" within a wireless mesh network caused dilemma. Wireless mesh network that contain multiple hops become increasingly vulnerable to problems such as energy degradation and rapid increasing of overhead packets. This paper provides a generic routing framework that balances energy efficient broadcast schemes in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network and maintaining connectivity of nodes (mobile terminals). Typically, each node’s activities will consume energy, either for sending packets, receiving or preparing/processing packets. Number of hops, distance of nodes, and size of packet will determine the consumption of energy. The framework is based on the principle that additional relay nodes with appropriate energy and routing metric between source and final destination significantly reduces the energy consumption necessary to deliver packets in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network while keep the connectivity of dynamic nodes. Using the framework, the average network connectivity is kept 18% higher and the lifetime of network lasting more than 2.38% compared with network with Link State Routing mechanism. The simulation notes that the end-to-end delay may increase rapidly if relay nodes are more than five.
Dear Student,
DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS is one of the Hardware Training and Software Development centre available in
Trichy. Pioneer in corporate training, DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS provides training in all software
development and IT-related courses, such as Embedded Systems, VLSI, MATLAB, JAVA, J2EE, CIVIL,
Power Electronics, and Power Systems. It’s certified and experienced faculty members have the
competence to train students, provide consultancy to organizations, and develop strategic
solutions for clients by integrating existing and emerging technologies.
ADD: No:73/5, 3rd Floor, Sri Kamatchi Complex, Opp City Hospital, Salai Road, Trichy-18
Contact @ 7200021403/04
phone: 0431-4050403
Dynamic Topology Re-Configuration in Multihop Cellular Networks Using Sequent...IJERA Editor
Cellular communications has experienced explosive growth in the past two decades. Today millions of people around the world use cellular phones. Cellular phones allow a person to make or receive a call from almost anywhere. Likewise, a person is allowed to continue the phone conversation while on the move. Cellular communications is supported by an infrastructure called a cellular network, which integrates cellular phones into the public switched telephone network. The cellular network has gone through three generations.The first generation of cellular networks is analog in nature. To accommodate more cellular phone subscribers, digital TDMA (time division multiple access) and CDMA (code division multiple access) technologies are used in the second generation (2G) to increase the network capacity. With digital technologies, digitized voice can be coded and encrypted. Therefore, the 2G cellular network is also more secure. The third generation (3G) integrates cellular phones into the Internet world by providing highspeed packet-switching data transmission in addition to circuit-switching voice transmission. The 3G cellular networks have been deployed in some parts of Asia, Europe, and the United States since 2002 and will be widely deployed in the coming years. The high increase in traffic and data rate for future generations of mobile communication systems, with simultaneous requirement for reduced power consumption, makes Multihop Cellular Networks (MCNs) an attractive technology. To exploit the potentials of MCNs a new network paradigm is proposed in this paper. In addition, a novel sequential genetic algorithm (SGA) is proposed as a heuristic approximation to reconfigure the optimum relaying topology as the network traffic changes. Network coding is used to combine the uplink and downlink transmissions, and incorporate it into the optimum bidirectional relaying with ICI awareness. Numerical results have shown that the algorithms suggested in this thesis provide significant improvement with respect to the existing results, and are expected to have significant impact in the analysis and design of future cellular networks.
Social-sine cosine algorithm-based cross layer resource allocation in wireles...IJECEIAES
Cross layer resource allocation in the wireless networks is approached traditionally either by communications networks or information theory. The major issue in networking is the allocation of limited resources from the users of network. In traditional layered network, the resource are allocated at medium access control (MAC) and the network layers uses the communication links in bit pipes for delivering the data at fixed rate with the occasional random errors. Hence, this paper presents the cross-layer resource allocation in wireless network based on the proposed social-sine cosine algorithm (SSCA). The proposed SSCA is designed by integrating social ski driver (SSD) and sine cosine algorithm (SCA). Also, for further refining the resource allocation scheme, the proposed SSCA uses the fitness based on energy and fairness in which max-min, hard-fairness, proportional fairness, mixed-bias and the maximum throughput is considered. Based on energy and fairness, the cross-layer optimization entity makes the decision on resource allocation to mitigate the sum rate of network. The performance of resource allocation based on proposed model is evaluated based on energy, throughput, and the fairness. The developed model achieves the maximal energy of 258213, maximal throughput of 3.703, and the maximal fairness of 0.868, respectively.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WIRELESS MESH NETWORK USING ADAPTIVE INFORMANT FACTOR...IJCSES Journal
Wireless mesh network (WMN) has become an important leading technology which provides several types of useful applications such as community network, broadband home network and internet access, etc. The rise in the size of users in WMN has created a degradation of efficiency in a network especially in dense areas due to the clumsy channel allocation and hence creating many challenges for enhancing the users experience, network quality and throughput. Therefore in this paper, we proposed OCA based AIF model that can access the channel information and then it process to improve the RF channel association. The proposed OCA-AIF will function for each period when some interference is detected via AIF and we further extend this analysis by taking in to consideration the influence of interference to provide a high quality indicator in network. The analysis of result shows the optimization by our proposed approach which increases as per the increment of relay nodes (RNs).
Dear Student,
DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS is one of the Hardware Training and Software Development centre available in
Trichy. Pioneer in corporate training, DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS provides training in all software
development and IT-related courses, such as Embedded Systems, VLSI, MATLAB, JAVA, J2EE, CIVIL,
Power Electronics, and Power Systems. It’s certified and experienced faculty members have the
competence to train students, provide consultancy to organizations, and develop strategic
solutions for clients by integrating existing and emerging technologies.
ADD: No:73/5, 3rd Floor, Sri Kamatchi Complex, Opp City Hospital, Salai Road, Trichy-18
Contact @ 7200021403/04
phone: 0431-4050403
A MIN-MAX SCHEDULING LOAD BALANCED APPROACH TO ENHANCE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ...IJCNCJournal
Energy efficiency and traffic management in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is a complex process due
to the self-organizing nature of the nodes. Quality of service (QoS) of the network is achieved by
addressing the issues concerned with load handling and energy conservation. This manuscript proposes a
min-max scheduling (M2S) algorithm for energy efficiency and load balancing (LB) in MANETs. The
algorithm operates in two phases: neighbor selection and load balancing. In state selection, the
transmission of the node is altered based on its energy and packet delivery factor. In the load balancing
phase, the selected nodes are induced by queuing and scheduling the process to improve the rate of load
dissemination. The different processes are intended to improve the packet delivery factor (PDF) by
selecting appropriate node transmission states. The transmission states of the nodes are classified through
periodic remaining energy update; the queuing and scheduling process is dynamically adjusted with energy
consideration. A weight-based normalized function eases neighbor selection by determining the most
precise neighbor that satisfies transmission and energy constraints. The results of the proposed M2SLB
(Min-Max Scheduling Load Balancing) proves the consistency of the proposed algorithm by improving the
network throughput, packet delivery ratio and minimizing delay and packet loss by retaining higher
remaining energy.
Energy Behavior in Ad Hoc Network Minimizing the Number of Hops and Maintaini...CSCJournals
Wireless ad-hoc mesh network is a special kind of network, where all of the nodes move in time. The topology of the network changes as the nodes are in the proximity of each other. Ad-hoc networks are generally self-configuring no stable infrastructure takes a place. In this network, each node should help relaying packets of neighboring nodes using multi-hop routing mechanism. This mechanism is needed to reach far destination nodes to solve problem of dead communication. This multiple traffic "hops" within a wireless mesh network caused dilemma. Wireless mesh network that contain multiple hops become increasingly vulnerable to problems such as energy degradation and rapid increasing of overhead packets. This paper provides a generic routing framework that balances energy efficient broadcast schemes in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network and maintaining connectivity of nodes (mobile terminals). Typically, each node’s activities will consume energy, either for sending packets, receiving or preparing/processing packets. Number of hops, distance of nodes, and size of packet will determine the consumption of energy. The framework is based on the principle that additional relay nodes with appropriate energy and routing metric between source and final destination significantly reduces the energy consumption necessary to deliver packets in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network while keep the connectivity of dynamic nodes. Using the framework, the average network connectivity is kept 18% higher and the lifetime of network lasting more than 2.38% compared with network with Link State Routing mechanism. The simulation notes that the end-to-end delay may increase rapidly if relay nodes are more than five.
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
Analysis of back propagation and radial basis function neural networks for ha...IJECEIAES
In mobile systems, handoff is a vital process, referring to a process of allocating an ongoing call from one BS to another BS. The handover technique is very important to maintain the Quality of service. Handover algorithms, based on neural networks, fuzzy logic etc. can be used for the same purpose to keep Quality of service as high as possible. In this paper, it is proposed that back propagation networks and radial basis functions may be used for taking handover decision in wireless communication networks. The performance of these classifiers is evaluated on the basis of neurons in hidden layer, training time and classification accuracy. The proposed approach shows that radial basis function neural network give better results for making handover decisions in wireless heterogeneous networks with classification accuracy of 90%.
An optimum dynamic priority-based call admission control scheme for universal...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The dynamism associated with quality of service (QoS) requirement for traffic emanating from smarter end users devices founded on the internet of things (IoTs) drive, places a huge demand on modern telecommunication infrastructure. Most telecom networks, currently utilize robust call admission control (CAC) policies to ameliorate this challenge. However, the need for smarter CAC has becomes imperative owing to the sensitivity of traffic currently being supported. In this work, we developed a prioritized CAC algorithm for third Generation (3G) wireless cellular network. Based on the dynamic priority CAC (DP-CAC) model, we proposed an optimal dynamic priority CAC (ODP-CAC) scheme for Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). We then carried out simulation under heavy traffic load while also exploiting renegotiation among different call traffic classes. Also, we introduced queuing techniques to enhance the new calls success probability while still maintaining a good handoff failure across the network. Results show that ODP-CAC provides an improved performance with regards to the probability of call drop for new calls, network load utilization and grade of service with average percentage value of 15.7%, 5.4% and 0.35% respectively.
ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS FOR QOS EVALUATION OF MOBILE DATA NETWORKSIJCNCJournal
The widespread demand for data applications over mobile networks requires that service providers guarantee a well-defined quality of service (QoS) for subscribers. Evaluating the QoS provided by service providers within a geographical area to determine which network provides the best QoS is a challenging task. The complex nature of mobile networks with multi-criteria and conflicting factors makes good decision making difficult. This paper presents a measurement-based method called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for evaluating QoS in application-specific and user-centric data on 3G mobile networks. The evaluation problem is formulated as a multi-criteria decision problem. Latency, jitter, data loss, and throughput are the parameters collected as criteria in drive testing over the mobile network. Decision matrix is applied to solve the problem by reaching a final ranking of the network based on the collected measured values of the problem parameters. A case study of 3G mobile networks in Uyo metropolis is used to show how this approach can be effective in ranking the QoS in data applications to determine which network provides the best QoS based on users’ perception of quality. The implemented results in Java indicate that Etisalat network is the alternative that offers the best QoS for web browsing application based on measured criteria. This is followed by Airtel and then MTN, while Glo is ranked least. The result provides useful information to decision makers for performance improvement on service quality.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CARRIER AGGREGATION FOR VARIOUS MOBILE NETWORK IMPLEM...ijwmn
Carrier Aggregation (CA) is one of the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) features that allow mobile network operators (MNO) to combine multiple component carriers (CCs) across the available spectrum to create a wider bandwidth channel for increasing the network data throughput and overall capacity. CA has a potential to enhance data rates and network performance in the downlink, uplink, or both, and it can support aggregation of frequency division duplexing (FDD) as well as time division duplexing (TDD). The technique enables the MNO to exploit fragmented spectrum allocations and can be utilized to aggregate licensed and unlicensed carrier spectrum as well. This paper analyzes the performance gains and complexity level that arises from the aggregation of three inter-band component carriers (3CC) as compared to the aggregation of 2CC using a Vienna LTE System Level simulator. The results show a considerable growth in the average cell throughput when 3CC aggregations are implemented over the 2CC aggregation, at the expense of reduction in the fairness index. The reduction in the fairness index implies that, the scheduler has an increased task in resource allocations due to the added component carrier. Compensating for such decrease in the fairness index could result into scheduler design complexity. The proposed scheme can be adopted in combining various component carriers, to increase the bandwidth and hence the data rates.
Performance Analysis of Energy Optimized LTE-V2X Networks for Delay Sensitive...IJCNCJournal
Energy-efficient relaying technology in multi-hop data transmission can help the challenges faced in cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (cellular-V2X) communication. However, due to high demand of emergency service requirements of the systems such as Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR), National Security and Public Safety (NSPS), Intelligent Transport System (ITS) etc., least energy consumed user equipment (UEs)/Vehicular-UEs are required which can either run real-time applications or relay the application data. To support these scenarios, we present a high way based system model in rural area and enhance its scope for applying single-hop direct, relay assisted multi-hop cellular-V2X and Store-CarryForward (SCF) modes of uplink data transmission. We compare the performance of three modes of transmissions in terms of overall energy consumption and overall transmission delay with specific delay constraints of VoIP and video applications. With the varying cell radius and irrespective type of applications, our numerical results, validated with ns-3 show that, least energy is always consumed in SCF mode due to its inherent property but applications suffer a lot due to high delay incurred whereas singlehop direct mode shows the reverse. When compared with cellular-V2X mode, overall transmission delay for single-hop direct mode is acceptable within cell radius 600m but beyond that, relay assisted multi-hop cellular-V2X mode always outperforms (with low latency and moderate energy consumption).
Performance analysis of economic model and radio resource management in heter...IJCNCJournal
Radio resource management (RRM) is the system level control of co-channel interference and other radio
transmission characteristics in wireless communication systems. In this paper we first analyze a utility
function based access selection (UFAS) method. Then we investigate a radio resource management and
network selection scheme in heterogeneous wireless network. We propose an economic model to allocate
radio resources for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Networks and Wireless local Area (WLAN)
networks. Moreover we formulate and solve the optimization problem in WLAN and CDMA networks and
simulate those equations using MATLAB. Simulated results show that the proposed scheme can achieve
more number of users and more social welfare which outperform the utility function based access selection
method.
Improving energy efficiency in manet’s for healthcare environmentsijmnct
Now a day ad hoc mobile networks (MANETs) have lots of routing protocols, but no one can meet
maximum performance. Some are good in a small network; some are suitable in large networks, and some
give better performance in location or global networks. Today modern and innovative applications for
health care environments based on a wireless network are being developed in the commercial sectors. The
emerging wireless networks are rapidly becoming a fundamental part of every single field of life. Our
proposed DEERP framework gives a better performance as compared to other routing protocol.
In this paper, an application-based QoS evaluation approach for heterogeneous networks is proposed.It is possible to expand the network capacity and coverage in a dynamic fashion by applying heterogeneous wireless network architecture. However, the Quality of Service (QoS) evaluation of this type of network architecture is very challenging due to the presence of different communication technologies. Different communication technologies have different characteristics and the applications that utilize them have unique QoS requirements. Although, the communication technologies have different performance measurement parameters, the applications using these radio access networks have the same QoS requirements. As a result, it would be easier to evaluate the QoS of the access networks and the overall network configuration based on the performance of applications running on them. Using such applicationbased QoS evaluation approach, the heterogeneous nature of the underlying networks and the diversity of their traffic can be adequately taken into account. Through simulation studies, we show that the application performance based assessment approach facilitates better QoS management and monitoring of heterogeneous network configurations.
Impact of macrocellular network densification on the capacity, energy and cos...ijwmn
This paper aims to show the effect of macrocellular
network densification on the capacity, energy and
cost
efficiency. The presented results are based on radi
o propagation simulations that consider macrocellul
ar
network with different inter-site distances, i.e. d
ifferent site densities, and also take into account
the
presence of indoor receiver points by varying outdo
or and indoor receiver distribution. It is observed
that
as a result of densifying the network, the cell spe
ctral efficiency reduces due to increasing level of
inter-cell
interference. However, as a result of densification
, the network area capacity can be improved since t
he
area spectral efficiency increases. Nevertheless, t
he densification efficiency decreases because of th
e
reduction of cell spectral efficiency, especially w
hen indoor receiver points are taken into account.
The
results hence indicate that densification of macroc
ellular network suffers from inefficiency which res
ults in
higher energy and cost per bit per Hertz, and thus
calls for alternative methods to deploy networks, o
r
alternatively, more sophisticated methods, such as
base station coordination or inter-cell interferenc
e
cancellation techniques, to be implemented for futu
re cellular networks.
QoS Oriented Coding For Mobility Constraint in Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A novel routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks (manet)ijngnjournal
Actual network size depends on the application and the protocols developed for the routing for this kind of
networks should be scalable and efficient. Each routing protocol should support small as well as large
scale networks very efficiently. As the number of node increase, it increases the management functionality
of the network. Graph theoretic approach traditionally was applied to networks where nodes are static or
fixed. In this paper, we have applied the graph theoretic routing to MANET where nodes are mobile. Here,
we designed all identical nodes in the cluster except the cluster head and this criterion reduces the
management burden on the network. Each cluster supports a few nodes with a cluster head. The intracluster
connectivity amongst the nodes within the cluster is supported by multi-hop connectivity to ensure
handling mobility in such a way that no service disruption can occur. The inter-cluster connectivity is also
achieved by multi-hop connectivity. However, for inter-cluster communications, only cluster heads are
connected. This paper demonstrates graph theoretic approach produces an optimum multi-hop connectivity
path based on cumulative minimum degree that minimizes the contention and scheduling delay end-toend.
It is applied to both intra-cluster communications as well as inter-cluster communications. The
performance shows that having a multi-hop connectivity for intra-cluster communications is more power
efficient compared to broadcast of information with maximum power coverage. We also showed the total
number of required intermediate nodes in the transmission from source to destination. However, dynamic
behavior of the nodes requires greater understanding of the node degree and mobility at each instance of
time in order to maintain end-to-end QoS for multi-service provisioning. Our simulation results show that
the proposed graph theoretic routing approach will reduce the overall delay and improves the physical
layer data frame transmission.
Call Admission Control Scheme With Multimedia Scheduling Service in WiMAX Net...Waqas Tariq
WiMAX network introduces a multimedia data scheduling service with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. Transmission opportunities are scheduled by the service according to the types of traffic data for the different connections or users. In the paper, we first propose a uniform definition of QoS level for the multimedia data types in the service. The QoS level of a connection are determined by the type of data of the connection and its allocated resources. Based on these QoS levels, we propose a call admission control (CAC) scheme for the entry admission of a new connection without degrading the network performance and the QoS of ongoing connections. The key idea of this scheme is to regulate the arriving traffic of the network such that the network can work at an optimal point, given under a heavy load traffic. Taking advantage of the simulation experiments, we confirm the fact that the proposed scheme can achieve better trade-off between the overall performance of network system and the QoS level of individual connection.
Last mile mobile hybrid optical wireless access network routing enhancementjournalBEEI
This study focuses on mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that support Internet routing protocol imposing stringent resource consumption constraints of Quality of service (QoS). The mobile Internet causes the ongoing issue of inefficient use of the MANET resources due to its random nature of wireless environments. In this paper, the new improved architecture of the last mile mobile hybrid optical-wireless access network (adLMMHOWAN) is proposed and designed to tackle the arised issues. The proposed design is based on a unified wireless-wired network solution required the deployment of MANET-based wireless fidelity (WiFi) technology at the wireless front-end and wavelengths division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM PON) at the optical backhaul. The critical performance metrics such as network capacity and energy consumption based on modified AODVUU routing protocol using OMNeT++ software is analyzed with 2 scenarios, namely the number of nodes and mobility speed. This mode of communication results in better QoS network capacity of 47.07% improvement, with 26.85% reduction of lower energy resource consumption for mobile wireless front-end over passive optical network backhaul architecture when compared with the existing work of oRiq scheme that focus on improvement in MANETs.
QoS controlled capacity offload optimization in heterogeneous networksjournalBEEI
An efficient resource allocation mechanism in the physical layer of wireless networks ensures that resources such as bandwidth and power are used with high efficiency in spite of low delay and high edge user data rate. Microcells in the network are typically set with bias settings to artificially increase the Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio, thus encouraging users to offload to the microcell. However, the artificial bias settings are tedious and often suboptimal. This work presents a low complexity algorithm for maximization of network capacity with load balancing in a heterogeneous network without the need for bias setting. The small cells were deployed in a grid topology at a selected distance from macrocell to enhance network capacity through coverage overlap. User association and minimum user throughput were incorporated as constraints to enable closer simulation to real word Quality of Service requirements. The results showed that the proposed algorithm was able to maintain less than 10% user drop rate. The proposed algorithm can increase user confidence as well as maintain load balancing, maintain the scalability, and reduce power consumption of the wireless network.
A wireless network consists of a set of wireless nodes forming the network. The bandwidth allocation scheme used in wireless networks should automatically adapt to the network’s environments, where issues such as mobility are highly variable. This paper proposes a method to distribute the bandwidth for wireless network nodes depending on dynamic methodology;this methodology uses intelligent clustering techniques that depend on the student’s distribution at the university campus, rather than the classical allocation methods. We propose a clustering-based approach to solve the dynamic bandwidth allocation problem in wireless networks, enabling wireless nodes to adapt their bandwidth allocation according to the changing number of expected users over time. The proposed solution allows the optimal online bandwidth allocation based on the data extracted from the lectures timetable, and fed to the wireless network control nodes, allowing them to adapt to their environment. The environment data is processed and clustered using the KMeans clustering algorithm to identify potential peak times for every wireless node. The proposed solution feasibility is tested by applying the approach to a case study, at the Arab American University campus wireless network.
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
Analysis of back propagation and radial basis function neural networks for ha...IJECEIAES
In mobile systems, handoff is a vital process, referring to a process of allocating an ongoing call from one BS to another BS. The handover technique is very important to maintain the Quality of service. Handover algorithms, based on neural networks, fuzzy logic etc. can be used for the same purpose to keep Quality of service as high as possible. In this paper, it is proposed that back propagation networks and radial basis functions may be used for taking handover decision in wireless communication networks. The performance of these classifiers is evaluated on the basis of neurons in hidden layer, training time and classification accuracy. The proposed approach shows that radial basis function neural network give better results for making handover decisions in wireless heterogeneous networks with classification accuracy of 90%.
An optimum dynamic priority-based call admission control scheme for universal...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The dynamism associated with quality of service (QoS) requirement for traffic emanating from smarter end users devices founded on the internet of things (IoTs) drive, places a huge demand on modern telecommunication infrastructure. Most telecom networks, currently utilize robust call admission control (CAC) policies to ameliorate this challenge. However, the need for smarter CAC has becomes imperative owing to the sensitivity of traffic currently being supported. In this work, we developed a prioritized CAC algorithm for third Generation (3G) wireless cellular network. Based on the dynamic priority CAC (DP-CAC) model, we proposed an optimal dynamic priority CAC (ODP-CAC) scheme for Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). We then carried out simulation under heavy traffic load while also exploiting renegotiation among different call traffic classes. Also, we introduced queuing techniques to enhance the new calls success probability while still maintaining a good handoff failure across the network. Results show that ODP-CAC provides an improved performance with regards to the probability of call drop for new calls, network load utilization and grade of service with average percentage value of 15.7%, 5.4% and 0.35% respectively.
ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS FOR QOS EVALUATION OF MOBILE DATA NETWORKSIJCNCJournal
The widespread demand for data applications over mobile networks requires that service providers guarantee a well-defined quality of service (QoS) for subscribers. Evaluating the QoS provided by service providers within a geographical area to determine which network provides the best QoS is a challenging task. The complex nature of mobile networks with multi-criteria and conflicting factors makes good decision making difficult. This paper presents a measurement-based method called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for evaluating QoS in application-specific and user-centric data on 3G mobile networks. The evaluation problem is formulated as a multi-criteria decision problem. Latency, jitter, data loss, and throughput are the parameters collected as criteria in drive testing over the mobile network. Decision matrix is applied to solve the problem by reaching a final ranking of the network based on the collected measured values of the problem parameters. A case study of 3G mobile networks in Uyo metropolis is used to show how this approach can be effective in ranking the QoS in data applications to determine which network provides the best QoS based on users’ perception of quality. The implemented results in Java indicate that Etisalat network is the alternative that offers the best QoS for web browsing application based on measured criteria. This is followed by Airtel and then MTN, while Glo is ranked least. The result provides useful information to decision makers for performance improvement on service quality.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CARRIER AGGREGATION FOR VARIOUS MOBILE NETWORK IMPLEM...ijwmn
Carrier Aggregation (CA) is one of the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) features that allow mobile network operators (MNO) to combine multiple component carriers (CCs) across the available spectrum to create a wider bandwidth channel for increasing the network data throughput and overall capacity. CA has a potential to enhance data rates and network performance in the downlink, uplink, or both, and it can support aggregation of frequency division duplexing (FDD) as well as time division duplexing (TDD). The technique enables the MNO to exploit fragmented spectrum allocations and can be utilized to aggregate licensed and unlicensed carrier spectrum as well. This paper analyzes the performance gains and complexity level that arises from the aggregation of three inter-band component carriers (3CC) as compared to the aggregation of 2CC using a Vienna LTE System Level simulator. The results show a considerable growth in the average cell throughput when 3CC aggregations are implemented over the 2CC aggregation, at the expense of reduction in the fairness index. The reduction in the fairness index implies that, the scheduler has an increased task in resource allocations due to the added component carrier. Compensating for such decrease in the fairness index could result into scheduler design complexity. The proposed scheme can be adopted in combining various component carriers, to increase the bandwidth and hence the data rates.
Performance Analysis of Energy Optimized LTE-V2X Networks for Delay Sensitive...IJCNCJournal
Energy-efficient relaying technology in multi-hop data transmission can help the challenges faced in cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (cellular-V2X) communication. However, due to high demand of emergency service requirements of the systems such as Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR), National Security and Public Safety (NSPS), Intelligent Transport System (ITS) etc., least energy consumed user equipment (UEs)/Vehicular-UEs are required which can either run real-time applications or relay the application data. To support these scenarios, we present a high way based system model in rural area and enhance its scope for applying single-hop direct, relay assisted multi-hop cellular-V2X and Store-CarryForward (SCF) modes of uplink data transmission. We compare the performance of three modes of transmissions in terms of overall energy consumption and overall transmission delay with specific delay constraints of VoIP and video applications. With the varying cell radius and irrespective type of applications, our numerical results, validated with ns-3 show that, least energy is always consumed in SCF mode due to its inherent property but applications suffer a lot due to high delay incurred whereas singlehop direct mode shows the reverse. When compared with cellular-V2X mode, overall transmission delay for single-hop direct mode is acceptable within cell radius 600m but beyond that, relay assisted multi-hop cellular-V2X mode always outperforms (with low latency and moderate energy consumption).
Performance analysis of economic model and radio resource management in heter...IJCNCJournal
Radio resource management (RRM) is the system level control of co-channel interference and other radio
transmission characteristics in wireless communication systems. In this paper we first analyze a utility
function based access selection (UFAS) method. Then we investigate a radio resource management and
network selection scheme in heterogeneous wireless network. We propose an economic model to allocate
radio resources for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Networks and Wireless local Area (WLAN)
networks. Moreover we formulate and solve the optimization problem in WLAN and CDMA networks and
simulate those equations using MATLAB. Simulated results show that the proposed scheme can achieve
more number of users and more social welfare which outperform the utility function based access selection
method.
Improving energy efficiency in manet’s for healthcare environmentsijmnct
Now a day ad hoc mobile networks (MANETs) have lots of routing protocols, but no one can meet
maximum performance. Some are good in a small network; some are suitable in large networks, and some
give better performance in location or global networks. Today modern and innovative applications for
health care environments based on a wireless network are being developed in the commercial sectors. The
emerging wireless networks are rapidly becoming a fundamental part of every single field of life. Our
proposed DEERP framework gives a better performance as compared to other routing protocol.
In this paper, an application-based QoS evaluation approach for heterogeneous networks is proposed.It is possible to expand the network capacity and coverage in a dynamic fashion by applying heterogeneous wireless network architecture. However, the Quality of Service (QoS) evaluation of this type of network architecture is very challenging due to the presence of different communication technologies. Different communication technologies have different characteristics and the applications that utilize them have unique QoS requirements. Although, the communication technologies have different performance measurement parameters, the applications using these radio access networks have the same QoS requirements. As a result, it would be easier to evaluate the QoS of the access networks and the overall network configuration based on the performance of applications running on them. Using such applicationbased QoS evaluation approach, the heterogeneous nature of the underlying networks and the diversity of their traffic can be adequately taken into account. Through simulation studies, we show that the application performance based assessment approach facilitates better QoS management and monitoring of heterogeneous network configurations.
Impact of macrocellular network densification on the capacity, energy and cos...ijwmn
This paper aims to show the effect of macrocellular
network densification on the capacity, energy and
cost
efficiency. The presented results are based on radi
o propagation simulations that consider macrocellul
ar
network with different inter-site distances, i.e. d
ifferent site densities, and also take into account
the
presence of indoor receiver points by varying outdo
or and indoor receiver distribution. It is observed
that
as a result of densifying the network, the cell spe
ctral efficiency reduces due to increasing level of
inter-cell
interference. However, as a result of densification
, the network area capacity can be improved since t
he
area spectral efficiency increases. Nevertheless, t
he densification efficiency decreases because of th
e
reduction of cell spectral efficiency, especially w
hen indoor receiver points are taken into account.
The
results hence indicate that densification of macroc
ellular network suffers from inefficiency which res
ults in
higher energy and cost per bit per Hertz, and thus
calls for alternative methods to deploy networks, o
r
alternatively, more sophisticated methods, such as
base station coordination or inter-cell interferenc
e
cancellation techniques, to be implemented for futu
re cellular networks.
QoS Oriented Coding For Mobility Constraint in Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A novel routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks (manet)ijngnjournal
Actual network size depends on the application and the protocols developed for the routing for this kind of
networks should be scalable and efficient. Each routing protocol should support small as well as large
scale networks very efficiently. As the number of node increase, it increases the management functionality
of the network. Graph theoretic approach traditionally was applied to networks where nodes are static or
fixed. In this paper, we have applied the graph theoretic routing to MANET where nodes are mobile. Here,
we designed all identical nodes in the cluster except the cluster head and this criterion reduces the
management burden on the network. Each cluster supports a few nodes with a cluster head. The intracluster
connectivity amongst the nodes within the cluster is supported by multi-hop connectivity to ensure
handling mobility in such a way that no service disruption can occur. The inter-cluster connectivity is also
achieved by multi-hop connectivity. However, for inter-cluster communications, only cluster heads are
connected. This paper demonstrates graph theoretic approach produces an optimum multi-hop connectivity
path based on cumulative minimum degree that minimizes the contention and scheduling delay end-toend.
It is applied to both intra-cluster communications as well as inter-cluster communications. The
performance shows that having a multi-hop connectivity for intra-cluster communications is more power
efficient compared to broadcast of information with maximum power coverage. We also showed the total
number of required intermediate nodes in the transmission from source to destination. However, dynamic
behavior of the nodes requires greater understanding of the node degree and mobility at each instance of
time in order to maintain end-to-end QoS for multi-service provisioning. Our simulation results show that
the proposed graph theoretic routing approach will reduce the overall delay and improves the physical
layer data frame transmission.
Call Admission Control Scheme With Multimedia Scheduling Service in WiMAX Net...Waqas Tariq
WiMAX network introduces a multimedia data scheduling service with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. Transmission opportunities are scheduled by the service according to the types of traffic data for the different connections or users. In the paper, we first propose a uniform definition of QoS level for the multimedia data types in the service. The QoS level of a connection are determined by the type of data of the connection and its allocated resources. Based on these QoS levels, we propose a call admission control (CAC) scheme for the entry admission of a new connection without degrading the network performance and the QoS of ongoing connections. The key idea of this scheme is to regulate the arriving traffic of the network such that the network can work at an optimal point, given under a heavy load traffic. Taking advantage of the simulation experiments, we confirm the fact that the proposed scheme can achieve better trade-off between the overall performance of network system and the QoS level of individual connection.
Last mile mobile hybrid optical wireless access network routing enhancementjournalBEEI
This study focuses on mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that support Internet routing protocol imposing stringent resource consumption constraints of Quality of service (QoS). The mobile Internet causes the ongoing issue of inefficient use of the MANET resources due to its random nature of wireless environments. In this paper, the new improved architecture of the last mile mobile hybrid optical-wireless access network (adLMMHOWAN) is proposed and designed to tackle the arised issues. The proposed design is based on a unified wireless-wired network solution required the deployment of MANET-based wireless fidelity (WiFi) technology at the wireless front-end and wavelengths division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM PON) at the optical backhaul. The critical performance metrics such as network capacity and energy consumption based on modified AODVUU routing protocol using OMNeT++ software is analyzed with 2 scenarios, namely the number of nodes and mobility speed. This mode of communication results in better QoS network capacity of 47.07% improvement, with 26.85% reduction of lower energy resource consumption for mobile wireless front-end over passive optical network backhaul architecture when compared with the existing work of oRiq scheme that focus on improvement in MANETs.
QoS controlled capacity offload optimization in heterogeneous networksjournalBEEI
An efficient resource allocation mechanism in the physical layer of wireless networks ensures that resources such as bandwidth and power are used with high efficiency in spite of low delay and high edge user data rate. Microcells in the network are typically set with bias settings to artificially increase the Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio, thus encouraging users to offload to the microcell. However, the artificial bias settings are tedious and often suboptimal. This work presents a low complexity algorithm for maximization of network capacity with load balancing in a heterogeneous network without the need for bias setting. The small cells were deployed in a grid topology at a selected distance from macrocell to enhance network capacity through coverage overlap. User association and minimum user throughput were incorporated as constraints to enable closer simulation to real word Quality of Service requirements. The results showed that the proposed algorithm was able to maintain less than 10% user drop rate. The proposed algorithm can increase user confidence as well as maintain load balancing, maintain the scalability, and reduce power consumption of the wireless network.
A wireless network consists of a set of wireless nodes forming the network. The bandwidth allocation scheme used in wireless networks should automatically adapt to the network’s environments, where issues such as mobility are highly variable. This paper proposes a method to distribute the bandwidth for wireless network nodes depending on dynamic methodology;this methodology uses intelligent clustering techniques that depend on the student’s distribution at the university campus, rather than the classical allocation methods. We propose a clustering-based approach to solve the dynamic bandwidth allocation problem in wireless networks, enabling wireless nodes to adapt their bandwidth allocation according to the changing number of expected users over time. The proposed solution allows the optimal online bandwidth allocation based on the data extracted from the lectures timetable, and fed to the wireless network control nodes, allowing them to adapt to their environment. The environment data is processed and clustered using the KMeans clustering algorithm to identify potential peak times for every wireless node. The proposed solution feasibility is tested by applying the approach to a case study, at the Arab American University campus wireless network.
Novel Optimization to Reduce Power Drainage in Mobile Devices for Multicarrie...IJECEIAES
With increasing adoption of multicarrier-based communications e.g. 3G and 4G, the users are significantly benefited with impressive data rate but at the cost of battery life of their mobile devices. We reviewed the existing techniques to find an open research gap in this regard. This paper presents a novel framework where an optimization is carried out with the objective function to maintain higher level of equilibrium between maximized data delivery and minimized transmit power. An analytical model considering multiple radio antennae in the mobile device is presented with constraint formulations of data quality and threshold power factor. The model outcome is evaluated with respect to amount of power being conserved as performance factor. The study was found to offer maximum energy conservation and the framework also suits well with existing communication system of mobile networks.
Novel Optimization to Reduce Power Drainage in Mobile Devices for Multicarrie...IJECEIAES
With increasing adoption of multicarrier-based communications e.g. 3G and 4G, the users are significantly benefited with impressive data rate but at the cost of battery life of their mobile devices. We reviewed the existing techniques to find an open research gap in this regard. This paper presents a novel framework where an optimization is carried out with the objective function to maintain higher level of equilibrium between maximized data delivery and minimized transmit power. An analytical model considering multiple radio antennae in the mobile device is presented with constraint formulations of data quality and threshold power factor. The model outcome is evaluated with respect to amount of power being conserved as performance factor. The study was found to offer maximum energy conservation and the framework also suits well with existing communication system of mobile networks.
Dynamic resource allocation for opportunistic software-defined IoT networks: s...IJECEIAES
Several wireless technologies have recently emerged to enable efficient and scalable Internet-of-Things (IoT) networking. Cognitive radio (CR) technology, enabled by software-defined radios, is considered one of the main IoT-enabling technologies that can provide opportunistic wireless access to a large number of connected IoT devices. An important challenge in this domain is how to dynamically enable IoT transmissions while achieving efficient spectrum usage with a minimum total power consumption under interference and traffic demand uncertainty. Toward this end, we propose a dynamic bandwidth/channel/power allocation algorithm that aims at maximizing the overall network’s throughput while selecting the set of power resulting in the minimum total transmission power. This problem can be formulated as a two-stage binary linear stochastic programming. Because the interference over different channels is a continuous random variable and noting that the interference statistics are highly correlated, a suboptimal sampling solution is proposed. Our proposed algorithm is an adaptive algorithm that is to be periodically conducted over time to consider the changes of the channel and interference conditions. Numerical results indicate that our proposed algorithm significantly increases the number of simultaneous IoT transmissions compared to a typical algorithm, and hence, the achieved throughput is improved.
An automated dynamic offset for network selection in heterogeneous networksmuhammed jassim k
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Novel evaluation framework for sensing spread spectrum in cognitive radioIJECEIAES
The cognitive radio network is designed to cater to the optimization demands of restricted spectrum availability. A review of existing literature on spectrum sensing shows that there is still a broader scope for its improvement. Therefore, this paper introduces an efficient computational framework capable of evaluating the effectiveness of the spread spectrum concept in the context of cognitive radio network in a more scalable and granular way. The proposed method introduces a dual hypothesis using a different set of dependable parameters to emphasize the detection of optimal energy for a low signal quality state over the noise. The proposed evaluation framework is benchmarked using a statistical analysis method not present in any existing approaches toward spread spectrum sensing. The simulated outcome of the study exhibits that the proposed system offers a significantly better probability of detection than the current system using a simplified evaluation scheme with multiple test parameters.
A Vertical Handover Algorithm in Integrated Macrocell Femtocell Networks Yayah Zakaria
The explosion in wireless telecommunication technologies has lead to a huge increase in the number of mobile users. The greater dependency on the mobile devices has raised the user’s expectations to always remain best connected. In the process, the user is always desiringgood signal strength even at certain black spots and indoors. Moreover, the exponential growth of
the number of mobile devices has overloaded macrocells. Femtocells have emerged out as a good promising solution for complete coverage indoors and for offloading macrocell. Therefore, a new handover strategy between femtocells and macrocell is proposed in this paper. The proposed handover
algorithm is mainly based on calculating equivalent received signal strength along with dynamic margin for performing handover. The simulation results of proposed algorithm are compared with the traditional algorithm. The proposed strategy shows improvement in two major performance parameters
namely reduction in unnecessary handovers and Packet Loss Ratio. The quantitative analysis further shows 55.27% and 23.03% reduction in packet loss ratio and 61.85% and 36.78% reduction in unnecessary handovers at a speed of 120kmph and 30kmph respectively. Moreover, the proposed algorithm proves to be an efficient solution for both slow and fast moving vehicles.
A Vertical Handover Algorithm in Integrated Macrocell Femtocell Networks IJECEIAES
The explosion in wireless telecommunication technologies has lead to a huge increase in the number of mobile users. The greater dependency on the mobile devices has raised the user’s expectations to always remain best connected. In the process, the user is always desiringgood signal strength even at certain black spots and indoors. Moreover, the exponential growth of the number of mobile devices has overloaded macrocells. Femtocells have emerged out as a good promising solution for complete coverage indoors and for offloading macrocell. Therefore, a new handover strategy between femtocells and macrocell is proposed in this paper. The proposed handover algorithm is mainly based on calculating equivalent received signal strength along with dynamic margin for performing handover. The simulation results of proposed algorithm are compared with the traditional algorithm. The proposed strategy shows improvement in two major performance parameters namely reduction in unnecessary handovers and Packet Loss Ratio. The quantitative analysis further shows 55.27% and 23.03% reduction in packet loss ratio and 61.85% and 36.78% reduction in unnecessary handovers at a speed of 120kmph and 30kmph respectively. Moreover, the proposed algorithm proves to be an efficient solution for both slow and fast moving vehicles.
Energy efficient clustering and routing optimization model for maximizing lif...IJECEIAES
Recently, the wide adoption of WSNs (Wireless-Sensor-Networks) is been seen for provision non-real time and real-time application services such as intelligent transportation and health care monitoring, intelligent transportation etc. Provisioning these services requires energy-efficient WSN. The clustering technique is an efficient mechanism that plays a main role in reducing the energy consumption of WSN. However, the existing model is designed considering reducing energy- consumption of the sensor-device for the homogenous network. However, it incurs energy-overhead (EO) between cluster-head (CH). Further, maximizing coverage time is not considered by the existing clustering approach considering heterogeneous networks affecting lifetime performance. In order to overcome these research challenges, this work presents an energy efficient clustering and routing optimization (EECRO) model adopting cross-layer design for heterogeneous networks. The EECRO uses channel gain information from the physical layer and TDMA based communication is adopted for communication among both intra-cluster and inter-cluster communication. Further, clustering and routing optimization are presented to bring a good trade-off among minimizing the energy of CH, enhancing coverage time and maximizing the lifetime of sensor-network (SN). The experiments are conducted to estimate the performance of EECRO over the existing model. The significantperformance is attained by EECRO over the existing model in terms of minimizing routing and communication overhead and maximizing the lifetime of WSNs.
Permutation based load balancing technique for long term evolution advanced ...IJECEIAES
Traffic congestion has been one of the major performance limiting factors of heterogeneous networks (HetNets). There have been several load balancing schemes put up to solve this by balancing load among base stations (BSs), but they appear to be unfeasible due to the complexity required and other unsatisfactory performance aspects. Cell range extension (CRE) has been a promising technique to overcome this challenge. In this paper, a permutation based CRE technique is proposed to find the best possible formation of bias for BSs to achieve load balance among BSs. In comparison to the baseline scheme, results depict that the suggested method attains superior performance in terms of network load balancing and average throughput. The complexity of the suggested algorithm is considerably reduced in comparison to the proposed permutation based CRE method it is further modified from.
Efficiency enhancement using optimized static scheduling technique in TSCH ne...IJECEIAES
In recent times, the reliable and real-time data transmission becomes a mandatory requirement for various industries and organizations due to the large utilization of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. However, the IoT devices need high reliability, precise data exchange and low power utilization which cannot be achieved by the conventional Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols due to link failures and high interferences in the network. Therefore, the Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) networks can be used for link scheduling under the IEEE 802.15.4e standard. In this paper, we propose an Optimized Static Scheduling Technique (OSST) for the link scheduling in IEEE 802.15.4e based TSCH networks. In OSST the link schedule is optimized by considering the packet latency information during transmission by checking the status of the transmitted packets as well as keeping track of the lost data packets from source to destination nodes. We evaluate the proposed OSST model using 6TiSCH Simulator and compare the different performance metrics with Simple distributed TSCH Scheduling.
Quality of Service in bandwidth adapted hybrid UMTS/WLAN interworking networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Integration of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) result in ubiquitous connection for end users. In the integrated network, ensuring the quality of service to users and enhancing capacity of network are prominent issues. Bandwidth adaptation technique is one of the solutions to overcome these issues. Bandwidth adaptation based on per flow and per class schemes were proposed for loosely coupled interworking network. In this paper, hybrid coupled UMTS and WLAN interworking network is analyzed with bandwidth adaptation based on per flow and per class schemes and the performances have been compared. Simulation result shows that the proposed hybrid coupled interworking network with bandwidth adaptation based on per class scheme performs better with enhanced quality of service and network capacity.
Network efficiency enhancement by reactive channel state based allocation sch...IJECEIAES
Now a day the large MIMO has considered as the efficient approach to improve the spectral and energy efficiency at WMN. However, the PC is a big issue that caused by reusing similar pilot sequence at cells, which also restrict the performance of massive MIMO network. Here, we give the alternative answer, where each of UEs required allotting a channel sequences before passing the payload data, so as to avoid the channel collision of inter-cell. Our proposed protocol will ready to determine the channel collisions in distributed and scalable process, however giving unique properties of the large MIMO channels. Here we have proposed a RCSA (Reactive channel state based allocation) scheme, which will very productively work with the RAP blockers at large network of MIMO. The position of time-frequency of RAP blocks is modified in the middle of the adjacent cells, because of this design decision the RAP defend from the hardest types of interference at inter-cell. Further, to validate the performance of our proposed scheme it will be compared with other existing technique.
A Novel Weighted Clustering Based Approach for Improving the Wireless Sensor ...IJERA Editor
Great lifetime and reliability is the key aim of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) design. As for prolonging
lifetime of this type of network, energy is the most important resource; all recent researches are focused on more
and more energy efficient techniques. Proposed work is Weighted Clustering Approach based on Weighted
Cluster Head Selection, which is highly energy efficient and reliable in mobile network scenario. Weight
calculation using different attributes of the nodes like SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), Remaining Energy, Node
Degree, Mobility, and Buffer Length gives efficient Cluster Head (CH) on regular interval of time. CH rotation
helps in optimum utilization of energy available with all nodes; results in prolonged network lifetime.
Implementation is done using the NS2 network simulator and performance evaluation is carried out in terms of
PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio), End to End Delay, Throughput, and Energy Consumption. Demonstration of the
obtained results shows that proposed work is adaptable for improving the performance. In order to justify the
solution, the performance of proposed technique is compared with the performance of traditional approach. The
performance of proposed technique is found optimum as compared to the traditional techniques.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BASED ON QOSIAEME Publication
Energy is a serious resource parameter in Wireless Sensor Networks. Utilizing energy in an effectual manner is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper presents an overview on various energy efficient routing protocols which fulfills the criteria of QoS parameters. Various energy effective and QoS based routing protocols have been compared. To improve the QoS in a network, data fusion and data accumulation is considered to be one of major energy saving technique. The routing protocols based on data aggregation, reduced cost routing and secure routing are also discussed in detail. Simulation tools like NS2, NS3, OMNET etc can be used to evaluate the network performance.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BASED ON QOSIAEME Publication
Energy is a serious resource parameter in Wireless Sensor Networks. Utilizing energy in an effectual manner is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper presents an overview on various energy efficient routing protocols which fulfills the criteria of QoS parameters. Various energy effective and QoS based routing protocols have been compared. To improve the QoS in a network, data fusion and data accumulation is considered to be one of major energy saving technique. The routing protocols based on data aggregation, reduced cost routing and secure routing are also discussed in detail. Simulation tools like NS2, NS3, OMNET etc can be used to evaluate the network performance.
LINK-LEVEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RELAY-BASED WIMAX NETWORKijwmn
Relay technology promises appreciable network throughput and coverage enhancement which is required
for high speed wireless cellular systems to function to their optimum. This paper is focused on analysing
the link performance of a relay-based WiMAX network under varying conditions. Comparison is made
between relay and direct link communication in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate), spectral efficiency and
capacity. Effect of multipath fading and user speed on performance are investigated as well. The entire
study involves a hypothetical view as well as MATLAB simulations to predict the benefit of relay
deployment. This is aimed at solving pertinent issues such as coverage holes and cell edge problems which
are associated with traditional non-relay based cellular networks.
Similar to Channel Capacity Maximization using NQHN Approach at Heterogeneous Network (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 9, No. 4, August 2019 : 2593 - 2602
2594
In paper [6], they proposed an approach of interference mitigation in order to enhance the uplink
throughput via providing a stable interference threshold value, also through regulating transmit power of
femto-cell user. The two-tier femto-cell system has considered in [7], where resource allocation has provided
in both uplink and downlink for enhancing the sensitivity capacity of femto-cells users, decreasing the delay
timing at femto-cell users under macro-cell user interference constraint and quality service constraint for
sensitive users. In paper [8], they proposed an energy efficient HetNets by using game theory at resource
allocation process in a downlink transmission under a multichannel HetNets. It is point to be considered that
the mostly approach related to resource allocation required perfect knowledge of CSI (i.e., channel state
information) at transmitter side, however, it is generally considered that all system knowledge such as
perfect-CSI are accessible to femto-users, due to arbitrary behavior of incorrect channel estimation, channel
delays and wireless channels. Therefore, it is difficult for femto-users to acquire the desirable system
parameter values such as; interference power and channel gains from different networks. In paper [9, 10],
they proposed a robust optimization approach that exhibits robustifying resource allocation with imperfect-
CSI, which has drawn significant attention in order to handle the uncertainty in HetNets. The major aim of
power controller is to minimalize the power in transmission, therefore decrease the high power consumption
and reducing the inter-cell interferences in necessary as we discussed previously. Through properly
regulating the downlink power transmission as per resource block is necessary to get achievable bit-rate in
femto-cells, all interference that generated in small cell network can be reduce significantly.
Therefore improving the channel capacity and coverage area within available bandwidth is
necessary to provide better quality of service to users, though protecting macro-cell users in network through
maintaining the interference under a threshold level. The effectiveness QoS at traffic users is also key factor
and without any provision, the level of QoS can be mishandled in LTE-A (long-term evolution advanced)
based small network. Moreover, the increment in mobile users causes the degradation in QoS, due to its more
data usage (i.e., more bandwidth) applications. In this paper, we are proposing an NQHN approach that
incorporate with efficient power allocation, improving the channel capacity by optimized traffic scheduling
process in a small cell HetNets scenario. This work efficiently handle the interference with maintaining the
user QoS, the implemented power controller uses HeNB power as per the real time based approach for
macro-cell and femto-cell. Moreover, the power controller approach uses 3GPP [11] standard for dynamic
representation of efficient ‘power switching’ points and optimized traffic scheduling (OTS) approach to
perform QoS aware scheduling by considering traffic parameters with real-time HetNets condition. In result
section, we consider the number of femto-cell user and macro-cell users in a traffic scenario to check the
performance of our proposed approach and providing comparison analysis with existing algorithm.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
In order to face the traffic related issues in WC networks, it is necessary to coordinate and utilize the
several large throughput ‘small-cell’ like as wireless LAN (local area networks). Moreover, the number of
large throughput ‘small-cell’ has considered in [12], where they constructed the small outdoor cells via
access set up points at indoors. To validate the system performance, the indoor-outdoor field measurement
has done in order to propagate in multiple direction; also, they focused on 3.5GHz that used in small-cell of
LTE-A system. In this paper [13], they used tool such name as stochastic geometry, also designed a
framework model for the downlink data-rate coverage probability in a small cell network with enabling
MIMO at wireless backhaul. The small cell network is consist of several small cells, which can configured
either in out-band and in-band types of backhaul under an assured probability. The user performance has
consider in hierarchical network and limited through several interferences sources such as; small-cell BS
interference, backhaul interfaces, etc. The effect of channel difficulty under MIMO and wireless backhaul
faces long-term channel arrangement, where the access link involved in both long and short term of
channel effects.
The general grid approach has become stubborn as per the increasing in network size, also it cannot
handle the structure of outgeneral networks, therefore it is become challenging to compute the accurate
performance of WC cellular network, because of propagation effect in path and network prototype
complexity. Therefore, a way should be there in order to simulate the cellular networks and in [14],
the several network model was compared by simulation. However, estimating the performance of network
via simulation can deliver understanding on specific setting thus the outcome may not differ at other
scenarios as well as the computational complexity, in [15] they also proposed the work based on cellular
network enhancement with fixed approach. Their proposed approach has efficiently work to achieve the
optimum result at a small-cell HetNets, while considering the large HetNets with this approach may create
more complexity. Furthermore, the cooperation with sophisticated BS and local ‘or’ global CSI are required
to get output of achievable performance under a communal network setting.
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The application of WC dense devices and services access required high consumption of energy, due
to real time processing, for that energy efficient design has consider for financial and environment cause.
Therefore, it become trend to find out best energy efficient process and as per our information, generally
OFDM is used in small cell HetNets to provide power allocation, higher energy efficiency, bandwidth
allocation in wireless backhaul, and user QoS. Where the QoS is novel approach for this field, which
investigated less and in paper [16], they proposed an energy efficient allocation technique for wireless
backhaul network that based on OFDM access HetNets small cell. There are also some existing technique of
resource allocation, which increases the throughput and increases the efficiency of energy through allocating
dual transmit power level at individual small-cell BS to users and channel bandwidth, that based on circuit
power ingestion and CSI. The present backhaul networks consist of statically resource allocation that result
little allocations when the several small-cells are present in a cellular network with given resources,
therefore, in [17] they proposed new access backhaul network design that based on Smart-GW (Gateway) in
between BSs and small-cell. Specifically, they applied modest LTE protocol, which add the Smart-GW into
advanced LTE HetNets.
In paper [18], they proposed a random spatial methodology where base stations are modified as
spatial PPP (Poisson point process), these type of random network topology has widely used in wireless
ad-hoc network [19-22] and it has performed well under small cell network scenario where the position of BS
are in irregular form. In paper [23], they proposed LAA (‘licensed-assisted access’) for the investigation of
small cell network and a framework called LTE with unlicensed incumbent model has introduced here,
where they give expression for both transmission strategies; wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) and LTE system under
an unlicensed spectrum. In [24-26], the point process has consider with the stochastic geometry theory, this
methodology shows the appropriate and tractable performance that can used to examine the throughput and
probability in cellular networks. In addition, a random spatial network approach can be used in different type
of network such as distributed antenna structures [27] and HetNets [28-31], but from the above study,
we have adopted that still a lag in optimizing the HetNets performance with maintaining the user QoS.
3. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Here, we consider femto-cells that has ability to avoid the interference with different channel
signals; also, deliver high quality data transmission to mobile users, therefore femto-cells enhances the
spectral efficiency at number of user per unit coverage area. Moreover, the BS present at shorter distance,
which help mobile terminals to get much energy efficiency through decreasing the transmission power and
that, increases the battery life. The use of femto-cells at indoor location, the macro-cells can also provide
much reliable service to outdoor users because of the overhead reduction. Figure 1 shows the proposed model
block diagram, which shows two major part such as power controller approach and optimized traffic
scheduling algorithm in a real-time streaming scenario with maintain users QoS, the QoS at heterogeneous
network dynamically considered for the users. In HetNets scenario, femto-cells users and macro-cells users
are makes request, for that acquired channel state and traffic information are forwarded to scheduling and
power controller process, so that we can achieve optimized trans-receiver BS (TBS) and user throughput.
Figure 1. Block Diagram of Proposed NQHN Approach
3.1. Optimized traffic scheduling (OTS) algorithm
In this section, we describe the optimized scheduling algorithm in order to handle the traffic
occurrence effectively in a small-cell HetNets, also provide acceptable capacity to a system. The acquired
channel state and traffic information are given input to OTS algorithm to make the scheduling result at a
period of time, which also based on utility computation function [32]. The utility function aim is obtain the
standardized QoS objective that realized through user network scenario and in general, the packet holding
time of a user are high so the requirement of QoS also become more for that user.
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Algorithm for Optimized Traffic Scheduling (𝑂𝑇𝑆)
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝1: − for in t time period
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝2: − for traffic requested by individual user 𝑎
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝3: − Computing average time utility based function 𝐵[𝐴 𝑎(𝑡)]
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝4: − Computing maximal utility threshold function Ath
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝5: − if 𝐵[𝐴 𝑎(𝑡)] < Ath
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝6: − Anticipate 𝑎 user request
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝7: − end
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝8: − end
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝9: − if request from a novel user 𝑐 comes
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝10: − Instantly computing novel time utility fun 𝐵[𝐴 𝑐(𝑡)]
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝11: − if 𝐵[𝐴 𝑐(𝑡)] < Ath
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝12: − New 𝑐 user request has not responded yet
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝13: − else
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝14: − Proceed for user request, start from step 1 and activate
power controller approach
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝15: − end
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝16: − else
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝17: − Process continue
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝18: − end
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝19: − end
Moreover, the QoS has provided in controller multimedia transmission and, for real-time scenario,
we can use any data transmission so that the delay in performance may occurs. The delay and throughput
performance are major in lower priority users but it is not much critical, due to regulating the angle of delay
bounds that can vary utility functional metric instantly. In addition it is found that the above OTS algorithm
has achieve better performance in a period when the users number are not very large and the femto-cell users
move closely towards BS in HetNets. The user movement and handover request distant from the femto-cell
center needs more ‘load balancing’, which causes falls in system capacity and the performance services.
3.2. Robust user quality based power controller
A multiuser OFDM based HetNets is considered which contains 𝐷 number of femto-cell users
(FCUs) and communicating with associated femto-cell BSs (FCBSs) over 𝐸 number of subcarrier. FCUs are
used to utilize the macro-cell users (MCUs) via FC-BSs, where 𝐷 and 𝐸 are varies according to active user’s
number and available subcarrier, that can be indexed as;
𝑑 ∈ 𝔇 ≜ {1, 2,3 . . . . . , 𝐷} (1)
𝑒 ∈ ℰ ≜ {1, 2,3 . . . . . , 𝐸} (2)
Here, we assumed that ℰ ≥ 𝔇, the subcarrier bandwidth is assumed to be 𝐹Hz that is very less
compare to the wireless channel bandwidth, therefore applying Shannon Hartley Theorem (SHT) [33]
corresponding FCU data rate 𝑑 at subcarrier 𝑒 is written as.
𝑔 𝑑,𝑒 = 𝐹ℎ 𝑑,𝑒 log2 (1 +
𝐼 𝑑,𝑒 𝐽 𝑑,𝑒
𝐾𝑑,𝑒
⁄ ) (3)
Where, 𝐾𝑑,𝑒 denotes the 𝑑 FCU background noise at 𝑒 subcarrier, ℎ 𝑑,𝑒 denotes the 𝑑 FCU
subcarrier assignment at 𝑒 subcarrier, 𝐼 𝑑,𝑒 denotes the 𝑑 FCU transmit power at 𝑒 subcarrier and 𝐽 𝑑,𝑒 denotes
the 𝑑 FCU direct channel gain at 𝑒 subcarrier. The subcarrier assignment will be 0 or 1 that shows the 𝑒
subcarrier is used by 𝑑 FCU or not. The major constraint is battery capacity at 𝑚th FCU transmitter and the
individual FCU can use limited amount of power, therefore the constraint is given as;
∑ ℎ 𝑑,𝑒
𝐸
𝑒=1 𝐼 𝑑,𝑒 ≤ 𝐼 𝑑
𝑚𝑎𝑥
, ∀𝑑 ∈ 𝔇 (4)
In (4), 𝐼 𝑑
𝑚𝑎𝑥
denotes the maximal power transmit of FCU and the data-rate should fulfil the minimal
requirement of 𝑑 FCU QoS that written as;
∑ 𝑔 𝑑,𝑒
𝐸
𝑒=1 ≥ 𝐺 𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛
, ∀𝑑 ∈ 𝔇 (5)
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where, 𝐺 𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛
shows the minimal requirement rate of 𝑑 FCU and the interference constraint of total cross-tier
under femtocell networks to the MCU receiver part can be described as;
∑ ∑ ℎ 𝑑,𝑒
𝐸
𝑒=1
𝐷
𝑑=1 𝐼 𝑑,𝑒 𝑁𝑑,𝑒 ≤ 𝑀 𝑖𝑙
(6)
where, the interference level at MCU receiver is denote by 𝑀 𝑖𝑙
and the maximization of sum rate via power
controller at HetNets can be given as;
𝑚𝑎𝑥
ℎ 𝑑,𝑒 𝐼 𝑑,𝑒
∑ ∑ 𝑔 𝑑,𝑒
𝐸
𝑒=1
𝐷
𝑑=1
∑ ℎ 𝑑,𝑒
𝐸
𝑒=1 = 1, ∀𝑑 ∈ 𝔇, 𝑍1
∑ ℎ 𝑑,𝑒 𝐼 𝑑,𝑒
𝐾
𝑘=1 ≤ 𝐼 𝑑
𝑚𝑎𝑥
, ∀𝑑 ∈ 𝔇 , 𝑍2 (7)
where, 𝑍1 shows the individual 𝑒 subcarrier that assigned to each FCU, 𝐼 𝑑,𝑒 = 1 signify the 𝑒th-subcarrier
that used by 𝑑 FCU, and 𝑍2 shows the power transmission constraint of 𝑑 FCU over the subcarrier.
∑ 𝐺 𝑑,𝑒
𝐸
𝑒=1 ≥ 𝐺 𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛
, ∀𝑑 ∈ 𝔇 , 𝑍3 (8)
Equation (8) ensure the QoS for individual FCU,
∑ ∑ ℎ 𝑑,𝑒 𝐼 𝑑,𝑒 𝑁𝑑,𝑒
𝐸
𝑒=1
𝐷
𝑑=1 ≤ 𝑀 𝑖𝑙
, 𝑍4
ℎ 𝑑,𝑒 ∈ {0,1}, ∀𝑑 ∈ 𝔇, 𝑒 ∈ ℰ, 𝑍5 (9)
Where, 𝑍4 shows the total power interference at MCU receiver side, the major difficulty is
ℎ 𝑑,𝑒 = 1 is mixed integer and non-convex programming difficulty and 𝑁𝑑,𝑒 shows the channel gains feedback
that provided by MCU to FCU. In current development, mostly of the researchers has focused on power
allocation strategy in HetNets [34] that focus on enhancement power with considering perfect CSI [35].
In particle, the present of quantization errors and estimation error causes the channel uncertainty that is
harmful for MCUs and, in order to decrease that, we should consider some advancement technique, which
can deal with these uncertainties. Therefore, here we use robust user quality based power controller and,
the (8) and (9) can be rewritten in the probability form such as;
𝑚𝑎𝑥
ℎ 𝑑,𝑒 𝐼 𝑑,𝑒
∑ ∑ 𝑔 𝑑,𝑒
𝐸
𝑒=1
𝐷
𝑑=1 𝑠. 𝑡. 𝑍1, 𝑍2, 𝑍5
P{∑ 𝑔 𝑑,𝑒 ≤ 𝐺 𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝐸
𝑒=1 } ≤ 𝑄 𝑑, ∀𝑑 ∈ 𝔇, 𝑍6 (10)
P{∑ ∑ ℎ 𝑑,𝑒 𝐼 𝑑,𝑒 𝑁𝑑,𝑒
𝐸
𝑒=1
𝐷
𝑑=1 > 𝑀 𝑖𝑙
} ≤ 𝔷 (11)
where, both (10) and (11) ensure the MCU and FCU QoS via using the probability function
and 𝔷 and 𝑄 𝑑 shows the threshold value of outage probability. Here, OFDM feature technique has consider, so
there the subcarrier are independent from each other and each FCU data are mutually independent from all
subcarrier and the set of data-rate is defined as;
𝑆 𝑒
= {𝑔 𝑑,𝑒 ≤ 𝐺 𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛
}, (12)
𝑆 = {∑ 𝑔 𝑑,𝑒
𝐸
𝑒=1 ≤ 𝐺 𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛
} (13)
where, 𝑆 set is an intersection subset of 𝑆 𝑒
such as;
𝑆̅ ⊂ 𝑆 = 𝑆1
⋂ 𝑆2
… 𝑆 𝑒
. (14)
After applying the probability analysis, we got following relationship;
{ 𝑆̅} ≤ P{𝑆} = ∏ P𝐸
𝑒=1 {𝑆 𝑒} (15)
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Further, it can be written as;
P{∑ 𝑔 𝑑,𝑒
𝐸
𝑒=1 ≤ 𝐺 𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛
} ≤ ∏ P𝐸
𝑒=1 {𝑔 𝑑,𝑒 ≤ 𝐺 𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛
} (16)
The probabilistic rate constraint for upper bound should satisfies the required outage probability
during the worst scenario, therefore the (10) can be written as;
Max P{∑ 𝑔 𝑑,𝑒
𝐸
𝑒=1 ≤ 𝐺 𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛
} ≤ ∏ P𝐸
𝑒=1 {𝑔 𝑑,𝑒 ≤ 𝐺 𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛
} ≤ 𝑄 𝑑 (17)
In order to provide deterministic outage probability the above (17) can be written as;
𝐺 𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛
≤ 𝐹ℎ 𝑑,𝑒log2 (1 +
𝐼 𝑑,𝑒
𝐾 𝑑,𝑒
J 𝐽 𝑑,𝑒
−1
(𝑄 𝑑 /𝐸)) , ∀𝑑 ∈ 𝔇. (18)
The satisfaction of above (18) ensure the power transmission with the considered outage probability,
similarly, the probabilistic interference (11) can be modified as;
ℎ 𝑑,𝑒 𝐼 𝑑,𝑒 ≤
𝑀 𝑖𝑙
𝐸N 𝑁 𝑑,𝑒
−1 ( √1−𝔷𝐷𝐸
)
, , ∀𝑑 ∈ 𝔇, ∀𝑒 ∈ ℰ. (19)
Therefore, the (19) equation said to be deterministic and it is require to keep it as presentable, moreover,
the power controller difficulty without any information can be represented as;
max
ℎ 𝑑,𝑒 𝐼 𝑑,𝑒
∑ ∑ 𝑔 𝑑,𝑒
𝐸
𝑒=1
𝐷
𝑑=1 𝑠. 𝑡. 𝑍1, 𝑍2, 𝑍5 (20)
𝐹ℎ 𝑑,𝑒log2 (1 +
ℎ 𝑑,𝑒
𝐾 𝑑,𝑒
J 𝐽 𝑑,𝑒
−1
(𝑄 𝑑 /𝐸)) ≥ 𝐺 𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛
, 𝑑 ∈ 𝔇. (21)
Here, we have applied the inverse collective distribution function at variable such as 𝐽 𝑑,𝑒 and 𝑁𝑑,𝑒, and those
can be written as J 𝐽 𝑑,𝑒
−1
and N 𝑁 𝑑,𝑒
−1
.
𝐸ℎ 𝑑,𝑒 𝐼 𝑑,𝑒N 𝑁 𝑑,𝑒
−1
( √1 − 𝔷𝐷𝐸
) ≤ 𝑀 𝑖𝑙
. (22)
Generally, the FCUs can acquire the CSI through the channel estimation in between FCUs and
MCUs, so these can cause some difficulty at CSI acquisition. Therefore, here we consider the independent
model of Gaussian distribution to handle the uncertainty parameters. Moreover, the channel gain from the
FCUs transmitter to BS is acquire via a robust user-𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟 and the feedback is given back to
corresponding FCUs transmitter.
4. RESULT ANALYSIS
In this section, we presented the simulated results that is simulated in Matlab 2016b environment
and the system configuration; Intel i5 processor, 2GB NVidia graphics-card, 8GB RAM and Windows 10 OS
(Operating System). Moreover, we consider the several necessary parameters that generally used in traffic
condition scenarios; gain of antenna 14dBi, maximum and minimum transmit power are 20dBm and 0dBm,
transmit power of BS 43dBm, speed of users 3Km/h, Urban type channel model, correlation distance 40m,
radius of cell 1Km, carrier and subcarrier bandwidth 2000Mhz and 375KHz, system bandwidth 10MHz
and etc.
With considering these traffic parameters, we have taken 1 macro-cell, 10 femto-cell, 15 number of
MCUs, 60 subcarrier and 100 number of FCUs, and the location of femto-cell, MCUs and FCUs are
generated randomly. Here, Figure 2 represents the proposed network prototype and further we will focus on
4, 7, 8 and 10. The inputs of femto cells were selected arbitrary under real-time scenario such as video
data [36] and audio [37] to provide realistic multimedia transmission. The increment of mobile users will
trigger additional signal interference at FCUs and MCUs in small cells scenario.
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Figure 2. Proposed Network Prototype
Figure 3 shows the transmission power that used by different algorithm in cell 4, where the existing
algorithm HARQ-CC [38] and HARQ-T1 [39] has used average power of 16.52dBm and 20dBm, where our
propose model NQHN has used 14.33 dBm average power that is 28% lesser compare to HARQ-T1 [39] and
13.25% lesser compare to HARQ-CC [38].
Figure 4 shows the computed throughput by different algorithm in cell 4, where the existing
algorithm HARQ-CC [38] and HARQ-T1 [39] has obtained average throughput of 124 Mbps and 88.69
Mbps, where our propose model NQHN has got 135 Mbps average throughput that is 7.9% more compare to
HARQ-CC [38] and 34% more compare to HARQ-T1 [39].
Figure 5 shows the transmission power that used by different algorithm in cell 7, where the existing
algorithm HARQ-CC [38] and HARQ-T1 [39] has used average power of 12.2dBm and 17.16dBm, where
our propose model NQHN has used 10.35 dBm average power that is 39% lesser compare to HARQ-T1 [39]
and 15.14% lesser compare to HARQ-CC [38].
Figure 6 shows the computed throughput by different algorithm in cell 7, where the existing
algorithm HARQ-CC [38] and HARQ-T1 [39] has obtained average throughput of 120 Mbps and 99.7 Mbps,
where our propose model NQHN has got 142 Mbps average throughput that is 15.4% more compare to
HARQ-CC [38] and 29.8 % more compare to HARQ-T1 [39].
Figure 3. Power (dBm) in Cell 4 Figure 4. Throughput (bps) in Cell 4
Figure 5. Power (dBm) in Cell 7 Figure 6. Throughput (bps) in Cell 7
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The transmission power used in cell 8 by different algorithm has shown in Figure 7, where,
the average power used by proposed NQHN is 8.44 dBm, which is 1 % more compare to HARQ-CC [38] and
46.5% less compare to HARQ-T1 [39]. Moreover, the throughput in Mbps are obtained by different
algorithm in cell 8 has shown in Figure 8, where, the average throughput of our proposed approach is 142
Mbps that is 29 % more compare to HARQ-CC [38] and 27.6% more compare to HARQ-T1 [39].
Figure 7. Power (dBm) in Cell 8 Figure 8. Throughput (bps) in Cell 8
Similarly, Figure 9 shows the transmission power that used by different algorithm in cell 10 where,
the average power used by proposed NQHN is 12.43 dBm, which is 12.3 % lesser compare to HARQ-CC
[38] and 32.66% less compare to HARQ-T1 [39]. Moreover, Figure 10 shows the computed throughput by
different algorithm in cell 10 where, the average throughput of our proposed approach is 134 Mbps, which is
12 % more compare to HARQ-CC [38] and 32.7% more compare to HARQ-T1 [39].
Figure 9. Power (dBm) in Cell 10 Figure 10. Throughput (bps) in Cell 10
Figure 11 shows the average throughput of considered HetNets, where our proposed approach got
25 Mbps, HARQ-CC [38] got 22 Mbps and HARQ-T1 [39] got 19 Mbps throughput rate. Moreover,
Figure 12 shows the computed delay from different algorithm in end-to-end considered HetNets scenario,
where NQHN got 0.5 sec of delay, which is 61% less delay compare to HARQ-CC [38] and 90% less
compare to HARQ-T1 [39].
Figure 11. Average Throughput (bps) Figure 12. Computed Delay from
different Algorithm
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5. CONCLUSION
The traffic and QoS related issues in WC networks are growing continuously. Therefore, it is
necessary build the small outdoor cells (i.e., macro-cell) by setup the access points (i.e., femto-cell). In this
paper, we proposed Novel QoS aware HetNets (NQHN), which contains OTA and robust user quality based
power controller in order to provide QoS of macro-cell HetNets and improve system capacity. The optimized
scheduling algorithm has used in order to handle the traffic occurrence effectively in a small-cell HetNets
that also provide acceptable capacity to a system. The acquired channel state and traffic information are
given input to OTS algorithm to make the scheduling result at a period. Moreover, the quantization errors and
estimation error causes the channel uncertainty that is harmful for MCUs and for that we consider the robust
user quality based power controller. In result section, we have shown sum rate maximization for a two-tier
HetNets with multiple femto-cells and one macro-cell, where our proposed approach has got 11% more
throughput compare to HARQ-CC [38] and 22% more throughput compare to HARQ-T1 [39],
which channel capacity enhancement by our proposed model.
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