Pollution from the petroleum oil increases day by day in terms of CO2, CO, NOx, PM and many other gases and particles. Price difference and economy leads people toward the use of alternative fuels. These problems indicate that the initiatives to replace gasoline and diesel fuel, due to the impact of fossil fuel crisis, hike in oil price and stringent emission norms, must be taken. Solution to long term energy problem will come only through research and developments in the field of alternative energy sources. Waste to energy is the recent trend in the selection of alternate fuels. One such fuel is WTO (waste transformer oil), which can be obtained from waste as an alternative fuel. By using WTO as a replacement of Diesel, both the above stated problems can be solved at great extent. From literature review it comes clear Fuels additives have become essential tool not only improve the performance and also produce lower emissions (NOx) of diesel engines. A variety of additives (metal based, oxygenated, antioxidants, lubricity improvers, cetane number improvers, and cold flow improvers) are used in biodiesel fuel to meet the international emission standards. Prime objective of this work is to find out an alternative fuel that can be used as a replacement of diesel and analyses the performance and reduce emission parameters. To fulfill the prime objective, Diesel engine, fuelled with Waste transformer Oil (WTO) - Diesel blends with Additive should be used to be operated at different blend ration with different concentration of Additives.
A Review study for Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Die...ijsrd.com
Due to the higher energy demand, constrict
emission norms and shortage in oil resources led the
researchers to find alternative fuels for IC engines. Many
alternatives fuels such as Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG,
etc. already have been developed and commercialized. In
this context, the pyrolysis oil obtained from the waste tyre is
receiving renewed interest. The properties of the Tyre
pyrolysis oil was compared with the petroleum products and
found that it can also be used as a fuel for diesel engine. So,
tyre pyrolysis oil can be used as an alternate fuel in a diesel
engine. The present paper represents the literature review for
enhancing the performance and emission of the compression
ignition engine for the blend of pyrolysis oil of tyre and
diesel fuel.
Emission Analysis of Sapodilla seed oil as bio-dieselIJCMESJOURNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Sapodilla seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Sapodilla fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Sapodilla seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Sapodilla seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
Ijaems apr-2016-2 Experimental Parametric Study of Biodiesel to Develop Econo...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this globalization realm, there in constant growth in the rate of expenditure of fossil fuels, consequent on ever increasing population and urbanization. This gives charge to depletion of finite resources in the near future. Fossil fuel emission causes global-warming also green-house gases are intangible factor which collectively degrading the planet. As such, the situation demands for an alternate source of energy that can be used to overcome the conjectured energy crisis. In contrast to this, if the energy source is clean and renewable, it will reduce the environmental trouble as well. In the quest an alternate and renewable energy resources, scientists have plead with a variety of options among which biodiesel-diesel blends as alternative fuels has become a popular option and is getting the attention of many researchers. This is because scientists have enlist the properties of biodiesel prepared from vegetable oils are very close to commercial diesel and thus it has a promising future as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. Biodiesel being renewable, biodegradable and green fuel can reduce our dependence on conventional/non-renewable fossil fuels and it also helps to keep pure quality of air by reducing obnoxious automotive/vehicular emissions. Possible solution of this problem is to replace or find renewable and economically feasible fuel as an alternative source. Already a lot of work for source which fulfill the criteria of sustainability and economical carried out. But the effluent is critical issues. So characterization and formation of biodiesel with zero effluent is prime objective.
A Review study for Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Die...ijsrd.com
Due to the higher energy demand, constrict
emission norms and shortage in oil resources led the
researchers to find alternative fuels for IC engines. Many
alternatives fuels such as Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG,
etc. already have been developed and commercialized. In
this context, the pyrolysis oil obtained from the waste tyre is
receiving renewed interest. The properties of the Tyre
pyrolysis oil was compared with the petroleum products and
found that it can also be used as a fuel for diesel engine. So,
tyre pyrolysis oil can be used as an alternate fuel in a diesel
engine. The present paper represents the literature review for
enhancing the performance and emission of the compression
ignition engine for the blend of pyrolysis oil of tyre and
diesel fuel.
Emission Analysis of Sapodilla seed oil as bio-dieselIJCMESJOURNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Sapodilla seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Sapodilla fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Sapodilla seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Sapodilla seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
Ijaems apr-2016-2 Experimental Parametric Study of Biodiesel to Develop Econo...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this globalization realm, there in constant growth in the rate of expenditure of fossil fuels, consequent on ever increasing population and urbanization. This gives charge to depletion of finite resources in the near future. Fossil fuel emission causes global-warming also green-house gases are intangible factor which collectively degrading the planet. As such, the situation demands for an alternate source of energy that can be used to overcome the conjectured energy crisis. In contrast to this, if the energy source is clean and renewable, it will reduce the environmental trouble as well. In the quest an alternate and renewable energy resources, scientists have plead with a variety of options among which biodiesel-diesel blends as alternative fuels has become a popular option and is getting the attention of many researchers. This is because scientists have enlist the properties of biodiesel prepared from vegetable oils are very close to commercial diesel and thus it has a promising future as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. Biodiesel being renewable, biodegradable and green fuel can reduce our dependence on conventional/non-renewable fossil fuels and it also helps to keep pure quality of air by reducing obnoxious automotive/vehicular emissions. Possible solution of this problem is to replace or find renewable and economically feasible fuel as an alternative source. Already a lot of work for source which fulfill the criteria of sustainability and economical carried out. But the effluent is critical issues. So characterization and formation of biodiesel with zero effluent is prime objective.
THE INFLUENCE OF CETANE NUMBER AND OXYGEN CONTENT IN THE PERFORMANCE AND EMIS...IAEME Publication
Waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO) and ethanol are attractive renewable energy
sources, as ethanol has a high content of oxygen. However, for this particular study,
direct blending of conventional diesel, WPPO, ethanol and 2-ethyl hexyl nitrate (EHN)
was attempted. The purpose was, firstly, to improve the combustion, ignition quality,
performance and emission characteristics of the WPPO blends. Secondly, EHN has the
potential to reduce emissions of CO, CO2, UHC, NOX and PM. Thirdly, ethanol
improves viscosity and miscibility of biodiesel blends, besides increasing the oxygen
content of WPPO. Five mixing ratios were used in the following order,
50/WPPO25/E25, 60/WPPO20/E20, 70/WPPO15/E15, 80/WPPO10/E10 and
90/WPPO5/E5 for conventional diesel (CD), WPPO and ethanol and respectively.
However, for EHN the mixing ratio was determined by the total quantity of blended fuel
and put at 0.01 %. Complete miscibility was observed with no phase separation allowed
from the blended mixtures throughout the experiment. Performance and emission
characteristics of a stationary single cylinder water-cooled diesel power generator
were evaluated. The results obtained were compared carefully to ASTM standards and
discussed using tables and graph figure curves. The conclusion was that ethanol and
EHN can be used in diesel engine power generators as an alternative fuel to help
improve cetane numbers and to increase the oxygen content without or with
modification with WPPO blends. This is due to the densities 792 kg/m3
, 963 kg/m3
, 825
kg/m3 for WPPO, ethanol and EHN respectively, which are close to CD fuel at 845
kg/m3
. The addition of EHN, reduced emissions and improved engine performance so
that it equalled that of CD fuel
Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Multicylinder Diesel ...ijsrd.com
Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative source which provides advantage of pollution control. In the present work, experimentation is carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Rice-Bran biodiesel and diesel. In this experiment a multi cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer, TATA Indica V2 diesel engine is used at variable speed condition. Crude oil is converted into biodiesel and characterization has been done. The experiment is conducted at variable speed condition. The engine performance parameters studied were brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, CO2, UBHC, mean gas temperature, exhaust gas temperature and smoke opacity. The combustion characteristics studied are cylinder pressure, mass fraction burned, net heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and rate of pressure rise. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the corresponding results of the diesel. From the graph it has been observed that, there is a reduction in performance, combustion characteristics and emission characteristics compared to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity, lower mean gas temperature and delayed combustion process. The present experimental results show that Rice-Bran biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.
performance and emission radiation using of indianIJAEMSJORNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Indian Pomegranate seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Pomegranate fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Indian Pomegranate seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Indian Jujube seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
Study and comparison of emission characteristics of n butanol diesel blend i...eSAT Journals
Abstract A lot of emphasis is being laid on the use of biodegradable fuel directly or in blends with diesel to control harmful exhaust emissions and to help environment by reducing global warming in addition to reducing dependence on import of fossil fuels. An experimental study was conducted to study and compare the emission characteristics of n-butanol/diesel blend and diesel. The experiment was conducted on single cylinder, four stroke kirloskar diesel engine with different blends of n-butanol/diesel blends. The exhaust emissions of HC, CO, CO2 and O2 were measured with Neptune make analyzer. Keywords: HC, CO, CO2 and O2
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF COMBUSTION BEHAVIOUR IN DIESEL EN...Khatir NAIMA
The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the usability of waste polyethylene oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The novel fuel is obtained by a pyrolysis process of waste polyethylene at 973 K. The obtained oil is tested in a single cylinder air cooled (TS1) direct injection diesel engine at 1500 rpm. Engine performances and exhaust pollutant emissions from Waste Polyethylene Oil (WPO) were analysed and compared to those obtained from the same engine fuelled with conventional diesel fuel. Results showed that the total fuel consumption of WPO is lower than that of neat diesel fuel due to the higher heating value of WPO. Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) is improved for WPO especially at low load. The exhaust gas temperature is lower for WPO than that of diesel at low and full load. CO and UHC are found lower, while NOx emissions are higher at high loads. Furthermore, the use of numerical investigation permits to optimize the injection parameters, which can help to take advantages of WPO fuel. The simulation results suggest advancing the injection timing.
Effect of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biofuel Blendsijtsrd
The present work was conducted on a 1-cylinder, 4S, DI CI engine, on which neat diesel, neem biodiesel and polanga biodiesel and ethanol fuel were tested by varying the load on the engine setup at various blend ratios such as - diesel fuel 100 D100 , biodiesel neem 100 N100 , biodiesel polanga 50 blended with diesel 50 P50 , and ethanol 5 blended with diesel 95 E5 .The research carried was to compare the performance-emission characteristics of various blend samples w.r.t neat diesel fuel. The performance results show that, the BTE of N100, P50 fuel blends was less than E5 blend, as compared to neat diesel, whereas, the BSFC of D100, E5 blend had a decreasing nature than N100 and P50 blend. The CO emissions among the biofuel blends was maximum for N100 and then P50 blend but the least was for E5 blend w.r.t neat diesel. Also, the UHC emission for N100, P50 and E5 blends had a decreasing trend than neat diesel fuel. The D100 fuel had a maximum NOx emission in comparison to others and the least was by E5 blend. The CO2 emission of N100 and D100 was the highest than P50 and E5 blends during the operation. The unused O2for N100 fuel was the least than other fuel samples and the maximum was for E5 blend. The biofuel blends being used here had an effective outcome which can be utilised as an substitute for neat diesel. Akash Paul | Amiya Bhaumik | Kushal Burman "Effect of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biofuel Blends" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18915.pdf
Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combu...IJASRD Journal
The use of carbon-base fuels by diesel engines release gases such as CO, NOx, SO2, and THCs which constitute a major source of environmental pollution. These gases when released into the atmosphere result in the formation of acid rain and cause greenhouse effect. In the present study, an experiment was carried out with and without the use of HHO gas. The concentrations of the emitted gases were measured using an E8500 Plus gas analyzer. The results showed that the average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted from the combustion chamber of the test engine was decreased by 68.8%, 35.2%, 16.4% and 97.9% respectively when a mixture of HHO gas/petrol/air was used instead of petrol/air mixture in an internal combustion engine. However, the average concentration of oxygen (O2) gas increased by 1.7%.
Performance and Emission Studies of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Different Ja...ijtsrd
The ever increasing number of automobiles has led to increasing in demand for petroleum fuels. The environment degradation and depletion of fossil fuels are another reason to search the replacement of this fossil fuel. Biodiesel can become an attractive choice because it is renewable, non-toxic, environmental friendly. The objective of the present research work is to investigate the use of Jatropha biodiesel (JB) and fuel derived from pyrolysis of waste tires (WTDL) in diesel engine as a replacement of diesel in certain amount. The JB and WTDL were blended with diesel (5, 10, 15 and 20% by volume) and experiments have been conducted in a single cylinder, four stroke, air cooled diesel engine. The brake thermal efficiency of the blend was found to be lower than diesel. However, hydrocarbon emission and smoke opacity were found to be lower with blend (up to 10%) than diesel operation. The nitric oxide emissions of blend were higher than diesel. In view of comparable engine performance and reduction in most of the engine emissions, it can be concluded that blend which contained 10% JB, 10% WTDL and 80% diesel can be be used as a potential fuel for diesel engine operation without any engine modification. Alok Anand | N. K Sagar | Abhishek Sharma"Performance and Emission Studies of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Different Jatropha Biodiesel Blends" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7201.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/7201/performance-and-emission-studies-of-a-diesel-engine--fuelled-with-different-jatropha-biodiesel-blends/alok-anand
THE INFLUENCE OF CETANE NUMBER AND OXYGEN CONTENT IN THE PERFORMANCE AND EMIS...IAEME Publication
Waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO) and ethanol are attractive renewable energy
sources, as ethanol has a high content of oxygen. However, for this particular study,
direct blending of conventional diesel, WPPO, ethanol and 2-ethyl hexyl nitrate (EHN)
was attempted. The purpose was, firstly, to improve the combustion, ignition quality,
performance and emission characteristics of the WPPO blends. Secondly, EHN has the
potential to reduce emissions of CO, CO2, UHC, NOX and PM. Thirdly, ethanol
improves viscosity and miscibility of biodiesel blends, besides increasing the oxygen
content of WPPO. Five mixing ratios were used in the following order,
50/WPPO25/E25, 60/WPPO20/E20, 70/WPPO15/E15, 80/WPPO10/E10 and
90/WPPO5/E5 for conventional diesel (CD), WPPO and ethanol and respectively.
However, for EHN the mixing ratio was determined by the total quantity of blended fuel
and put at 0.01 %. Complete miscibility was observed with no phase separation allowed
from the blended mixtures throughout the experiment. Performance and emission
characteristics of a stationary single cylinder water-cooled diesel power generator
were evaluated. The results obtained were compared carefully to ASTM standards and
discussed using tables and graph figure curves. The conclusion was that ethanol and
EHN can be used in diesel engine power generators as an alternative fuel to help
improve cetane numbers and to increase the oxygen content without or with
modification with WPPO blends. This is due to the densities 792 kg/m3
, 963 kg/m3
, 825
kg/m3 for WPPO, ethanol and EHN respectively, which are close to CD fuel at 845
kg/m3
. The addition of EHN, reduced emissions and improved engine performance so
that it equalled that of CD fuel
Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Multicylinder Diesel ...ijsrd.com
Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative source which provides advantage of pollution control. In the present work, experimentation is carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Rice-Bran biodiesel and diesel. In this experiment a multi cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer, TATA Indica V2 diesel engine is used at variable speed condition. Crude oil is converted into biodiesel and characterization has been done. The experiment is conducted at variable speed condition. The engine performance parameters studied were brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, CO2, UBHC, mean gas temperature, exhaust gas temperature and smoke opacity. The combustion characteristics studied are cylinder pressure, mass fraction burned, net heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and rate of pressure rise. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the corresponding results of the diesel. From the graph it has been observed that, there is a reduction in performance, combustion characteristics and emission characteristics compared to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity, lower mean gas temperature and delayed combustion process. The present experimental results show that Rice-Bran biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.
performance and emission radiation using of indianIJAEMSJORNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Indian Pomegranate seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Pomegranate fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Indian Pomegranate seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Indian Jujube seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
Study and comparison of emission characteristics of n butanol diesel blend i...eSAT Journals
Abstract A lot of emphasis is being laid on the use of biodegradable fuel directly or in blends with diesel to control harmful exhaust emissions and to help environment by reducing global warming in addition to reducing dependence on import of fossil fuels. An experimental study was conducted to study and compare the emission characteristics of n-butanol/diesel blend and diesel. The experiment was conducted on single cylinder, four stroke kirloskar diesel engine with different blends of n-butanol/diesel blends. The exhaust emissions of HC, CO, CO2 and O2 were measured with Neptune make analyzer. Keywords: HC, CO, CO2 and O2
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF COMBUSTION BEHAVIOUR IN DIESEL EN...Khatir NAIMA
The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the usability of waste polyethylene oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The novel fuel is obtained by a pyrolysis process of waste polyethylene at 973 K. The obtained oil is tested in a single cylinder air cooled (TS1) direct injection diesel engine at 1500 rpm. Engine performances and exhaust pollutant emissions from Waste Polyethylene Oil (WPO) were analysed and compared to those obtained from the same engine fuelled with conventional diesel fuel. Results showed that the total fuel consumption of WPO is lower than that of neat diesel fuel due to the higher heating value of WPO. Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) is improved for WPO especially at low load. The exhaust gas temperature is lower for WPO than that of diesel at low and full load. CO and UHC are found lower, while NOx emissions are higher at high loads. Furthermore, the use of numerical investigation permits to optimize the injection parameters, which can help to take advantages of WPO fuel. The simulation results suggest advancing the injection timing.
Effect of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biofuel Blendsijtsrd
The present work was conducted on a 1-cylinder, 4S, DI CI engine, on which neat diesel, neem biodiesel and polanga biodiesel and ethanol fuel were tested by varying the load on the engine setup at various blend ratios such as - diesel fuel 100 D100 , biodiesel neem 100 N100 , biodiesel polanga 50 blended with diesel 50 P50 , and ethanol 5 blended with diesel 95 E5 .The research carried was to compare the performance-emission characteristics of various blend samples w.r.t neat diesel fuel. The performance results show that, the BTE of N100, P50 fuel blends was less than E5 blend, as compared to neat diesel, whereas, the BSFC of D100, E5 blend had a decreasing nature than N100 and P50 blend. The CO emissions among the biofuel blends was maximum for N100 and then P50 blend but the least was for E5 blend w.r.t neat diesel. Also, the UHC emission for N100, P50 and E5 blends had a decreasing trend than neat diesel fuel. The D100 fuel had a maximum NOx emission in comparison to others and the least was by E5 blend. The CO2 emission of N100 and D100 was the highest than P50 and E5 blends during the operation. The unused O2for N100 fuel was the least than other fuel samples and the maximum was for E5 blend. The biofuel blends being used here had an effective outcome which can be utilised as an substitute for neat diesel. Akash Paul | Amiya Bhaumik | Kushal Burman "Effect of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biofuel Blends" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18915.pdf
Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combu...IJASRD Journal
The use of carbon-base fuels by diesel engines release gases such as CO, NOx, SO2, and THCs which constitute a major source of environmental pollution. These gases when released into the atmosphere result in the formation of acid rain and cause greenhouse effect. In the present study, an experiment was carried out with and without the use of HHO gas. The concentrations of the emitted gases were measured using an E8500 Plus gas analyzer. The results showed that the average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted from the combustion chamber of the test engine was decreased by 68.8%, 35.2%, 16.4% and 97.9% respectively when a mixture of HHO gas/petrol/air was used instead of petrol/air mixture in an internal combustion engine. However, the average concentration of oxygen (O2) gas increased by 1.7%.
Performance and Emission Studies of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Different Ja...ijtsrd
The ever increasing number of automobiles has led to increasing in demand for petroleum fuels. The environment degradation and depletion of fossil fuels are another reason to search the replacement of this fossil fuel. Biodiesel can become an attractive choice because it is renewable, non-toxic, environmental friendly. The objective of the present research work is to investigate the use of Jatropha biodiesel (JB) and fuel derived from pyrolysis of waste tires (WTDL) in diesel engine as a replacement of diesel in certain amount. The JB and WTDL were blended with diesel (5, 10, 15 and 20% by volume) and experiments have been conducted in a single cylinder, four stroke, air cooled diesel engine. The brake thermal efficiency of the blend was found to be lower than diesel. However, hydrocarbon emission and smoke opacity were found to be lower with blend (up to 10%) than diesel operation. The nitric oxide emissions of blend were higher than diesel. In view of comparable engine performance and reduction in most of the engine emissions, it can be concluded that blend which contained 10% JB, 10% WTDL and 80% diesel can be be used as a potential fuel for diesel engine operation without any engine modification. Alok Anand | N. K Sagar | Abhishek Sharma"Performance and Emission Studies of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Different Jatropha Biodiesel Blends" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7201.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/7201/performance-and-emission-studies-of-a-diesel-engine--fuelled-with-different-jatropha-biodiesel-blends/alok-anand
Investigation of engine performance, combustion, and emissions using waste t...Adib Bin Rashid
This work investigated engine performance and emissions using waste tire oil-diesel-biodiesel blends. A sustainable fuel glycine max biodiesel was blended with the tire oil-diesel blends to improve performance, combustion, and exhaust emissions. The seven fuels including a 100% diesel 10–30% waste tire oil to 90-70% diesel, 10% tire oil +10% biodiesel +80% diesel, 30% tire
oil+10% biodiesel+60% diesel and 10% biodiesel+90% diesel was used as fuels in a direct injection diesel engine. Up to 30% (vol) waste tire pyrolysis oil was blended with diesel. More than 30% of waste tire pyrolysis oil shows inferior solubility issues and inferior engine performance and emissions. Thus, this investigation was limited to 30% waste tire pyrolysis oil. All fuel blends
showed similar properties to diesel. With similar engine performance, like torque, power,efficiency, energy, and exergy metrics, the blends showed insignificant variations in emissions (carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide) compared to a reference diesel fuel. Interestingly, the experimental results were compared with the modelling results, and the maximum variations between
them were 10%. The outcome of this research can promote waste tire pyrolysis oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines and accords with alternative energy development initiatives all over the world.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective ...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis for different flow rates of urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has
been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and static
injection timing of 20°bTDC is considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions
and better performance. An engine set up with SCR is made to study the influence of SCR on reduction of
emissions from the diesel engine. The volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute have been used with a
mixture of 30% urea and 70% water as SCR for the entire experiment. From the test results, it could be noted
that, among all flow rates, the volume flow rate of3 ml/minute gives better performance, combustion and lowest
emissions. Among the blends, B100 gives lowest emissions of smoke density and hydrocarbon as compared to without SCR. But in the presence of SCR, there is a drastic reduction in NOx of 17.81% for B100 as compared
to without SCR at full load condition of the engine
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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The search for alternative fuels in last few decades is intensive due to the rapid
depletion of petroleum fuels and their ever increasing costs. There is a great need to
reduce the consumption of conventional fuels in both developed and developing countries.
The consumption and demand of the petroleum based fuels is increasing every year due
to the increased industrialization and innovation in the world. The aim of the present
experimental work is to evaluate the impact of various compression ratio using blends of
diesel fuel with 20% concentration of Methyl Ester of Jatropha biodiesel blended with bio
additive and the blends of diesel fuel with 20% concentration of methyl ester of mahua
biodiesel blended with bio additive as an alternate fuel. The experiment is carried out
with three different compression ratios in DI diesel engine. Biodiesel is extracted from
Jatropha oil and mahua oil, 20% (B20) concentration with 3ml bio additive is found to
be the best blend ratio from the earlier experimental study. 3ml of biodiesel B20MEOJBA
and 3ml of B20MEOMBA is tested with compression ratio of 17.5. The purpose of the
experimental study is to obtain better efficiency, minimum specific fuel consumption, and
lower smoke and lesser emission. This is done by increasing cetane number using
combustion additives of 3ml bio additive blends with biodiesel when compared with the
baseline diesel.
Experimental Investigation on Use of Honge(Pongamia) Biodiesel on Multi-cylin...ijsrd.com
Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester which is renewable, biodegradable and non toxic fuel which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterifiaction process. Biodiesel has become a key source as a substitution fuel and is making its place as a key future renewable energy source. Biodiesel derived from vegetable oils are quite promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to slightly inferior performance and higher smoke emissions due to their high viscosity. The performance of vegetable oils can be improved by modifying them through the Transesterification process. In the present work, the performance of single cylinder direct injection diesel engine using honge as fuel was evaluated for its performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The properties of honge thus obtained are comparable with ASTM biodiesel standards. The produced honge biodiesel was tested for their use as a substitute fuel for diesel engine. Tests have been conducted at different varying load of biodiesel, at 60% throttle. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, torque, also emission characteristics against varying Brake Power (BP) and combustion characteristics against crank angle.
an experimental investigation and comparative analysis on a four stroke cINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
An experimental analysis was made to investigate two non edible oils (hazelnut and palm), blending with neat diesel fuel with the proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by volume and used as fuel in a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, Compression Ignition engine. Experimental tests were conducted by using the above bio-diesel blends as fuel operated with the above mentioned engine working at various loads. Performance parameters and exhaust emissions of hazelnut and crambe bio-diesel blends are compared with the same results of diesel fuel. Performance parameters selected to analyze are Brake Thermal Efficiency(BTHE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption(BSFC) and Exhaust Gas Temperature(EGT) and exhaust emissions selected to investigate are Carbon Monoxide emissions(CO), Oxides Of Nitrogen(NOx) and smoke density(SD). From the results of all blends used as fuel in the engine, it is clarified that CI engine showing better performance by using a hazelnut bio-diesel blend with proportions of 20% hazelnut bio-diesel and 80% normal diesel fuel. Traditional Engine with bio-diesels as fuel are showing acceptable reduction in emissions like hydro carbons and oxides of carbon but with marginal increase in oxides of nitrogen compared with diesel fuel. But BTHE of Bio-diesel blend is less than the BTHE of diesel fuel operating in the same engine. From all the blends Hazelnut bio-diesel blends are giving better performance parameters and decreased emission characteristics hazelnut oil having better properties immediately after diesel fuel when compared with remaining bio-diesel blends.
An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WT...Working as a Lecturer
this ppt for the Dissertation work for the An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WTO – Diesel blend with Additives in a Diesel Engine,contain all detail anlysis with result.
Journal Waste oils as alternative fuel for diesel engine: A reviewKhatir NAIMA
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources have led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. On the other hand waste oils pose a very serious environment challenge because of their disposal problems all over the world. In this context, waste oils are currently receiving renewed interest. The properties of the oil derived from waste plastics, cooking and engines oils were analyzed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it has properties similar to that of diesel. This paper gives a brief review about using waste oil of these three types of oil as a fuel for diesel engines. The conversion process of each type of waste oil is presented. The results obtained from the experimental studies on a Diesel engine are discussed.
Similar to A Technical Review Paper on Use of WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)-Diesel Blends With Additives in a Diesel Engine (20)
Maintaining Data Confidentiality in Association Rule Mining in Distributed En...IJSRD
The data in real world applications is distributed at multiple locations, and the owner of the databases may be different people. Thus to perform mining task, the data needs to be kept at central location which causes threat to the privacy of corporate data. Hence the key challenge is to applying mining on distributed source data with preserving privacy of corporate data. The system addresses the problem of incrementally mining frequent itemsets in dynamic environment. The assumption made here is that, after initial mining the source undergoes into small changes in each time. The privacy of data should not be threatened by an adversary i.e. the miner and target database owner should not be able to recover original data from transformed data.
Performance and Emission characteristics of a Single Cylinder Four Stroke Die...IJSRD
The current trends in CI engine are to use Water-diesel emulsion as alternative fuel. It can be employed directly to the existing CI Engine system with no additional modifications. This system helps in reduction of NOx as well as PM, which in turn improve the combustion efficiency of the engine. However there are still investigations have to be done. The current work mainly concentrated on diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions and its effect on engine performance and emissions were studied. The various loads were applied on a constant speed diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions of varying ratios of 0.2:1, 0.3:1. 0.4:1 and 0.5:1. Emission and performance characteristics were measured and were compared with base diesel operation. The emissions like NOx and smoke density were found to decrease greatly and brake thermal efficiency was found to increase at high loads. Smoke level was 4.2 BSU and 3 BSU for base diesel and water diesel emulsion of 0.4. The ignition delay was found to increase with water diesel emulsions. This also increased the maximum rate of pressure rise and peak pressure. The engine was found to run rough with water-diesel emulsions. The optimal water-diesel ratio was found to be 0.4:1 by weight. HC and CO emissions were found to increase with water diesel emulsions.
Preclusion of High and Low Pressure In Boiler by Using LABVIEWIJSRD
Pressure is an important physical parameter to be controlled in process boiler, heat exchanger, nuclear reactor and steam carrying pipeline. In the article the issue has been face in boiler operation due to pressure is handled. In boiler, the problem is due to maximum and minimum range of pressure. Due to the issues there is a chance to causes the hazop. To avoid such the problem the high and low pressure in boiler has to control. In the paper such the problem has sorted out by implementing ON-OFF control. Here the proposed control action for pressure control is implemented with the help of LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) software and NI ELVIS hardware. In the idea the boiler’s low range and high is monitored and controlled valve desirably. And also the high range and low range of pressure in the boiler is signified to plant operator by alarm signal.
Prevention and Detection of Man in the Middle Attack on AODV ProtocolIJSRD
In this paper it is discuss about AODV protocol and security attacks and man in the middle attack in detail. AODV Protocol is use to find route and very important protocol for communication in wireless network. So AODV protocol should be Secured and it is a big challenge. There are various attacks that occur on it. Here in this paper it discussed about the detection and preventions of man-in-the-middle attack in detail.
Comparative Analysis of PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDM Using Precoding Tec...IJSRD
In this modern era, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been proved to be an explicit promising technique for wired and wireless systems because of its several advantages like high spectral efficiency, robustness against frequency selective fading, relatively simple receiver implementation etc. Besides having a number of advantages OFDM suffers from few disadvantages like high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Intercarrier Interference (ICI), Intersymbol Interference (ISI) etc. These detrimental effects, if not compensated properly and timely, can result in system performance degradation. This paper mainly concentrates on reduction of PAPR.A comparisons have been made between various precoding techniques against conventional OFDM.
Evaluation the Effect of Machining Parameters on MRR of Mild SteelIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Filter unwanted messages from walls and blocking nonlegitimate user in osnIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Keystroke Dynamics Authentication with Project Management SystemIJSRD
Generally user authentication is done using username and password that is called as login process. This login process is not more secure because, however a login session is still unprotected to impersonator when the user leaves his computer without logging off. Keystroke dynamics methods can be made useful to verify a user by extracting some typing features then, after the authentication process has successfully ended. From the last decade several studies proposed the use of keystroke dynamics as a behavioral biometric tool to verify users. We propose a new method, for representing the keystroke patterns by joining similar pairs of consecutive keystrokes. The above proposed method is used to consider clustering the di-graphs which are based on their temporal features. In this project, authentication system is provide to project management system that make more Secure management system without acknowledging unauthorized user. The Project Management System addresses the management of software projects. It provides the framework for organizing and managing resources in such a way that these resources deliver all the work required to complete a software project within defined scope, time and cost constraints. The system applies only to the management of software projects and is a tool that facilitates decision making.
Diagnosing lungs cancer Using Neural NetworksIJSRD
Artificial Neural Networks is the new technology. It is the branch of Artificial Intelligence and also it is an accepted new technology. Now a days Neural Networks Plays a Vital role in Medicine, Particularly in some fields such as cardiology, oncology etc. And also it has many applications in many areas like Science and Technology, Education, Business, Business and Manufacturing, etc. Neural Networks is most useful for making the decision more Effective. In this Paper, by the use of Neural Networks how the severe disease Lungs Cancer has been diagnosed more effectively. This Paper discussed about how the Lungs cancer can be identified effectively in earlier stages and diagnosed using Neural Networks and some devices. The Neural Networks has been successfully applied in Carcinogenesis. The main aim of this research is by the use of Neural Networks the Carcinogenesis can be diagnosed more cost-effective, easy to use techniques and methods. This Paper discussed about how the Lungs cancer can be identified effectively in earlier stages and diagnosed using Neural Networks and some devices. Sputum Cytology is used to detect the Lungs Cancer in Early stages.
A Survey on Sentiment Analysis and Opinion MiningIJSRD
In Today’s world, the social media has given web users a place for expressing and sharing their thoughts and opinions on different topics or events. For this purpose, the opinion mining has gained the importance. Sentiment classification and Opinion Mining is the study of people’s opinion, emotions, attitude towards the product, services, etc. Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining are the two interchangeable terms. There are various approaches and techniques exist for Sentiment Analysis like Naïve Bayes, Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines, Random Forests, Maximum Entropy, etc. Opinion mining is a useful and beneficial way to scientific surveys, political polls, market research and business intelligence, etc. This paper presents a literature review of various techniques used for opinion mining and sentiment analysis.
A Defect Prediction Model for Software Product based on ANFISIJSRD
Artificial intelligence techniques are day by day getting involvement in all the classification and prediction based process like environmental monitoring, stock exchange conditions, biomedical diagnosis, software engineering etc. However still there are yet to be simplify the challenges of selecting training criteria for design of artificial intelligence models used for prediction of results. This work focus on the defect prediction mechanism development using software metric data of KC1.We have taken subtractive clustering approach for generation of fuzzy inference system (FIS).The FIS rules are generated at different radius of influence of input attribute vectors and the developed rules are further modified by ANFIS technique to obtain the prediction of number of defects in software project using fuzzy logic system.
Experimental Investigation of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ond Quarry Dust a...IJSRD
In this experimental work ninety nine cubes has been prepared having dimension 70.7x70.7x70.7 mm are cast as per IS:4031 (2000). In this experimental investigation cement mortar mix 1:3 by volume were selected for 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% partially replacement of natural sand (NS) by Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and quarry dust (QD) [3 cubes on each parameter respectively] for W/C ratio of 0.55 respectively. All the cubes were tested under compressive testing machine. To compare the average compressive strength of natural sand (NS) with granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and quarry dust (QD).
Product Quality Analysis based on online ReviewsIJSRD
Customers satisfaction is the most important criteria before buying any product. Technology today has grown to such an extent that every smallest possible query is found on internet. An individual can express his reviews towards a product through Internet. This allows others to have a brief idea about the product before buying one for them. In this paper, we take into account all the challenges and limitations encountered while reading the online reviews and time being consumed in understanding quality of the product from the reviews. We include several methods and algorithms that help the consumer to understand the Quality of the product in better way.
Solving Fuzzy Matrix Games Defuzzificated by Trapezoidal Parabolic Fuzzy NumbersIJSRD
The matrix game theory gives a mathematical background for dealing with competitive or antagonistic situations arise in many parts of real life. Matrix games have been extensively studied and successfully applied to many fields such as economics, business, management and e-commerce as well as advertising. This paper deals with two-person matrix games whose elements of pay-off matrix are fuzzy numbers. Then the corresponding matrix game has been converted into crisp game using defuzzification techniques. The value of the matrix game for each player is obtained by solving corresponding crisp game problems using the existing method. Finally, to illustrate the proposed methodology, a practical and realistic numerical example has been applied for different defuzzification methods and the obtained results have been compared
Study of Clustering of Data Base in Education Sector Using Data MiningIJSRD
Data mining is a technology used in different disciplines to search for significant relationships among variables in n number of data sets. Data mining is frequently used in all types’ areas as well as applications. In this paper the application of data mining is attached with the field of education. The relationship between student’s university entrance examination results and their success was studied using cluster analysis and k-means algorithm techniques.
Fault Tolerance in Big Data Processing Using Heartbeat Messages and Data Repl...IJSRD
Big data is a popular term used to define the exponential evolution and availability of data, includes both structured and unstructured data. The volatile progression of demands on big data processing imposes heavy burden on computation, communication and storage in geographically distributed data centers. Hence it is necessary to minimize the cost of big data processing, which also includes fault tolerance cost. Big Data processing involves two types of faults: node failure and data loss. Both the faults can be recovered using heartbeat messages. Here heartbeat messages acts as an acknowledgement messages between two servers. This paper depicts about the study of node failure and recovery, data replication and heartbeat messages.
Investigation of Effect of Process Parameters on Maximum Temperature during F...IJSRD
In case of friction stir welding, the maximum temperature along the weld line within appropriate range at tool workpiece interface is responsible for quality of welded joint. Through this paper, an attempt is made to establish a relationship between the input process parameters and the maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075. The design of pre-experimental simulation has been performed in accordance with full factorial technique. The simulation of friction stir welding has been performed by varying input parameters, tool rotational speed and welding speed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to investigate the effect of input parameters on maximum temperature during friction stir welding. A correlation was established between input parameters and maximum temperature by multiple regression lines. This study indicates that the tool rotational speed is the main input parameter that has high statistical influence on maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075.
Review Paper on Computer Aided Design & Analysis of Rotor Shaft of a RotavatorIJSRD
The intent of this paper is to study the various forces and stress acting on a rotor shaft of a standard rotavator which is subjected to transient loading. The standard models of rotavator, having a progressive cutting sequence was considered for the study and analysis. The study was extended to various available models having different cutting blade arrangement. The study was carried on different papers and identifies the various forces acting on a Rotor shaft of a rotavator. The positions of the torque and forces applied are varied according to the model considered. The response was obtained by considering the angle of twist and equivalent stress on the rotor shaft. This paper presented a methodology for conducting transient analysis of rotor shaft of a rotavator,
A Survey on Data Mining Techniques for Crime Hotspots PredictionIJSRD
A crime is an act which is against the laws of a country or region. The technique which is used to find areas on a map which have high crime intensity is known as crime hotspot prediction. The technique uses the crime data which includes the area with crime rate and predict the future location with high crime intensity. The motivation of crime hotspot prediction is to raise people’s awareness regarding the dangerous location in certain time period. It can help for police resource allocation for creating a safe environment. The paper presents survey of different types of data mining techniques for crime hotspots prediction.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
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• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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A Technical Review Paper on Use of WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)-Diesel Blends With Additives in a Diesel Engine
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 10, 2015 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 665
A Technical Review Paper on Use of WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)-
Diesel Blends With Additives in a Diesel Engine
Tarun B Patel1
Prof K D Panchal2
Dr A S Shah3
1
PG Scholar 2
Assistant Professor 3
Sr.Lecturer
1
Department of Energy engineering
1,2
GEC Valsad, Gujarat 3
Dr S&SS Gandhi College of Eng. & Tech, Surat Gujarat
Abstract— Pollution from the petroleum oil increases day by
day in terms of CO2, CO, NOx, PM and many other gases
and particles. Price difference and economy leads people
toward the use of alternative fuels. These problems indicate
that the initiatives to replace gasoline and diesel fuel, due to
the impact of fossil fuel crisis, hike in oil price and stringent
emission norms, must be taken. Solution to long term energy
problem will come only through research and developments
in the field of alternative energy sources. Waste to energy is
the recent trend in the selection of alternate fuels. One such
fuel is WTO (waste transformer oil), which can be obtained
from waste as an alternative fuel. By using WTO as a
replacement of Diesel, both the above stated problems can
be solved at great extent. From literature review it comes
clear Fuels additives have become essential tool not only
improve the performance and also produce lower emissions
(NOx) of diesel engines. A variety of additives (metal based,
oxygenated, antioxidants, lubricity improvers, cetane
number improvers, and cold flow improvers) are used in
biodiesel fuel to meet the international emission standards.
Prime objective of this work is to find out an alternative fuel
that can be used as a replacement of diesel and analyses the
performance and reduce emission parameters. To fulfill the
prime objective, Diesel engine, fuelled with Waste
transformer Oil (WTO) - Diesel blends with Additive should
be used to be operated at different blend ration with
different concentration of Additives.
Key words: Waste Transformer Oil, Diesel Engine
I. INTRODUCTION
Over the last two decades in India, there has been a
tremendous increase in the number of automobiles.
Currently, the motor vehicles population in India is about
180 million. Even though the transport sector plats a pivotal
role for the economic development of country, it brings an
unavoidable spectre of environmental deterioration along
with it. This is specially a huge problem for a developing
country like India. Combustion of fossil fuels in mobile
sources for transportation has led to increase of pollutants
such as CO, HC, NOx, SPM, and many other harmful
compounds in the environment, and the resulting air quality
deterioration and health effects especially in urbanized
areas. Hence, an integrated approach for reducing emission
from mobile sources is the most desirable in urban
transportation. In this regards, alternative fuels and
alternative drivetrains play a major role in emission
mitigation.
A. Classification of Alternative Fuel
Alternative propulsion can be categorized into the following
way shown in Table 1.
Gasoline type biodiesel
Butanol as direct replacement for gasoline
Ethanol or mixture with gasoline E85
Diesel type biodiesel
Vegetable oil
Biodiesel
Gaseous
Naturel gas, compressed or liquefied
Propane (LPG or LP gas)
Syngas
Biogas
Table 1 Types of Fuels
B. Need for Alternative Fuels
The motor vehicle population has increased tremendously
over the last decade in India and is currently at around 180
million. Environmental degradation is an outcome of the
growth in motor vehicle population. One of the strategies
adopted to curb deteriorating environmental quality is the
use of alternative fuel like ethanol, compressed natural gas
(CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The use of
gaseous fuels, that is CNG and LPG for automobile
application has been undertaken in the different parts of the
world for varying reasons. The major factors for need of
alternative fuel are listed below.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Air Quality
Depletion Of Fossil Fuels
National Security
C. Problems Regarding Availability of Fossil Fuels
The energy crunches as well as the environmental
degradation are the major problems mankind is facing
nowadays. Demand of energy has been increased day by day
because of the increased population on the earth. By the year
2100, the world population is expected to be in excess of 12
billion and it is essential that the demand of energy will be
increased by five times of what it is now. According to the
Indian statistical report, we get around 80% of our energy
from conventional fossil fuels like oil (36%), natural gas
(21%), and coal (23%). It is well known that the time is not
so far when all these sources will be completely exhausted.
The alarm bells have started ringing as survey indicates that
petroleum will become increasingly scarily beyond present
rate of consumption.
Waste to energy is the recent trend in the selection
of alternate fuels. One such fuel is WTO, which can be
obtained from waste as an alternative fuel. By using WTO
as a replacement of Diesel, both the above stated problems
can be solved at great extent.
2. A Technical Review Paper on Use of WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)-Diesel Blends With Additives in a Diesel Engine
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/143)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 666
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Review on Diesel Engine
Diesel engine behaviour depends on the engine geometry,
fuel properties and combustion and etc., Properties such as
Cetane number, viscosity, density, heating value, sulphur
content, flash and fire point, pour point, cloud point and
distillation range are responsible for variation in the
combustion, performance and emission behaviour of CI
engine fuels. The engine developer test the engine
performance for torque, Brake power, Brake Specific fuel
consumption, Brake thermal efficiency, volumetric
efficiency analysed exhaust gases to determine their
emission constituents.
B. Alternative Fuels and Its Blends
1) Investigation of Jatropha Biodiesel Blends in a Multi
Cylinder CI Engine
Amit Pal (2013)[2]
experimentally investigated the jatropha
oil biodiesel blends in Tata indica,4 cylinder,4 stroke water
cooled 39 kw engine. Performance and emission
characteristics are studied for the B10, B20 and B30 blends
and for the varying engine speed 1000 rpm to 5000 rpm.
Torque, BP, BTE and CO, HC and NOX investigate for
varying the engine speed.
Engine performance and emission characteristics
found better than the diesel engine. For lower speed, torque
almost constant for diesel and biodiesel. Maximum torque
for jatropha oil 7.5 kg.m at 2500 rpm and maximum 30% is
increased for 30% blends.at starting speed BP obtained
maximum and constant for 2500 to 4000 rpm for 10%
blends. Maximum BTE obtained at 30% blend. Amount of
CO, HC and smoke lower than the diesel fuel and slightly
increased of NOX at higher load.
Gaurav Paul et al. (2014) [3]
validated the experimental
result with numerically method of a diesel engine. Pure
diesel, jatropha biodiesel and 50% of blends prepared for the
experiment on a 7.35 kW, double cylinder, constant speed,
direct injection diesel engine, with hydraulic dynamometer
20kgf. Emission parameters measured with the gas analyser.
Diesel-RK software used for the numerically investigation.
Variations of BTE, BSFC and NOx for BP are investigated.
Both experimental and numerically investigation on
performance and emission have been carried out. Torque
and BTE of a diesel engine is decrease for the jatropha bio
diesel. BSFC increases with % of biodiesel in the blends.
NOx emission increased compared to the pure diesel engine
due to higher oxygen content of jatropha and higher
temperature obtained due to complete combustion of the
biodiesel.
2) Effect of coconut biodiesel blend
A.M. Liaquat et al. (2013)[4]
carried out the investigation
and emission parameters for direct injection single cylinder,
7.7 kW, 2400 rpm diesel engine fuelled with coconut
biodiesel blends without any engine modification. Three
fuel sample DF (100% diesel), CB5 (5% coconut biodiesel
and 95% diesel) and CB15 (15% coconut biodiesel and 85%
diesel) was used for the investigation. Test carried out at
100% load, throttle 100% wide open with speed 1500 to
2400 rpm and 100 rpm interval. Emission test carried out at
2200 rpm at 100% and 80% throttle position. for emission
parameters a portable BOSCH exhausts gas analyser used.
Engine torque and BP for biodiesel blends
decreased due to lower heating value. Due to lower heating
value and higher density, the BSFC higher compare to diesel
fuel. HC and CO were reduced whereas CO2 and NOx
emission increase for coconut biodiesel. A lower sound level
produced for biodiesel blends due to increase in oxygen
content, reduction in the ignition delay, higher viscosity,
lubricity etc.
3) Mustard Biodiesel Blend
A. Sanjid et al. (2014)[5]
investigated Mustard biodiesel
produced from waste mustard oil and physical and chemical
properties investigated. Calorific value 40.404 MJ/Kg,
Oxidation stability 15.92 h, Pour point -180C, Cloud point
50C found superior than other conventional biodiesel. They
compared the performance for MB10 and MB20 blends with
PB10 and PB20 (palm oil) on an inline 4 cylinder, water
cooled, 2476cc diesel engine. BOSCH (ETT00836) exhaust
gas analyser was used for emission. NI sound level
measurement utilised for measure the sound level. Mustard
oil is a new feedstock for biodiesel show promising fuel
properties. The engine performance, emission and sound
level found promising. MB10 and MB20 use in diesel
engine without any modification.
4) Diesel Engine Using Bio Diesel from Marine Algae
R.Velappan et al. (2014)[6]
studied the performance and
emission characteristics for single cylinder diesel engine
using Marine Algae biodiesel. In this research Entromorpha
Algae was used for biodiesel extraction. The single cylinder
water cooled engine fuelled with diesel and various blend of
biodiesel (B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100). Soxhlet
apparatus was used for the extraction of biodiesel from the
Algae and properties found nearer to the diesel so that they
did not modify the engine. The maximum BTE show for
B20 blends than other blends the smoke density increases
for all the blends, B20 shows lower smoke density. NOx
emission increases up to a part load than gradually deceases
for all blends. B80 shows the lower emission of CO. The
HC emission deceases for all blends compared to the diesel
fuel.
5) Performance, emission characteristics of fish-oil
biodiesel
S. Savariraj et al. (2013) [7]
used fish oil extracted from the
fish species as a biodiesel in diesel engine. Experiment
conducted on single cylinder, four strokes, 5.2 kW, 1500
rpm, direct injection, water cooled, kirloskar TV-1 diesel
engine, eddy current dynamometer used for the applied the
engine load. For air flow measurement an orifice meter
connected to a large surge tank attached to the engine. An
AVL 444 Di gas analyser was utilised for emission. The
properties of fish oil biodiesel blend found nearer to the
diesel fuel. The refernce line data were generated by diesel
engine operated engine for about 30 minute. All the
parameters (BSFC, BTE, EGT, NOx, CO, and HC) are
taken for the blends B25, B50, B75, and B100.
BSFC 10.54% and BTE 1.5% higher for B100
biodiesel blend than that of diesel at full load condition.
Peak cylinder pressure of all blends lower than that of
diesel, 160 before TDC start of combustion timing of all
blends than that diesel while 150 before TDC in case of
diesel. EGT of B100 was 2.2% to 9.75% lower than that
diesel at all different load. B100 produced 34.95% higher
smoke, 1.65% NOx, 14.6% CO and 1.8% HC emission.
3. A Technical Review Paper on Use of WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)-Diesel Blends With Additives in a Diesel Engine
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/143)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 667
6) Characterisations of Mahua and coconut biodiesel by
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Gautam Kumaret al (2014)[8]
tested the Characterisation of
Mahua and coconut biodiesel by FTIR (Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy) and comprised the spray behaviour of
Mahua biodiesel. An experimental method was developed
for determining the concentration of Mahua biodiesel and
coconut biodiesel in blends with petro diesel; this method is
based on infrared spectroscopy (FTIR and attenuated total
reflection [ATR]). For FTIR spectroscopy the Mahua
biodiesel and 20 V%V blends with petrodiesel were
analysed. The PerkinElmer FTIR spectrometers 65 FTIR
spectrometer was used. The FTIR results show that the
model obtained has a good ability for determining the
concentration of Mahua biodiesel in petro diesel–biodiesel
+blends. The Mahua oil is taken as a biodiesel and the
Hiroyasu model can be used for predicting the performance
of Mahua biodiesel.
They reported experimental data for FTIR
calibration models for prediction of the trans-esterification
yields for Mahua biodiesel production. FTIR identified that
Mahua oil has the carboxyl group at 2675.6 cm−1
, along with
the O–H stretching of the hydroxyl bonded with alcohol at
3461.3 cm−1
and carboxylic group at 747.2 cm−1
. The C–O
group combined with the carboxylic group at 1238.9, 1165.4
cm−1
. FTIR spectrum of biodiesel for the KOH catalyst
showed symmetric strong stretching vibrations of the
carboxyl group at 3000–2500 cm−1
, along with the O–H
stretching of the hydroxyl bonded with alcohol at 3600–
3200 cm−1
(broad) with alcohols. The ester group was
strongly stretched at 1744.0 cm−1
(1470–1670 cm−1
).
C. Biodiesel from Waste Oil
1) Diesel Engine Fuelled with Waste Cocking Oil.
Wail M. Adaileh et al. (2012)[9]
experimentally worked on
waste vegetable (cocking) oil from restaurant as biodiesel in
single cylinder, 4- strokes, direct injection, and air cooled
engine coupled with electric dynamometer. They tested
results without any modification to diesel engine and the
B20, B5 blend (20%, 5% biodiesel) sample tested for the
research work. Characterize the effect of biodiesel
properties on combustion, performance and exhaust
emissions in a diesel engine. Waste sun flower oil was
selected to produce the biodiesel. In Trans-esterification
process 100 methyl alcohol (CH3OH) and 5.5 Gram
potassium hydroxide (KOH) were used for esterification of
250ml of Sunflower oil. The measurement and test data
were studied at different engine loads and constant engine
speed 2400 rpm. Engine power (kW) for Engine speed
(rpm), BSFC (MJ/kWh), CO%, HC (ppm) and NOx (ppm)
for different BP was analysed.
Waste vegetable oil found to be efficient and safe
alternative fuel and low impact on the environment. B20
reduced CO, HC, and smoke emission compared to diesel
and B5. Due to chemically bounded oxygen content
biodiesel increased volumetric fuel consumption.With small
blending ratio biodiesel safely used in diesel engine. BP
increases as speed increase up to 2200 rpm that after it
decreases for all blends. BSFC maximum for B20 and B5
lower than that of diesel engine. The engine emits less CO%
and higher HC for all blends against the variations of BP.
The NOx increased with all biodiesel blends and maximum
with using B20%.
2) Waste lubrication oil on engine performance and
exhaust emission
Orhan Arpa et al. (2010)[10]
have examined WLO as an
alternative fuel in a single cylinder, four strokes, 10 kW,
2000 rpm, air cooled, direct injection diesel engine.
WLO produced from waste engine lubrication oil and
purified from dust, metal particles, heavy carbon soot, gum-
type materials and other impurities.
Investigation indicated that there was a marginal
increase in BTE, brake mean effective pressure and EGT
obtained for WLO at full load. The BSFC for WLO was
found to be marginally lower compared to that of diesel fuel.
The CO, NOx and SO2 increases by about 14.7, 12.7, 22.5%
whereas O2 decreases by 11.4%.
3) DI diesel engine using waste plastic oil
M. Mani et al. (2009)[11] They have conducted an
experimental investigation to study the performance,
emission and combustion parameters of a single cylinder,
four-stroke, 4.4 kW, 1500 rpm, 230 BTDC, air cooled DI
diesel engine fuelled with the WPO. Properties of WPO
compared with the petroleum products they reported that it
had properties similar to that of diesel. WPO was used as an
alternate fuel in a DI diesel engine without any engine
modification.
The experimental results showed that engine was
able to run with 100% waste plastic oil and comparable BTE
for the WPO with that of diesel. NOx is higher by 25% and
CO emission increased by 5% for WPO than that of diesel
operation. The un burnt HC emission from the WPO found
higher by about 15% compared to that of diesel operation at
full load. Smoke was found to be reduced by about 40% for
the WPO at all loads. Engine fuelled with WPO higher
thermal efficiency up to 75% of the rated power.
4) Waste transformer oil as an alternative fuel for diesel
engine
Md Nurun Nabi et al. (2013)[12]
studied the suitability of
using WTO as an alternative fuel for diesel engine on
performance parameters. Different fuel properties
(kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value, cetane number,
flash point and fire point and FTIR) were determined. The
work carried out on water cooled, single cylinder, 4- stroke,
4.467 kW, 1800 rpm DI diesel engine with diesel different
blends of WTO. FTIR analysis of WTO was performed to
find out the basic composition groups.
They have concluded that WTO used as an
alternative fuel. From the properties test shown in Table 2
they found that viscosity of oil 10.1cSt which was higher
than diesel, Calorific value was 6% lower than diesel, flash
fire points were 1400 C and 1450 C and cetane number was
42. Brake thermal efficiency was found high, BTE for
WT10, WT15, and WT20 were found 21.37%, 21.8%,
21.8% where diesel was 19.2%. BSFC found higher due to
high heating value. EGT were higher than diesel due to
more resistance time and higher viscosity.
SR NO PROPERTIES WTO DIESEL
1 Gross Calorific Value (kJ/kg) 41775 44500
2 Density (kg/m3) 895 860
3 Kinematic viscosity[cSt] 10.1 3.08
4 Flash point [0
C] 140 90
5 Fire point [ 0
C] 145 95
4. A Technical Review Paper on Use of WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)-Diesel Blends With Additives in a Diesel Engine
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/143)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 668
6 Cetane number 42 48
Table 2 Properties of WTO
5) DI diesel engine using TWTO
S. Prasanna Raj Yadav et al. (2015)[13]
studied the influence
of injection timing on the performance, emission and
combustion parameters of a DI diesel engine using TWTO
as a fuel performed at four injection timings (230
220
, 210
,
and 200
bTDC). The TWTO obtained after conventional
base-catalyzed transesterification process. FTIR analysis
used to identify the functional group and compositional
analysis. The physical properties of TWTO such as gross
calorific value, flash point, kinematic viscosity, specific
gravity, cetane number and density have also been obtained.
Effects of TWTO with standard and retarded injection
timing were investigated for the injection timing is retarded
from 230
bTDC to 200
bTDC.
They have been concluded that TWTO can be used
as a fuel in diesel engines without any problems in terms of
engine performance. The properties of TWTO are
comparable to conventional diesel fuel. FTIR analysis of
TWTO showed that it has the characteristics similar to that
of conventional diesel fuel. Result showed improvement
BThE when compared to that of standard injection timing.
An increase in thermal efficiency at the expense of higher
smoke is achieved for a constant speed diesel engine.
TWTO operating with the retarded injection timing when
compared to that of standard injection timing reduced the
exhaust emissions. CO, NOx, HC emission reduces by
17.24%, 11.57%, and 10% respectively at maximum load
conditions.
6) Performance And Emission Parameters Of UTO
Pritinika Behera et al. (2013)[14] reported the combustion,
performance and emission parameters of a single cylinder,
4.4 kW at 1500 rpm, four stroke, air cooled, direct injection
diesel engine, fueled with used transformer oil (UTO) and
six of its diesel blends on varying the UTO concentration
from 10% to 60%, at a regular interval of 10% by volume
basis (UTO20, UTO30, UTO40, UTO50, UTO60 and
UTO).The UTO can be used as an alternative fuel in the CI
engines as it possesses a heating value. UTO40 optimum
blend among the UTO diesel blends tested. The ignition
delay for the UTO and its diesel blends is shorter by about
1–30 CA compared to that of diesel in the entire range of
operation. The HC and CO emissions for the UTO and its
diesel blends are marginally higher than those of diesel
operation at full load. The NOx emission is higher for the
UTO–diesel blends than diesel at full load. Smoke is lower
for the UTO–diesel blends than diesel at full load. The
smoke value of UTO40 is lower by about 5.9% than that of
diesel at full load.
D. Biodiesel with Additives In A Diesel Engine
1) Fuel Physical Characteristics with Additives.
Mohd Hafizil Mat Yasin et al. (2013)[15]
studied the fuel
physical Characteristics of Biodiesel Blend (vegetable oil)
Fuels with Alcohol as Additives. Seven types of fuel used in
the research work mineral diesel, B20 (20%biodiesel with
80% mineral diesel), B20 E5 (20% biodiesel with 80%
mineral diesel 5% Ethanol), B20 E10 (20% biodiesel with
80% mineral diesel 10% Ethanol), B20 M5 (20% biodiesel
with 80% mineral diesel 5% Methanol), B20 M10 (20%
biodiesel with 80% mineral diesel 10% Methanol) and
B100. Table 3 shows the effect of alcohol additives on the
properties for all blends.
Properties
Die
sel
B
20
B20
E5
B20
E10
B20
M5
B20
M10
B1
00
Flash
point (0
C)
70
11
0
43 48 45 49
18
0
Viscosity(
mm2
/s)
4.2
4
4.
51
3.14 3.09 3.28 3.68
5.6
8
Density(kg
/m3
)
837
84
5
843 842 844 843
87
8
Acid
value(mgK
OH/g)
0.2
4
0.
2
0.54 0.52 0.59 0.78 0.3
Cetane
number
71.
6
78
.2
92.7 88.6 92.4 91.2 98
Table3 Properties of Biodiesel with Additive
The result shows that the presence of additives reduced the
viscosity and density of biodiesel concentration when
blended with diesel. Flash point for diesel and B100 reduced
whereas cetane index increased with additives.
2) Mahua Biodiesel Using Additive
Swarup Kumar Nayak et al. (2014)[16]
experimentally
determined the influence of Mahua biodiesel with additive
(Dimethyl carbonate) on the performance and emission
parameters of single cylinder, four stoke, and water cooled,
3.67 kW, 1500 rpm diesel engine. Fuel blends of Mahua
biodiesel with additive in various volume preparation B85
(15% additive with 85% biodiesel), B90, B95, B100
(without additive) were prepared by blending. From the
experimentally results it’s concluded that by increases the
percentages of additive with Mahua biodiesel, BTE increase
with load up to 80% and then decreases at full load due to
incomplete combustion. It is shows very close behaviour to
diesel due to increase in heat content, reduction in density,
viscosity and increase in volatility leads the better
combustion. BSFC decease respect to load and close to
result to that diesel. The EGT increased with respect to load
for all blends due to high combustion temperature of
biodiesel. For all test fuel, CO and HC emission decrease at
lower load up to 70% and then sharply increased. The test
results shows that NOx highest for the pure diesel and
decreased with higher percentages of additive.
3) Effect of metal based additive
G.R. Kannan et al (2011) [17]
experimented the use of metal
based additive ferric chloride (FeCl3) as a fuel borne catalyst
(FBC) for waste cooking palm oil based biodiesel to
improve the properties. Different metal based additives such
as cobalt (II) chloride, iron (III) chloride, copper (II) oxide,
copper (II) chloride and copper (II) sulphate was tested for
long term stability. They carried out experiment on single
cylinder, four strokes, 5.2 kW, speed of 1500 rpm, water
cooled direct injection diesel engine. 20µmol/L dosage of
ferric chloride was selected as test fuel. All parameters were
observed with biodiesel with FBC and without FBC for
injection pressure and timing.
They have found that FBC added biodiesel
decreased BSFC of 8.6% and BTE increased by 6.3%.
Lower NOx emission showed and slightly higher CO2
emission as compared to diesel. HC, CO and smoke
emission decreased by 26.6%, 52.6% and 6.9% for FBC
added biodiesel. FeCl3 additive improved the fuel properties
of waste cooking palm oil based biodiesel.
5. A Technical Review Paper on Use of WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)-Diesel Blends With Additives in a Diesel Engine
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/143)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 669
4) Additive in coconut oil biodiesel blends
H.G. How et al. (2014)[18]
studied the effect of bioethanol as
additive to biodiesel-diesel blends on the performance,
emission and combustion characteristics of a high pressure
common rail DI, four stroke, 48 kW at 4000 rpm, with eddy
current engine dynamometer diesel engine. B20 (20%
coconut biodiesel + 80% diesel) and B20E5 (20% +
coconut biodiesel + 5% ethanol + 75% diesel) blends were
tested and compared with base line data. The tests were
performed for a constant speed of 2000 rpm with 0.17 MPa,
0.69 MPa, and 1.20 MPa engine load.
from the result they conclude that the BSFC of
B20E5 and B20 is higher and B20E5 shows 2.0-2.7%
compared to base line diesel fuel at all load. BTE improved
for B20 and B20E5. CO and smoke reduced and addition of
ethanol resulted in reduction of NOx emission under all load
condition.
III. CONCLUSIONS
Use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel in engine gives
good performance and lower emission. So it is
economical and environment Friendly, that is the
reason of selection biodiesel as a fuel.
Biodiesel from Jatropha, Mahua seed, Coconut oil,
Fish oil, Marine Algae and Waste oil such as Waste
cooking oil, Waste lubricating oil, Waste plastic oil
and Waste transformer oil shows the promising new
alternative feedstock to run diesel engine.
For reducing viscosities from the raw oils, Trans-
esterification is the best way.
Fuel Properties play vital role on the performance and
emission parameters of a diesel engine. Calorific value,
cetane number, Viscosity, Flash and Fire point,
Density are the major properties for biodiesel use as an
alternative fuel for diesel engine.
FTIR gives the idea of an alternative fuel to identify
the basic groups compositional to examine suitability
as a diesel engine fuel.
Diesel engine shows better results without any engine
modification using biodiesel blends and with additives.
Many researches show that biodiesel can increase
performance parameters like BSFC, EGT and BTE, but
BP may decrease and also reduce emission parameters
like CO2, CO, and HC, but NOx may increase on a
diesel engine.
The WTO can be used as a fuel in the CI engines as it
possesses a heating value. The properties and group
compound of WTO found comparable with Diesel fuel.
Emission results showed the poor when compared with
other alternative fuel.
Fuels additives have become essential tool not only
improve the performance and also produce lower
emissions (NOx) of diesel engines. A variety of
additives (metal based, oxygenated, antioxidants,
lubricity improvers, cetane number improvers, and
cold flow improvers) are used in biodiesel fuel to meet
the international emission standards.
Much research work has been carried out using different
alternative fuels, with different engine and fuel
modifications in the CI engines. Reviewing the literature,
there seem to be little work in the area of Waste transformer
oil (WTO) as an alternative fuel in Diesel engines. No one
study the effect of Additives on performance and emission
parameters of a diesel engine run with WTO blends. This
review would suggest that this area of investigation, whilst
promising, requires further work in order to demonstrate the
viability of WTO as an alternative a diesel oil substitute in
CI engines.
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