In this globalization realm, there in constant growth in the rate of expenditure of fossil fuels, consequent on ever increasing population and urbanization. This gives charge to depletion of finite resources in the near future. Fossil fuel emission causes global-warming also green-house gases are intangible factor which collectively degrading the planet. As such, the situation demands for an alternate source of energy that can be used to overcome the conjectured energy crisis. In contrast to this, if the energy source is clean and renewable, it will reduce the environmental trouble as well. In the quest an alternate and renewable energy resources, scientists have plead with a variety of options among which biodiesel-diesel blends as alternative fuels has become a popular option and is getting the attention of many researchers. This is because scientists have enlist the properties of biodiesel prepared from vegetable oils are very close to commercial diesel and thus it has a promising future as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. Biodiesel being renewable, biodegradable and green fuel can reduce our dependence on conventional/non-renewable fossil fuels and it also helps to keep pure quality of air by reducing obnoxious automotive/vehicular emissions. Possible solution of this problem is to replace or find renewable and economically feasible fuel as an alternative source. Already a lot of work for source which fulfill the criteria of sustainability and economical carried out. But the effluent is critical issues. So characterization and formation of biodiesel with zero effluent is prime objective.
Emission Analysis of Sapodilla seed oil as bio-dieselIJCMESJOURNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Sapodilla seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Sapodilla fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Sapodilla seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Sapodilla seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
performance and emission radiation using of indianIJAEMSJORNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Indian Pomegranate seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Pomegranate fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Indian Pomegranate seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Indian Jujube seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Multicylinder Diesel ...ijsrd.com
Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative source which provides advantage of pollution control. In the present work, experimentation is carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Rice-Bran biodiesel and diesel. In this experiment a multi cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer, TATA Indica V2 diesel engine is used at variable speed condition. Crude oil is converted into biodiesel and characterization has been done. The experiment is conducted at variable speed condition. The engine performance parameters studied were brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, CO2, UBHC, mean gas temperature, exhaust gas temperature and smoke opacity. The combustion characteristics studied are cylinder pressure, mass fraction burned, net heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and rate of pressure rise. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the corresponding results of the diesel. From the graph it has been observed that, there is a reduction in performance, combustion characteristics and emission characteristics compared to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity, lower mean gas temperature and delayed combustion process. The present experimental results show that Rice-Bran biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.
Production of syngas from agricultural residue as a renewable fuel and its su...Jatinderpal Singh gill
In the present era, the world is in a difficult position as the prime problems, like
continuous depletion of nonrenewable energy resources at a brisk rate and
environment pollution due to emission of greenhouse gases which are
released on burning fossil fuels, are worsening day by day. Due to this, the
interest of the researchers is shifting toward the idea of alternative fuels
derived from biomasses, which are renewable in nature and eco-friendly in
contrast to the conventional fossil fuels, to reduce the dependence on exhausting nonrenewable energy sources. In the present study, agricultural residues
like cotton stalks and wheat straws are processed in a downdraft gasifier to
produce syngas through biomass gasification. The produced syngas is further
inducted in a gasifier-coupled dual-fuel compression ignition (DFCI) engine to
investigate the performance, emission, and noise characteristics of the dual
fuel engine to compare the standard diesel operation and syngas-diesel dual
fuel operation. The results during the investigation concluded that Dual Fuel
Compression Ignition (DFCI) engine works satisfactorily in dual fuel mode of
syngas-diesel. Moreover, a maximum 44.44% of reduction in diesel consumption is observed with a slight decrease in indicated power by 3.49% at the
maximum loading condition. In addition to the reduction in diesel consumption, the emission of nitrogen oxide was reduced by maximum of 76.74% in
dual fuel mode as compared to standard diesel operation.
Emission Analysis of Sapodilla seed oil as bio-dieselIJCMESJOURNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Sapodilla seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Sapodilla fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Sapodilla seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Sapodilla seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
performance and emission radiation using of indianIJAEMSJORNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Indian Pomegranate seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Pomegranate fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Indian Pomegranate seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Indian Jujube seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Multicylinder Diesel ...ijsrd.com
Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative source which provides advantage of pollution control. In the present work, experimentation is carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Rice-Bran biodiesel and diesel. In this experiment a multi cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer, TATA Indica V2 diesel engine is used at variable speed condition. Crude oil is converted into biodiesel and characterization has been done. The experiment is conducted at variable speed condition. The engine performance parameters studied were brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, CO2, UBHC, mean gas temperature, exhaust gas temperature and smoke opacity. The combustion characteristics studied are cylinder pressure, mass fraction burned, net heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and rate of pressure rise. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the corresponding results of the diesel. From the graph it has been observed that, there is a reduction in performance, combustion characteristics and emission characteristics compared to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity, lower mean gas temperature and delayed combustion process. The present experimental results show that Rice-Bran biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.
Production of syngas from agricultural residue as a renewable fuel and its su...Jatinderpal Singh gill
In the present era, the world is in a difficult position as the prime problems, like
continuous depletion of nonrenewable energy resources at a brisk rate and
environment pollution due to emission of greenhouse gases which are
released on burning fossil fuels, are worsening day by day. Due to this, the
interest of the researchers is shifting toward the idea of alternative fuels
derived from biomasses, which are renewable in nature and eco-friendly in
contrast to the conventional fossil fuels, to reduce the dependence on exhausting nonrenewable energy sources. In the present study, agricultural residues
like cotton stalks and wheat straws are processed in a downdraft gasifier to
produce syngas through biomass gasification. The produced syngas is further
inducted in a gasifier-coupled dual-fuel compression ignition (DFCI) engine to
investigate the performance, emission, and noise characteristics of the dual
fuel engine to compare the standard diesel operation and syngas-diesel dual
fuel operation. The results during the investigation concluded that Dual Fuel
Compression Ignition (DFCI) engine works satisfactorily in dual fuel mode of
syngas-diesel. Moreover, a maximum 44.44% of reduction in diesel consumption is observed with a slight decrease in indicated power by 3.49% at the
maximum loading condition. In addition to the reduction in diesel consumption, the emission of nitrogen oxide was reduced by maximum of 76.74% in
dual fuel mode as compared to standard diesel operation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Technical Review Paper on Use of WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)-Diesel Blends ...IJSRD
Pollution from the petroleum oil increases day by day in terms of CO2, CO, NOx, PM and many other gases and particles. Price difference and economy leads people toward the use of alternative fuels. These problems indicate that the initiatives to replace gasoline and diesel fuel, due to the impact of fossil fuel crisis, hike in oil price and stringent emission norms, must be taken. Solution to long term energy problem will come only through research and developments in the field of alternative energy sources. Waste to energy is the recent trend in the selection of alternate fuels. One such fuel is WTO (waste transformer oil), which can be obtained from waste as an alternative fuel. By using WTO as a replacement of Diesel, both the above stated problems can be solved at great extent. From literature review it comes clear Fuels additives have become essential tool not only improve the performance and also produce lower emissions (NOx) of diesel engines. A variety of additives (metal based, oxygenated, antioxidants, lubricity improvers, cetane number improvers, and cold flow improvers) are used in biodiesel fuel to meet the international emission standards. Prime objective of this work is to find out an alternative fuel that can be used as a replacement of diesel and analyses the performance and reduce emission parameters. To fulfill the prime objective, Diesel engine, fuelled with Waste transformer Oil (WTO) - Diesel blends with Additive should be used to be operated at different blend ration with different concentration of Additives.
EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CI ENGINE FUELED WITH WCOashutoshDas123
A comprehensive combustion analysis has been conducted to evaluate the performance of a commercial DI engine, water cooled two cylinders, in-line, naturally aspirated, RD270 Ruggerini diesel engine using waste vegetable cooking oil as an alternative fuel. In order to compare the brake power and the torques values of the engine, it has been tested under same operating conditions with diesel fuel and waste cooking biodiesel fuel blends. The results were found to be very comparable. The properties of biodiesel produced from waste vegetable oil was measured based on ASTM standards. The total sulfur content of the produced biodiesel fuel was 18 ppm which is 28 times lesser than the existing diesel fuel sulfur content used in the diesel vehicles operating in Tehran city (500 ppm).
The maximum power and torque produced using diesel fuel was 18.2 kW and 64.2 Nm at 3200 and 2400 rpm respectively. By adding 20% of waste vegetable oil methyl ester, it was noticed that the maximum power and torque increased by 2.7 and 2.9% respectively. The growing concern about energy resources and the environment has increased interest in the study of alternative energy sources. To meet the requirements of energy expenditure there has been a growing curiosity in alternative fuels such as biodiesel to provide a room for diesel oil appropriate for internal combustion engines. The need for fossil fuels and the emissions generated by these fuels increase daily.
Researchers are on the verge of global warming and climate change, and energy sustainability and the use of materials are important issues today. Biodiesel is another fuel to be put in place of diesel fuel by processing used cooking oil. However, the products formed during the frying process have influenced the transesterification reaction and the biodiesel properties. These experiments on the analysis of C.I. engine that uses diesel and residual cooking oil mixture. They can be recycled and used multiple times, thus offering a cheaper way to produce biodiesel. The advantages and disadvantages of these heterogeneous catalysts are presented. Future work focuses on the application of economically and environmentally sounds solid catalysts in biodiesel production using WCO as raw material.
An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WT...Working as a Lecturer
this ppt for the Dissertation work for the An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WTO – Diesel blend with Additives in a Diesel Engine,contain all detail anlysis with result.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
an experimental investigation and comparative analysis on a four stroke cINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
An experimental analysis was made to investigate two non edible oils (hazelnut and palm), blending with neat diesel fuel with the proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by volume and used as fuel in a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, Compression Ignition engine. Experimental tests were conducted by using the above bio-diesel blends as fuel operated with the above mentioned engine working at various loads. Performance parameters and exhaust emissions of hazelnut and crambe bio-diesel blends are compared with the same results of diesel fuel. Performance parameters selected to analyze are Brake Thermal Efficiency(BTHE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption(BSFC) and Exhaust Gas Temperature(EGT) and exhaust emissions selected to investigate are Carbon Monoxide emissions(CO), Oxides Of Nitrogen(NOx) and smoke density(SD). From the results of all blends used as fuel in the engine, it is clarified that CI engine showing better performance by using a hazelnut bio-diesel blend with proportions of 20% hazelnut bio-diesel and 80% normal diesel fuel. Traditional Engine with bio-diesels as fuel are showing acceptable reduction in emissions like hydro carbons and oxides of carbon but with marginal increase in oxides of nitrogen compared with diesel fuel. But BTHE of Bio-diesel blend is less than the BTHE of diesel fuel operating in the same engine. From all the blends Hazelnut bio-diesel blends are giving better performance parameters and decreased emission characteristics hazelnut oil having better properties immediately after diesel fuel when compared with remaining bio-diesel blends.
A Comparative Study on Performance of Diesel Engine using Jatropha Biodiesel ...ijtsrd
The idea of waste recycle and energy recovery plays a very important role for the economical growth of nation. The world faces the crisis of regular rise of petroleum prices, energy demand and exhaustion of fossil fuel resources. As a renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel for compression ignition engine, biodiesel instead of diesel has been increasingly became popular. Biodiesel, derived from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats. In this paper we investigate the prospective of Jatropha oil to use as a Bio fuel in the conventional diesel engine. The aim of the present paper is to do a comprehensive review of engine performance and emissions using Jatropha biodiesel from different feedstock and to compare that with the diesel. From this review it is found that the use of Jatropha biodiesel and its blends leads to the substantial reduction in CO and HC emissions accompanying with the imperceptible power loss, the increase in fuel consumption and the slight increase in CO2 and NOx emission on conventional diesel engine without modification. Since Jatropha biodiesel has many similarities to diesel fuel, it can be directly used in diesel engine without any modification. Namdev K. Gavade | Dr. Ashokkumar Vangire | M. A. Boda "A Comparative Study on Performance of Diesel Engine using Jatropha Biodiesel as Fuel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29670.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29670/a-comparative-study-on-performance-of-diesel-engine-using-jatropha-biodiesel-as-fuel/namdev-k-gavade
Evaluation of Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel to Compression Ignition Engine a...IJMER
To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternate fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternate to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Further it can be used with/without any modifications to the engine. It is an oxygenated fuel and emissions of carbon monoxide are less unlike fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel does not contribute to global warming as CO2 emitted is once again absorbed by the plants grown for vegetable oil/biodiesel production, thus CO2 balance is maintained. In the present work the Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil (Biodiesel) at various blends is used with pure diesel to study its effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance of the engine under different operating conditions and blends are compared by calculating the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption by using pure diesel and adding various blends of Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil to diesel. The exhaust gas analyzers and smoke meters are used to find the percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.
Study and comparison of emission characteristics of n butanol diesel blend i...eSAT Journals
Abstract A lot of emphasis is being laid on the use of biodegradable fuel directly or in blends with diesel to control harmful exhaust emissions and to help environment by reducing global warming in addition to reducing dependence on import of fossil fuels. An experimental study was conducted to study and compare the emission characteristics of n-butanol/diesel blend and diesel. The experiment was conducted on single cylinder, four stroke kirloskar diesel engine with different blends of n-butanol/diesel blends. The exhaust emissions of HC, CO, CO2 and O2 were measured with Neptune make analyzer. Keywords: HC, CO, CO2 and O2
Journal Waste oils as alternative fuel for diesel engine: A reviewKhatir NAIMA
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources have led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. On the other hand waste oils pose a very serious environment challenge because of their disposal problems all over the world. In this context, waste oils are currently receiving renewed interest. The properties of the oil derived from waste plastics, cooking and engines oils were analyzed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it has properties similar to that of diesel. This paper gives a brief review about using waste oil of these three types of oil as a fuel for diesel engines. The conversion process of each type of waste oil is presented. The results obtained from the experimental studies on a Diesel engine are discussed.
11. Efficient Image Based Searching for Improving User Search Image GoalsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The analysis of a user search goals for a query can be very useful in improving search engine relevance and the user experience. Although the research on inferring by user goals and intents for text search has received much attention, so small has been proposed for image search. In this paper, we propose to leverage click session information, which will indicate by high correlations among the clicked images in a session in a user click-through logs, and combine it with the clicked image visual information for inferring the user image-search goals. Since the click session information can serve as past users’ implicit guidance for the clustering the images, more precise user search goals can be obtained. The two strategies are proposed because of combine image visual information for the click session information. Furthermore a classification risk based on approach is also proposed for automatically selecting the optimal number of search goals for a query. Experimental results based on the popular commercial search engine for demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Technical Review Paper on Use of WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)-Diesel Blends ...IJSRD
Pollution from the petroleum oil increases day by day in terms of CO2, CO, NOx, PM and many other gases and particles. Price difference and economy leads people toward the use of alternative fuels. These problems indicate that the initiatives to replace gasoline and diesel fuel, due to the impact of fossil fuel crisis, hike in oil price and stringent emission norms, must be taken. Solution to long term energy problem will come only through research and developments in the field of alternative energy sources. Waste to energy is the recent trend in the selection of alternate fuels. One such fuel is WTO (waste transformer oil), which can be obtained from waste as an alternative fuel. By using WTO as a replacement of Diesel, both the above stated problems can be solved at great extent. From literature review it comes clear Fuels additives have become essential tool not only improve the performance and also produce lower emissions (NOx) of diesel engines. A variety of additives (metal based, oxygenated, antioxidants, lubricity improvers, cetane number improvers, and cold flow improvers) are used in biodiesel fuel to meet the international emission standards. Prime objective of this work is to find out an alternative fuel that can be used as a replacement of diesel and analyses the performance and reduce emission parameters. To fulfill the prime objective, Diesel engine, fuelled with Waste transformer Oil (WTO) - Diesel blends with Additive should be used to be operated at different blend ration with different concentration of Additives.
EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CI ENGINE FUELED WITH WCOashutoshDas123
A comprehensive combustion analysis has been conducted to evaluate the performance of a commercial DI engine, water cooled two cylinders, in-line, naturally aspirated, RD270 Ruggerini diesel engine using waste vegetable cooking oil as an alternative fuel. In order to compare the brake power and the torques values of the engine, it has been tested under same operating conditions with diesel fuel and waste cooking biodiesel fuel blends. The results were found to be very comparable. The properties of biodiesel produced from waste vegetable oil was measured based on ASTM standards. The total sulfur content of the produced biodiesel fuel was 18 ppm which is 28 times lesser than the existing diesel fuel sulfur content used in the diesel vehicles operating in Tehran city (500 ppm).
The maximum power and torque produced using diesel fuel was 18.2 kW and 64.2 Nm at 3200 and 2400 rpm respectively. By adding 20% of waste vegetable oil methyl ester, it was noticed that the maximum power and torque increased by 2.7 and 2.9% respectively. The growing concern about energy resources and the environment has increased interest in the study of alternative energy sources. To meet the requirements of energy expenditure there has been a growing curiosity in alternative fuels such as biodiesel to provide a room for diesel oil appropriate for internal combustion engines. The need for fossil fuels and the emissions generated by these fuels increase daily.
Researchers are on the verge of global warming and climate change, and energy sustainability and the use of materials are important issues today. Biodiesel is another fuel to be put in place of diesel fuel by processing used cooking oil. However, the products formed during the frying process have influenced the transesterification reaction and the biodiesel properties. These experiments on the analysis of C.I. engine that uses diesel and residual cooking oil mixture. They can be recycled and used multiple times, thus offering a cheaper way to produce biodiesel. The advantages and disadvantages of these heterogeneous catalysts are presented. Future work focuses on the application of economically and environmentally sounds solid catalysts in biodiesel production using WCO as raw material.
An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WT...Working as a Lecturer
this ppt for the Dissertation work for the An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WTO – Diesel blend with Additives in a Diesel Engine,contain all detail anlysis with result.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
an experimental investigation and comparative analysis on a four stroke cINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
An experimental analysis was made to investigate two non edible oils (hazelnut and palm), blending with neat diesel fuel with the proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by volume and used as fuel in a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, Compression Ignition engine. Experimental tests were conducted by using the above bio-diesel blends as fuel operated with the above mentioned engine working at various loads. Performance parameters and exhaust emissions of hazelnut and crambe bio-diesel blends are compared with the same results of diesel fuel. Performance parameters selected to analyze are Brake Thermal Efficiency(BTHE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption(BSFC) and Exhaust Gas Temperature(EGT) and exhaust emissions selected to investigate are Carbon Monoxide emissions(CO), Oxides Of Nitrogen(NOx) and smoke density(SD). From the results of all blends used as fuel in the engine, it is clarified that CI engine showing better performance by using a hazelnut bio-diesel blend with proportions of 20% hazelnut bio-diesel and 80% normal diesel fuel. Traditional Engine with bio-diesels as fuel are showing acceptable reduction in emissions like hydro carbons and oxides of carbon but with marginal increase in oxides of nitrogen compared with diesel fuel. But BTHE of Bio-diesel blend is less than the BTHE of diesel fuel operating in the same engine. From all the blends Hazelnut bio-diesel blends are giving better performance parameters and decreased emission characteristics hazelnut oil having better properties immediately after diesel fuel when compared with remaining bio-diesel blends.
A Comparative Study on Performance of Diesel Engine using Jatropha Biodiesel ...ijtsrd
The idea of waste recycle and energy recovery plays a very important role for the economical growth of nation. The world faces the crisis of regular rise of petroleum prices, energy demand and exhaustion of fossil fuel resources. As a renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel for compression ignition engine, biodiesel instead of diesel has been increasingly became popular. Biodiesel, derived from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats. In this paper we investigate the prospective of Jatropha oil to use as a Bio fuel in the conventional diesel engine. The aim of the present paper is to do a comprehensive review of engine performance and emissions using Jatropha biodiesel from different feedstock and to compare that with the diesel. From this review it is found that the use of Jatropha biodiesel and its blends leads to the substantial reduction in CO and HC emissions accompanying with the imperceptible power loss, the increase in fuel consumption and the slight increase in CO2 and NOx emission on conventional diesel engine without modification. Since Jatropha biodiesel has many similarities to diesel fuel, it can be directly used in diesel engine without any modification. Namdev K. Gavade | Dr. Ashokkumar Vangire | M. A. Boda "A Comparative Study on Performance of Diesel Engine using Jatropha Biodiesel as Fuel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29670.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29670/a-comparative-study-on-performance-of-diesel-engine-using-jatropha-biodiesel-as-fuel/namdev-k-gavade
Evaluation of Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel to Compression Ignition Engine a...IJMER
To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternate fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternate to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Further it can be used with/without any modifications to the engine. It is an oxygenated fuel and emissions of carbon monoxide are less unlike fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel does not contribute to global warming as CO2 emitted is once again absorbed by the plants grown for vegetable oil/biodiesel production, thus CO2 balance is maintained. In the present work the Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil (Biodiesel) at various blends is used with pure diesel to study its effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance of the engine under different operating conditions and blends are compared by calculating the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption by using pure diesel and adding various blends of Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil to diesel. The exhaust gas analyzers and smoke meters are used to find the percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.
Study and comparison of emission characteristics of n butanol diesel blend i...eSAT Journals
Abstract A lot of emphasis is being laid on the use of biodegradable fuel directly or in blends with diesel to control harmful exhaust emissions and to help environment by reducing global warming in addition to reducing dependence on import of fossil fuels. An experimental study was conducted to study and compare the emission characteristics of n-butanol/diesel blend and diesel. The experiment was conducted on single cylinder, four stroke kirloskar diesel engine with different blends of n-butanol/diesel blends. The exhaust emissions of HC, CO, CO2 and O2 were measured with Neptune make analyzer. Keywords: HC, CO, CO2 and O2
Journal Waste oils as alternative fuel for diesel engine: A reviewKhatir NAIMA
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources have led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. On the other hand waste oils pose a very serious environment challenge because of their disposal problems all over the world. In this context, waste oils are currently receiving renewed interest. The properties of the oil derived from waste plastics, cooking and engines oils were analyzed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it has properties similar to that of diesel. This paper gives a brief review about using waste oil of these three types of oil as a fuel for diesel engines. The conversion process of each type of waste oil is presented. The results obtained from the experimental studies on a Diesel engine are discussed.
11. Efficient Image Based Searching for Improving User Search Image GoalsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The analysis of a user search goals for a query can be very useful in improving search engine relevance and the user experience. Although the research on inferring by user goals and intents for text search has received much attention, so small has been proposed for image search. In this paper, we propose to leverage click session information, which will indicate by high correlations among the clicked images in a session in a user click-through logs, and combine it with the clicked image visual information for inferring the user image-search goals. Since the click session information can serve as past users’ implicit guidance for the clustering the images, more precise user search goals can be obtained. The two strategies are proposed because of combine image visual information for the click session information. Furthermore a classification risk based on approach is also proposed for automatically selecting the optimal number of search goals for a query. Experimental results based on the popular commercial search engine for demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method
Editor: Eng. Mohamadreza Govahi
Mentor: Dr. Ehsan Borhani
Date of Presentation: Apr 2016, Semnan PN Univeristy
*Contents
~Introduction to MMCs
~Introduction to Aluminum MMCs (AMMCs)
~Ceramic Reinforcements in AMMCs
~Types and Morphology of Reinforcements
~Aluminum Nano-composites
~Producing Methods
~Comparison in Different Procedures
~Reviews of some Experiments And Researches
Types of radiation
Radiology effects
Radiology fundamental
Mechanism of atomic movement
X-ray
Motion and energy movement
Radiation Properties
Formation of x-ray
Parts of x-ray machine
Power source of x-ray machine
Ijaems apr-2016-1 Multibiometric Authentication System Processed by the Use o...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The present day authentication system is mostly uni-model i.e having only single authentication method which can be either finger print, iris , palm veins ,etc. Thus these models have to contend with a variety of problems such as absurd or unusual data, non-versatility; un authorized attempts, and huge amount of error rates. Some of these limitations can be reduced or stopped by the use of multimodal biometric systems that integrate the evidence presented by several sources of information. This paper converses a multi biometric based authentication system based on Fusion algorithm using a key. Our work mainly focuses on the fusion algorithm, i.e fusion of finger and palm print out of which the greatest features from the above two traits are taken into account. With minimum possible features the fusion of the both the traits is carried out. Then some key is generated for multi biometric authentication. By processing the test image of a person, the identity of the person is displayed with his/her own image. By the fusion algorithm, it is found that it has less computation time compared to the existing algorithms. By matching results, we validate and authenticate the particular individual.
One Should always consecrate a gemstone ring or pendant and wear it in most potent time frame selected according to astrology.Cat’s Eye gemstone should be worn on Tuesday -
Comparative analysis of FACTS controllers by tuning employing GA and PSOINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Stability exploration has drawn more attention in contemporary research for huge interconnected power system. It is a complex frame to describe the behaviour of system, hence it can create an overhead for modern computer to analyse the power system stability. The preliminary design and optimization can be achieved by low order liner model. In this paper, the design problems of SMIB-GPSS and SMIB-MBPSS are considered to compare the performance of PSO and GA optimization algorithms. The performance of both optimization techniques are then compared further. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach to improve the power system stability
Ijaems apr-2016-7 An Enhanced Multi-layered Cryptosystem Based Secure and Aut...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Data de-duplication is one of the essential data compression techniques for eliminating duplicate copies of repeating data, and it has been widely used in cloud storage to reduce the amount of storage space and save bandwidth. To protect the privacy of sensitive data while supporting de-duplication, the salt encryption technique has been proposed to encrypt the data before its outsourcing. To protect the data security in a better way, this paper makes the first attempt to formally address the problem of authorized data de-duplication. Different from traditional de-duplication systems, the derivative privileges of users are further considered in duplicate check besides the data itself. We also present various new de-duplication constructions which supports the authorized duplicate check in hybrid cloud architecture. Security analysis demonstrates that the scheme which we used is secure in terms of the definitions specified in the proposed security model. We enhance our system in security. Specially, we present a forward-looking scheme to support a stronger security by encrypting file with differential privilege keys. We show that our proposed authorized duplicate check scheme incurs minimal overhead compared to normal operations.
Ijaems apr-2016-3 A Study of nature of the Photovoltaic modules under the inf...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The behaviour of the solar photovoltaic array will be rapidly changing under the influence of partial shading phenomenon. When two (or) more photovoltaic modules are embedded in series, then the total output voltage and the net output power obtained from the series connected photovoltaic modules will mainly depends upon the solar insolation which is being projected upon each and every module respectively. Small perturbation in solar irradiation levels will lead to large considerable change in the output parameters. This paper mainly focuses on observing the effect of partial shading on photovoltaic modules which are connected in series. The main objective of this paper is to examine about the mismatching phenomenon that occurs while tracking the global maxima point which plays a vital role in extracting maximum power from solar photovoltaic array in an effective manner.
A Novel Hybrid Approach for Stability Analysis of SMIB using GA and PSOINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Stability exploration has drawn more attention in contemporary research for huge interconnected power system. It is a complex frame to describe the behaviour of system, hence it can create an overhead for modern computer to analyse the power system stability (PSS).The preliminary design and optimization can be achieved by low order liner model. This paper presents a hybrid approach for the stability analysis of single machine infinite bus system using generic power system stabilizer (GPSS) and proportional-integral-derivative.
Beyond Digital Detox and Singularity - How to stay Human in the Digital?Alexander Steinhart
The digital world has become by Smartphone & Co to our constant companion — and requires constant attention. We can work anywhere, but work, leisure and technology can hardly be separated. The smartphone as the primary contact when standing up — and the Internet has become indispensable in our daily lives. There are many downsides of how digital technology is designed today. And we’re just at the beginning of a new age. Some are nostalgic about life pre-Internet, but we shall use this new autonomy that technology gives us. How about designing our environment and technology as we wish and need? Which are the necessary ideas, technologies and strategies to live in this digital world also in future a human life.
CeBIT 2016, 14 - 18 March
Type of event: Keynote
Topic: Digital Transformation
Event series: CeBIT Global Conferences
Title: Beyond Digital Detox and Singularity - How to Be Human in the Digital?
Speaker: Alexander Steinhart, Psychologist, Co-Founder & CEO ( OFFTIME )
http://www.offtime.co
http://offtime.co/blog/en/beyond-digital-detox-and-singularity-how-to-be-human-in-the-digital/
Experimental Analysis of a Diesel Engine Run on Different Biodiesel Fuel Blendsijtsrd
Ever increasing rate in the production of automotive vehicles and the significance of decreasing the pollutions in nature trigger numerous researches to find the alternative solution. Biodiesel has been considered a vital fuel for diesel engine view point. In the present study a single cylinder diesel engine was run fully on non-petroleum fuels blends. In this regard Jatropha methyl ester JME and waste transformer oil WTO were selected as a fuel for the replacement of diesel. diesel engines such as fuel direct injection method is used. The WTO at low percentages 10-40 at regular intervals of 10 on a volume basis , was blended with diesel, to get the fuel blends for the investigation. The performance and emission terms were compared, analyzed and presented in this article. Vidya Sagar Mishra | Dr. Nitin Tenguria "Experimental Analysis of a Diesel Engine Run on Different Biodiesel Fuel Blends" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21582.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/21582/experimental-analysis-of-a-diesel-engine-run-on-different-biodiesel-fuel-blends/vidya-sagar-mishra
The search for alternative fuels in last few decades is intensive due to the rapid
depletion of petroleum fuels and their ever increasing costs. There is a great need to
reduce the consumption of conventional fuels in both developed and developing countries.
The consumption and demand of the petroleum based fuels is increasing every year due
to the increased industrialization and innovation in the world. The aim of the present
experimental work is to evaluate the impact of various compression ratio using blends of
diesel fuel with 20% concentration of Methyl Ester of Jatropha biodiesel blended with bio
additive and the blends of diesel fuel with 20% concentration of methyl ester of mahua
biodiesel blended with bio additive as an alternate fuel. The experiment is carried out
with three different compression ratios in DI diesel engine. Biodiesel is extracted from
Jatropha oil and mahua oil, 20% (B20) concentration with 3ml bio additive is found to
be the best blend ratio from the earlier experimental study. 3ml of biodiesel B20MEOJBA
and 3ml of B20MEOMBA is tested with compression ratio of 17.5. The purpose of the
experimental study is to obtain better efficiency, minimum specific fuel consumption, and
lower smoke and lesser emission. This is done by increasing cetane number using
combustion additives of 3ml bio additive blends with biodiesel when compared with the
baseline diesel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Ijaems apr-2016-2 Experimental Parametric Study of Biodiesel to Develop Economic Zero Effluent Discharge (ZED) for Diesel System
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 68
Experimental Parametric Study of Biodiesel to
Develop Economic Zero Effluent Discharge (ZED)
for Diesel System
Komal D Pawar1
, Sagar M Gawande2
, Dhiraj V Godase3
1,2
Civil Engineering Department, APCOE, Pune, India
3
Mechanical Engineering Department, Yashoda Technical Campus, Satara, India
Abstract— In this globalization realm, there in constant
growth in the rate of expenditure of fossil fuels, consequent
on ever increasing population and urbanization. This gives
charge to depletion of finite resources in the near future.
Fossil fuel emission causes global-warming also green-
house gases are intangible factor which collectively
degrading the planet. As such, the situation demands for an
alternate source of energy that can be used to overcome the
conjectured energy crisis. In contrast to this, if the energy
source is clean and renewable, it will reduce the
environmental trouble as well. In the quest an alternate and
renewable energy resources, scientists have plead with a
variety of options among which biodiesel-diesel blends as
alternative fuels has become a popular option and is getting
the attention of many researchers. This is because scientists
have enlist the properties of biodiesel prepared from
vegetable oils are very close to commercial diesel and thus
it has a promising future as an alternative fuel for diesel
engine. Biodiesel being renewable, biodegradable and
green fuel can reduce our dependence on conventional/non-
renewable fossil fuels and it also helps to keep pure quality
of air by reducing obnoxious automotive/vehicular
emissions. Possible solution of this problem is to replace or
find renewable and economically feasible fuel as an
alternative source. Already a lot of work for source which
fulfill the criteria of sustainability and economical carried
out. But the effluent is critical issues. So characterization
and formation of biodiesel with zero effluent is prime
objective.
Keywords— Biodiesel, Emission, Zero effluent discharge.
I. INTRODUCTION
The world is currently facing the worst energy crisis in
history. Many countries worldwide are still heavily
dependent on petroleum as their main source of electricity
and transportation of fuel, and its price has been setting
records in recent day. Thus the only possible solution to this
crisis is to find sustainable (Renewable) and economically
feasible source of alternative energy. There are many
alternative sources fulfill the first criterion (sustainability).
However, few of this can fulfill the second criterion
(economic feasibility).The best option, fulfilling both
criteria, the biofuel particularly that need from radially
available biomass feedback.
Biodiesel is a non-toxic, sulphur-free, biodegradable,
oxygenated and environment friendly alternate diesel fuel.
Biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters) is an alternative diesel fuel
derived from the reaction of vegetable oils or lipids and
alcohol with or without the presence of a catalyst.
One of the importance aspects of biodiesel is its bio-
degradability and being more environmental friendly than
of the fossil fuels, resulting in less environmental impact
upon accidental release to the environment.
Biodiesel fuel is made through a process called
transesterification. This process involves removing the
glycerin from the vegetable oil or fat. During the process
byproducts are left behind, including methyl esters and
glycerin. So to reduce and form zero effluent in process is
objective.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
In the recent years, serious efforts have been made by
several researchers to use different sources
Ma F, Hanna MA
Showed the use of straight vegetable oils is restricted by
some unfavorable physical properties, particularly their
viscosity. Due to higher viscosity, the straight vegetable oil
causes poor fuel atomization, incomplete combustion and
carbon deposition on the injector and valve seats resulting
in serious engine fouling. One possible method to overcome
the problem of higher viscosity is blending of vegetable oil
with diesel in proper proportion, and the other method is
transesterification of oils to produce biodiesel.[2]
Peterson CL et.al
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]
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It was reported that the transesterification process has been
proven worldwide as an effective means of biodiesel
production and viscosity reduction of vegetable oil.
Temperatures, catalyst type, concentration ratio of alcohol
to fuel and stirring speed rate have been observed to
influence the transesterification process to a greater
extent.[3]
Masjuki HH et.al
A brief study was conducted on the use of biodiesel from
coconut oil (50/50 blend), ‘‘B50” in motor coaches. This
study revealed that it is a viable and a practical alternative
fuel for older in-service engines. Particulate matter was
almost negligible with the use of this fuel. Operators
reported that the test vehicles had no noticeable drivability
downsides. On the other hand, it was observed that the
vehicles had some improved power performance while
operating under city traffic conditions.[4]
Ramadhas AS et.al.
It found that no significant engine problems were reported
in tests with urban bus fleets running on B20. Fuel economy
was comparable with diesel fuel and the fuel consumption
of biodiesel blend being only 2–5% higher than that of
conventional diesel. Ester blends have been reported to be
stable, and did not separate at room temperature over a
period of three months. One limitation to the use of
biodiesel is its tendency to crystallize at low temperatures
below 00
C.[5]
Wagner et al.
Conducted 200 h engine tests with soybean oil ester fuel on
John Deere (4239T Model) engine. It was reported that the
engine performance with methyl, ethyl and butyl esters was
nearly the same as that with diesel fuel. Emissions of oxides
of nitrogen were significantly higher for the esters. It
concluded that the esters could be used on a short-term
basis, and that further testing to be done for determining
long-term ester fuel effects. [6]
Ryan and Bagby
Found that the vegetable oils (peanut, sunflower, cottonseed
and soybean oils) exhibit characteristics opposite to those
expected in most other fossil fuels. For this purpose, an
alternative liquid fuel that will blend readily with diesel fuel
is required Many researchers have studied performance and
emission characteristics of undi oil blended with diesel. [8]
C. Srinidhi et al.
Performed an experiment analysis of performance
parameter (such as brake power, break specific fuel
consumption, brake thermal efficiency and Exhaust Gas
temperature) and emission characteristics (NOx, HC, CO.
etc.) is obtained for various bio diesel and diesel blends and
compared with ordinary diesel at various loads on a
modified variable compression ratio CI engine. The results
of the investigation shows that the performance and
emission characteristics of the engine fuelled with Honne
oil methyl ester – diesel blends is comparable to diesel.[9]
Bawane et al.
Performed experimental work to obtain the operating and
emission characteristics of Undi Oil Biodiesel on Variable
Compression Ratio (VCR) engine run on various blends of
biodiesel, compression ratios and load conditions. From the
comparison of results, it is inferred that the engine
performance is improved with significant reduction in
emissions for the chosen oils without any engine
modification. [10]
Bawane et al.
Experimental Investigation of Performance Characteristics
of Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel in CI Engine by
Varying Compression Ratio. An experiment was conducted
to obtain the operating characteristics of the variable
compression ratio (VCR) engine run on biodiesl made from
calophyllum inophyllum oil, at various compression ratio,
and the results are compared with diesel. From the
comparison of results, it is inferred that the engine
performance is improved with significant reduction in
emissions for the chosen biodiesel without any engine
modification. [11]
Anil .K. Rajvanshi et al.
Evaluated the prospect of biofuel in India for energy
purposes, using agricultural material. A strategy is
developed so that from a given piece of land maximum bio-
energy and remuneration to the farmer’s results. Thus the
values of the product of bio-energy and net returns (BENR)
were estimated for the different cropping systems evaluated.
It is shown that with this strategy not only the country can
become self-sufficient in edible oil but will also have the
potential of taking care indigenously of a substantial
proportion of its energy need. [12]
S.Sundarapandian and G.Devaradjane et al.
Evaluated the performance characteristics, combustion
parameters and emissions of vegetable oil esters like
Jatropha, Mahua and Neem Oil esters. From the results, it is
found that the heat release and work done are reduced by
about 4% for Jatropha, 5% for Mahua and 8% for Neem oil
esters when compared to diesel.. From the investigation, it
is concluded that the performance of vegetable oil esters are
good. Thus the developed model is highly compatible for
simulation work with bio diesel as alternative fuel [13]
Chavan S B et al.
3. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]
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Conducted an experiment, concluded that there is a best
source as a raw material that is Undi Oil for biodiesel
production. Seed characterization - Fresh seeds contains
moisture 12%, the available oil percentage in Undi seeds is
55-75%. As per practical trial, recorded 52% of oil.
Physico- chemical Properties - The fresh extracted crude oil
is greenish yellow and it get darkened during the storage.
[14]
G Basavaraj et al.
In this work the policy framework to promote the biofuel
sector in India is very encouraging, experience has show
that the government’s initiatives have not translated into
results on the production and commercialization fronts to
meet the country’s energy demand. [15]
LITERATURE OUTCOMES
This review paper provides good techniques that can be
applied the work. Reading the literature reviews helped to
clarify understanding of transestrification . Literature
review gives the best idea to formulate new methodology
and techniques for proposed work and which will be best
suitable for further research in current field. This scrutiny
gives stimulation for research work to generate new
methodology to find out biodiesel with zero effluent
discharge
III. PROPOSED WORK
Apart from the problem of diesel scarcity and higher fuel
costs ,there is the growing menace of vehicular pollution.
To compensate for the shortages of diesel fuel, the
adaptation of a selected alternative fuel to suit the diesel
engine is considered more economically attractive in the
short-term than engine modification to suit the fuel. For this
purpose, an alternative liquid fuel that will blend readily
with diesel fuel is required .
1)The main objective of this work is to achieve high
conversion of main product that is biodiesel and least of
glycerin which is by product, using transesterification
reaction.
2) The practical trials of biodiesel production will be carried
out to get maximum biodiesel conversion from respected
feedstock.
3)The factors those are responsible for high yield (catalyst
percentage, alcohol to oil molar ratio, time of reaction,
temperature of reaction, stirring speed of reaction etc) will
be studied separately.
4) The synthesized biodiesel will be characterized to
emission analysis like nitrous oxide (NOx), carbon dioxide
(CO2), hydro carbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and
Sulphur oxide (Sox) etc. which will help in both the
direction of reducing emission problems and search of
alternative fuel for Diesel Engines.
IV. EXPERIMENTATION
The transesterification is the reaction between oil and fat,
with a short chain alcohol (methanol, ethanol, and propanol)
in the presence of suitable catalysts in the transesterification
reaction, as they give high production yield .Few
researchers have worked feedstock having higher FFA
levels using alternative processes. But there are certain
exceptional cases wherein direct trans-esterification cannot
be performed. Such cases appear in raw vegetables oils (non
edible oils) like karanja., Jatropha, mahua, castor,
simaroubae, neem, cotton seed, and Thumba i.e.
Citrulluscolocynthisschard. Because these non edible oils
possesses high free fatty acids (FFA). For determining
whether the raw vegetable oils can be transesterified
directly, the acid value is the most important property that
must be known. Oils of high free fatty acids content can be
converted into biodiesel via dual step transesterification
process. In the first step, the oil is treated by an acid
dissolved in methanol to reduce FFA content, whereas in
the second step the preheated oil is transesterified with
methanol in the presence of base catalyst calcium
oxide(formed from calcinations ) to form biodiesel with
zero effluent.
V. CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE SCOPE
From the experimentation, it has been concluded that
research has been carried out for different biodiesels and its
blends in order to study the effect of process parameters on
responses along with the various optimization techniques
but very few work has been notified with the combined use
transesterification along with zero effluent discharge
system. Therefore, it is needed to extend present research ,
here is the new methodology by which biodiesels are
prepared with zero effluent discharge.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are acknowledging Indian Biodiesel
Corporation, Baramati for their laboratory & field support
as well as for financial support.
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