Utilization of Natural Resources with Efficiency and Conservation

International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online),
Volume 5, Issue 12, December (2014), pp. 01-11 © IAEME
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UTILIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES WITH DUE
REGARDS TO CONSERVATION/EFFICIENCY OR BOTH
M.R. KOLHE B.E (Elect), M.B.A., Dr. P.G. KHOT,
R.T.M.NAGPUR UNIVERSITY, PROF. DEPT OF STATISTICS,
NAGPUR INDIA R.T.M.NAGPUR UNIVERSITY,
NAGPUR INDIA
ABSTRACT
Human species are at crossroads. Since the era of industrialization, rate of growth of
economy has recorded rapid rise, especially since the latter half of twentieth century. In the recent
past it is increasingly being realized that path that human kind has taken may not be sustainable. In
Western thought, sustainability debate is around economic sustainability. It has two sides’
production and consumption. The latter is hardly addressed in Western thought. Neoclassical
economic emphasizes mainly on technological solutions to sustainability. The present life style relies
on exploitation of natural resources. How much we should consume? What strategies for changing
consumer behaviour actually work? These are few questions that human society has now started
asking. It is necessary to visit alternative paradigm. Gandhian economic thought is one such
paradigm.
It is the Western culture of materialism based on maximum production and maximum
consumption which affects human life and our scarce natural resources. Our insatiable desires to
have more and more have accelerated the process of depletion of natural resources. Gandhiji once
said: "The Earth provides-enough to satisfy everyone's needs but not any one's greed." The
consumerism leads to mass production, use of heavy machinery, procurement of raw material in
large quantity, use of excessive energy, bulk production, transportation, storage and it results in
creation of huge wastage which leads to environmental degradation. Gandhian thought calls of
curtailment of wants is relevant in the rapidly depleting natural resources, biodiversity and eco-
system and its contemporary relevance.
Although, it is difficult to exactly follow the Gandhian life style in present scenario by
everyone, however, the efforts should be made such that our life style will not consume the available
resources excessively. The middle path is better to follow i.e. use the resources conservatively and
efficiently so that wastage is avoided and the coming generation will not be deprived off.
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Keywords: Jevon’s Paradox- It is an article of faith within the sustainability movement that resource
efficiency improvement must be the main response to Peak Oil and Climate Change. It is better
known as Jevon’s Effect, Khazzom-Brookes- Daniel Khazzoom and Leonard Brookes independently
addressed the paradoxical link between the increased energy efficiency and increased energy
consumption.
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy is one of the most fundamental parts of our universe. Energy has come to be known
as a `strategic commodity’ and any uncertainty about its supply can threaten the functioning of the
economy, particularly in developing economies. It is necessary for daily survival. Future
development crucially depends on its long-term availability in increasing quantities from sources that
are dependable, safe, and environmentally sound. At present, no single source or mix of sources is at
hand to meet this future need. Concern about a dependable future for energy is only natural since
energy provides 'essential services' for human life e.g. heat for warmth, cooking, and manufacturing,
or power for transport and mechanical work. At present, the energy to provide these services comes
from fuels – coal, oil, gas, nuclear, wood, and other primary sources (solar, wind, or water power) -
that are all not usable until they are converted into the energy services needed, by machines or other
kinds of end-use equipment, such as stoves, turbines, or motors. In many countries worldwide, a lot
of primary energy is wasted because of the inefficient design or running of the equipment used to
convert it into the services required. It is necessary to encourage the growth of awareness about
energy conservation and efficiency.
In the process of overexploitation of natural resources, we have not only changed the natural
environment but in some cases, destroyed it. The modern industries, factories, cities, towns, roads,
railways, dams etc. have replaced the natural habitats of plants and animals. Thus, the natural
resources are depleting gradually and a day will come when most of these will not be available for
our future generation. So this is high time to think about maintaining a balance between environment
and development so that both present and future generations can derive proper benefits out of these
resources. This can only be achieved by the process of sustainable development. Sustainable
development is the development that meets the needs of the present generation and conserves it for
the future generation. So we should leave natural resources by reducing excessive use and enhancing
resource conservation of minerals and also by their recycling, reuse of waste materials, scientific
management of renewable resources, especially bio-resources, plant more trees, green grassy patches
to be interspersed between concrete buildings, use more environment friendly material or
biodegradable material, use of technologies, which are environmental friendly and based on efficient
use of resources.
Today's primary sources of energy are mainly non-renewable: coal, oil, natural gas, and
conventional nuclear power. There are also renewable sources, including wood, plants, dung, falling
water, geothermal sources, solar, tidal, wind, and wave energy, as well as human and animal muscle-
power. Nuclear reactors that produce their own fuel ('breeders') and eventually fusion reactors are
also in this category. In theory, all the various energy sources can contribute to the future energy mix
worldwide. But each has its own economic, health, and environmental costs, benefits, and risks -
factors that interact strongly with other governmental and global priorities. Choices must be made,
but in the certain knowledge that choosing an energy strategy inevitably means choosing an
environmental strategy.

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2. TODAY’S NECESSITY - CONSERVATION OR EFFICIENCY OR BOTH?
In economics, the Jevons paradox, sometimes called Jevons effect is the proposition that as
technology progresses, the increase in efficiency with which a resource is used tends to increase
(rather than decrease) the rate of consumption of that resource. In 1865, the English economist
William Stanley Jevons observed that technological improvements that increased the efficiency of
coal-use led to the increased consumption of coal in a wide range of industries. He argued that,
contrary to common intuition, technological improvements could not be relied upon to reduce fuel
consumption. The issue has been re-examined by modern economists studying consumption rebound
effects from improved energy efficiency. In addition to reducing the amount needed for a given use,
improved efficiency lowers the relative cost of using a resource, which tends to increase the quantity
of the resource demanded, potentially counteracting any savings from increased efficiency.
Additionally, increased efficiency accelerates economic growth, further increasing the demand for
resources. The Jevons paradox occurs when the effect from increased demand predominates, causing
resource use to increase. The Jevons paradox has been used to argue that energy conservation may be
futile, as increased efficiency may increase fuel use. Nevertheless, increased efficiency can improve
material living standards. Further, fuel use declines if increased efficiency is coupled with a green
tax or other conservation policies that keep the cost of use the same (or higher). As the Jevons
paradox applies only to technological improvements that increase fuel efficiency, policies that
impose conservation standards and increase costs do not display the paradox.
The Jevons paradox was first described by the English economist William Stanley Jevons in
his 1865 book The Coal Question. Jevons observed that England's consumption of coal soared after
James Watt introduced his coal-fired steam engine, which greatly improved the efficiency of Thomas
Newcomen's earlier design. Watt's innovations made coal a more cost-effective power source,
leading to the increased use of the steam engine in a wide range of industries. This in turn increased
total coal consumption, even as the amount of coal required for any particular application fell. Jevons
argued that improvements in fuel efficiency tend to increase, rather than decrease, fuel use: "It is a
confusion of ideas to suppose that the economical use of fuel is equivalent to diminished
consumption”. The very contrary is the truth.
At that time many in Britain worried that coal reserves were rapidly dwindling, but some
experts opined that improving technology would reduce coal consumption. Jevons argued that this
view was incorrect, as further increases in efficiency would tend to increase the use of coal. Hence,
improving technology would tend to increase, rather than reduce, the rate at which coal deposits are
being depleted.
One way to understand the Jevons paradox is to observe that an increase in the efficiency
with which a resource (e.g., fuel) is used causes a decrease in the price of that resource when
measured in terms of what it can achieve (e.g., work). Generally speaking, a decrease in the price of

International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976
Volume 5, Issue 12, December (2014), pp.
a good or service will increase the quantity demanded (see
with a lower price for work, more work will be "purchased" (indirectly, by buying more fuel). The
resulting increase in the demand for fuel is known as the rebound effect. This increase in demand
may or may not be large enough to offset the o
The Jevons paradox occurs when the rebound effect is greater than 100%, exceeding the original
efficiency gains. This effect has been called 'backfire'.
Consider a simple case: a perfectly competitive
the only determinant of the cost of work. If the price of fuel remains constant but the efficiency of its
conversion into work is doubled, the effective price of work is halved and twice as much work can
be purchased for the same amount of money. If the amount of work purchased more than doubles
(i.e., demand for work is price elastic
However, if the demand for work is price inelastic, the amount of work purchased would less than
double, and the quantity of fuel used would decrease.
A full analysis would also have to take into account the fact that products (work) use more
than one type of input (e.g., fuel,
non-competitive market structure
decrease the effect of fuel efficiency on the price of work, and hence reduce the rebound effect,
making the Jevons paradox less likely to occur. Additionally, any change in the demand for fuel
would have an effect on the price o
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration,
3. INDIAN SCENARIO
In 2012, India's dependence on imported fossil fuels rose to 38%, despite the country having
significant domestic fossil fuel resources. India ranked as the fourth
world in 2011, following China, the United States, and Russia. The cou
continues to climb as a result of its dynamic economic growth and modernization. India is the third
largest economy on a purchasing power parity basis and has the world
according to World Bank data.
As India modernizes and the population moves to urban areas, the country has shifted from
using traditional biomass and waste to relying on other energy sources, including fossil fuels.
faces challenges to meet the country's growing energy demand, to secure affordable energy supplies,
and to attract investment for domestic hydrocarbon production and infrastructure development.
Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976
mber (2014), pp. 01-11 © IAEME
4
will increase the quantity demanded (see supply and demand
may or may not be large enough to offset the original drop in demand from the increased efficiency.
efficiency gains. This effect has been called 'backfire'.
Consider a simple case: a perfectly competitive market where fuel is the sole input used, and
chased for the same amount of money. If the amount of work purchased more than doubles
price elastic), then the quantity of fuel used would increase, not
double, and the quantity of fuel used would decrease.
n one type of input (e.g., fuel, labour, machinery), and that other factors besides input cost (e.g., a
market structure) may also affect the price of work. These factors would tend to
would have an effect on the price of fuel, and also on the effective price of work.
U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics
India's dependence on imported fossil fuels rose to 38%, despite the country having
significant domestic fossil fuel resources. India ranked as the fourth-largest energy consumer in the
world in 2011, following China, the United States, and Russia. The cou
as a result of its dynamic economic growth and modernization. India is the third
largest economy on a purchasing power parity basis and has the world's second
using traditional biomass and waste to relying on other energy sources, including fossil fuels.
6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online),
supply and demand, demand curve). Thus
riginal drop in demand from the increased efficiency.
market where fuel is the sole input used, and
chased for the same amount of money. If the amount of work purchased more than doubles
), then the quantity of fuel used would increase, not decrease.
, machinery), and that other factors besides input cost (e.g., a
hese factors would tend to
f fuel, and also on the effective price of work.
International Energy Statistics
India's dependence on imported fossil fuels rose to 38%, despite the country having
largest energy consumer in the
world in 2011, following China, the United States, and Russia. The country's energy demand
as a result of its dynamic economic growth and modernization. India is the third-
's second-largest population,
using traditional biomass and waste to relying on other energy sources, including fossil fuels. India

5
3.1 Petroleum and Other liquids: India has about 758.27 Million metric tonne of crude oil reserves
as 31.03.2013 as per Energy Statistics 2014. In the year 2012-13, the production of Petroleum
Products in the country was 217.74 MTs. India is highly dependent on import of crude oil. Net
imports of crude oil have increased from 99.41MTs during 2005-06 to 184.80 MTs during 2012-13.
India was the fourth-largest consumer and net importer of crude oil and petroleum products in the
world after the United States, China, and Japan. India's petroleum product demand reached nearly
3.7 million barrels per day (bbl/d), far above the country's roughly 1 million bbl/d of total liquids
production. Most of India's demand is for motor gasoline and gasoil, fuels used mainly in the
transportation and industrial sectors, and for kerosene and LPG in the residential and commercial
sectors. Consumers receive large subsidies for retail purchases of diesel, LPG, and kerosene, placing
upward pressure on overall oil demand. Insufficient investment in developing more crude oil and
liquids production has caused production to grow at a slower rate than oil demand.
Net oil import dependency rose from 43% in 1990 to an estimated 71% in 2012. The Middle
East was the major source of crude oil supply to India in 2013, followed by countries in the
Americas (mostly Venezuela) and Africa. Despite being a net importer of crude oil, India has
become a net exporter of petroleum products after investing in new refinery capacity.
3.2 Natural gas: India has 1,354.76 billion cubic metres natural gas reserves as on 31.03.2013 as per
Energy Statistics 2014. Production of Natural Gas decreased from 46.33 billion cubic meters(BCM)
in 2011-12 to 38.94 Cu M in 2012-13 registering a negative growth of 15.94% and a CAGR of
2.76% from 2005-06 to 2012-13. India did not import any natural gas until 2004, when it began to
import liquefied natural gas (LNG). Because India has not been able to produce an adequate supply
of domestic natural gas and has been unable to create sufficient natural gas pipeline infrastructure on
a national level, it increasingly relies on imported LNG to meet domestic demand. India ranked as
the fourth-largest LNG importer following Japan, South Korea, and China in 2013, and it accounted
for nearly 6% of the global market, according to data from IHS Energy. In 2012, LNG imports,
mostly from long-term contracts with Qatar, accounted for about 29% of India's 2.1 trillion cubic feet
(Tcf) of consumption. Natural gas mainly serves as a substitute for coal in electricity generation and
as an alternative for liquefied petroleum gas and other petroleum products in fertilizer production
and other sectors in India.
3.3 Coal: India has 298.94 billion tonnes coal reserves as on 31.03.2013 as per Energy Statistics
2014. Coal production in the country during the year 2012-13 was 551.71 million tonnes(MTs).
Import of coal has steadily increased from 36.60 MTs during 2005-06 to 134.73 MTs during 2012-
13. Coal is India's primary source of energy (equaling 44% of total energy consumption), and the
country ranked as the third-largest global coal producer, consumer, and importer of coal in 2012.
Despite its significant coal reserves, India has experienced increasing supply shortages as a result of
a lack of competition among producers, insufficient investment, and systemic problems with its
mining industry. Although production has increased by about 4% per year since 2007, producers
have failed to reach the government's production targets. Meanwhile, demand grew more than 7%
annually over the past five years with the rise of electricity demand and lower power generation from
natural gas and hydroelectricity as a result of recent supply disruptions. Because power plants rely so
heavily on coal, shortages are a major contributor to shortfalls in electricity generation and
consequent blackouts throughout the country. Because coal production cannot keep pace with
demand, India has met more of its coal needs with imports. Net coal import dependency has risen
from practically nothing in 1990 to nearly 23% in 2012. India imports thermal coal for power
generation from Indonesia and South Africa. The steel and cement industries are also significant coal
consumers. India has limited reserves of coking coal, used for steel production, and imports large
quantities of coking coal from Australia.

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4. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND TRADITIONS OF INDIA
The need for conservation of natural resources was felt by our predecessors and in India there
was a tradition of respecting and preserving the nature and natural resources. Natural resources were
conserved in the form of sacred groves/forests, sacred pools and lakes, sacred species etc. In our
country the conservation of natural forests is known from the time of Lord Ashoka. Sacred forests
are forest patches of different dimensions dedicated by the tribal to their deities and ancestral spirits.
Cutting down trees, hunting and other human interferences were strictly prohibited in these forests.
This practice is wide spread particularly in peninsular, central and eastern India and has resulted in
the protection of a large number of plants and animals. Similarly, several water bodies, e.g.,
Khecheopalri lake in Sikkim was declared sacred by people, thus, protecting aquatic flora and fauna.
Worshipping certain plants like banyan, peepal, tulsi etc. has not only preserved them but also
encouraged us for their plantation. History recalls numerous instances where people have laid down
their lives in protecting the trees. Recent Chipko movement in India is one of the best examples. This
movement was started by the women in Gopeshwar village in Garhwal in the Himalayas. They
stopped the felling of trees by hugging them when the lumbermen arrived to cut them. This saved
about 12000 square kilometers of the sensitive water catchment area. Similar movements also
occurred in some other parts of the country. The natural resources also includes fossil fuels i.e. coal,
petroleum, natural gas etc. The conservation principle is also applicable to above natural resources.
The present energy mix is shown in adjoining diagram.
To promote energy efficiency and conservation in every walk of life, Petroleum Conservation
Research Association (PCRA), an Indian government body was created in 1977. In the recent past
PCRA has done mass media campaigns in television, radio & print media. An impact assessment
survey by a third party revealed that due to these mega campaigns by PCRA, overall awareness level
have gone up leading to saving of fossil fuels worth crores of rupees (Indian currency) besides
reducing pollution. PCRS has set a Vision to become a center of excellence for conservation of
hydrocarbons & environment protection for sustainable development on our inherent strength and
have a Mission as Efficient energy utilization and environment protection leading to Improvement in
Quality of Life. Its Objectives are:
• To formulate strategies and promote measures for accelerating conservation of petroleum
products leading to environment protection, energy security and sustainable development.
• To create awareness among masses about the importance, benefits and methods of conserving
petroleum products & clean environment by enhancing information and capacity building.
• To promote research, development & deployment efforts aimed at petroleum conservation &
environment protection, support & facilitate efforts for adoption and dissemination of fuel
efficient technologies & substitution of petroleum products with alternate fuels & renewable.

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• To establish synergistic institutional linkages at the national & international levels in the
areas of petroleum conservation & environment protection.
• To provide training and technical advisory services, designed to achieve economy &
efficiency in use of petroleum products for cleaner environment.
To function as a Think Tank to Govt. of India for proposing policies and strategies on
petroleum conservation and environment protection aimed at reducing excessive dependence on oil.
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is an Indian governmental organization created in 2001
responsible for promoting energy efficiency and conservation. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency is
an agency of the Government of India, under the Ministry of Power created in March 2002 under the
provisions of the nation's 2001 Energy Conservation Act. The agency's function is to develop
programs which will increase the conservation and efficient use of energy in India. The government
has proposed to make it mandatory for all appliances in India to have ratings by the BEE starting in
January 2010. The mission of Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to "institutionalize" energy efficiency
services, enable delivery mechanisms in the country and provide leadership to energy efficiency in
all sectors of the country. The primary objective would be to reduce energy intensity in the economy.
The broad objectives of BEE are to exert leadership and provide policy recommendation and
direction to national energy conservation and efficiency efforts and programs. To coordinate energy
efficiency and conservation policies and programs and take it to the stakeholders to establish systems
and procedures to measure, monitor and verify energy efficiency results in individual sectors as well
as at a macro level. To leverage multi-lateral and bi-lateral and private sector support in
implementation of Energy Conservation Act and efficient use of energy and its conservation
programs. To demonstrate delivery of energy efficiency services as mandated in the EC bill through
private-public partnerships. To interpret, plan and manage energy conservation programs as
envisaged in the Energy Conservation Act. Objectives Provide a policy recommendation and
direction to national energy conservation activities Coordinate policies and programmes on efficient
use of energy with shareholders Establish systems and procedures to verify, measure and monitor
Energy Efficiency (EE) improvements Leverage multilateral, bilateral and private sector support to
implement the EC Act 2001 Demonstrate EE delivery systems through public-private partnerships.
5. ENERGY CONSERVATION
Jevons warned that fuel efficiency gains tend to increase fuel use, but this does not imply that
increased fuel efficiency is worthless. Increased fuel efficiency enables greater production and a
higher quality of material life. For example, a more efficient steam engine allowed the cheaper
transport of goods and people that contributed to the Industrial Revolution. However, if the
Khazzoom–Brookes postulate is correct, increased fuel efficiency will not reduce the rate of
depletion of fossil fuels.
The Jevons paradox is sometimes used to argue that energy conservation efforts are futile, for
example, that more efficient use of oil will lead to increased demand, and will not slow the arrival or
the effects of peak oil. This argument is usually presented as a reason not to impose environmental
policies, or to increase fuel efficiency (e.g. if cars are more efficient, it will simply lead to more
driving). Several points have been raised against this argument. First, in the context of a mature
market such as for oil in developed countries, the direct rebound effect is usually small, and so
increased fuel efficiency usually reduces resource use, other conditions remaining constant. Second,
even if increased efficiency does not reduce the total amount of fuel used, there remain other benefits
associated with improved efficiency. For example, increased fuel efficiency may mitigate the price
increases, shortages and disruptions in the global economy associated with peak oil. Third,
environmental economists have pointed out that fuel use will unambiguously decrease if increased

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efficiency is coupled with an intervention (e.g. a green tax) that keeps the cost of fuel use the same or
higher.
The Jevons paradox indicates that increased efficiency by itself is unlikely to reduce fuel use,
and that sustainable energy policy must rely on other types of government interventions. As the
Jevons paradox applies only to technological improvements that increase fuel efficiency, the
imposition of conservation standards that simultaneously increase costs does not cause an increase in
fuel use. To ensure that efficiency-enhancing technological improvements reduce fuel use, efficiency
gains must be paired with government intervention that reduces demand (e.g., green taxes, a cap and
trade programme, or higher fuel taxes). The ecological economists Mathis Wackernagel and William
Rees have suggested that any cost savings from efficiency gains be "taxed away or otherwise
removed from further economic circulation. Preferably they should be captured for reinvestment in
natural capital rehabilitation." By mitigating the economic effects of government interventions
designed to promote ecologically sustainable activities, efficiency-improving technological progress
may make the imposition of these interventions more palatable, and more likely to be implemented.
6. ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY: (ENERGY FOR THE FUTURE TECHNOLOGY,
REGULATIONS LEAD TO SUSTAINABILITY)
World energy demand expands by 45% between now and 2030–an average rate of increase of
1.6% per year—with coal accounting for more than a third of the overall rise. More than 85% of the
world’s current energy needs are met through fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. Demand
for energy is projected to increase primarily in developing countries that are beginning to drive more
cars and use more electricity. While there is enough fossil fuels supply for several more decades,
what will happen when it starts running low? There are ways to reduce waste and use existing
technologies to keep the air cleaner by reducing fossil fuels emissions. Expansion of all economic
energy sources will be required: coal, nuclear, biomass, other renewable, unconventional oil and
natural gas. Options like these are part of a concept called energy sustainability.

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Energy sustainability is about finding the balance between a growing economy, the need for
environmental protection and social responsibilities in order to provide an improved quality of life
for current and future generations. In short, it is meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the needs of the future.
Energy sustainability can inspire technical innovation with an environmentally conscious
mindset. Renewable resources such as sunlight, wind and biomass provide a source of sustainable
energy. This includes biofuels like ethanol, which is created from crops like corn or sugarcane.
Regulations designed to reduce air, water and waste emissions from energy-related activities
such as coal mining and electricity generation also help with energy sustainability, as do people who
conserve energy.
7. ENERGY EFFICIENCY: CAN WE MEET A GREATER NEED USING FEWER
RESOURCES?
In the most general terms, rebound effect suggests that the increase in energy efficiency does
not result in the corresponding decrease in the energy consumption. Meeting energy demand over the
next century will require not just producing more, but also using what we do produce much more
efficiently. How can we use less energy to power everything from our computers to cars? How can
we produce more with less? How do we supply consumers with affordable energy to allow them to
maintain a comfortable standard of living? The answer will require both new technologies and new
cultural habits. Available sources of resources for Electricity generated e.g. wind-swept prairies and
sun-laden deserts must be tapped efficiently at houses, business buildings in cities.
By improving the efficiency of this process, less total energy will be needed to power everything we
use. Accordingly, scientists and engineers are working to streamline the electricity grid, modernizing
transmission cables with new materials that allow electrons to move more easily, producing less
waste.
8. ENERGY EFFICIENCY & CONSERVATION
Becoming more energy efficient will also require us to change our look out from start i.e.
mining of fuel to consumption of electricity i.e. from mining activities, transport of fuel and at power
station i.e. furnaces, boiler, turbines, generators, transformers, transmission & distribution lines and
equipments using electricity at user end. The conservation of energy also starts from beginning i.e.
mining till end use of energy i.e. at every stage. In case of power plant, the spinning motion of this
propeller of turbine turns a large magnet that generates an electrical current that is then transmitted
further. But that used steam at the power plant is still very hot after it has been used to create
electricity. Rather than letting this heat escape as wasted energy, it is possible to send the steam out
to other industries (like textile industries) which require steam for processing. This process, called
“combined heat and power,” will require us to rethink the ways in which the byproducts of one
industry can be reused at other industries.
Energy efficiency is also being explored in other areas as well. We can use less energy by
making even the simplest things more efficient—from our light bulbs to our cars, from our home air
conditioners to our computers. Engineers will continue to be on the forefront of such innovation,
helping to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and impact on the environment.
Another energy-saving efficiency can be found in hybrid cars. These cars capture a portion of the
energy traditionally wasted as heat from friction between the tires and brakes. When you rub your
hands together really fast, the heat you feel is created by friction. This same effect occurs when the
brakes on your car slow the rotating wheels—the energy used to move the wheel is converted into

10
heat. In hybrid cars, this contact recycles some of that wasted energy into electricity that can then
offset some of the gasoline used in the car’s engine.
9. CONCLUSION
The large dependence on coal and considering its stagnating production, it would be
necessary to increase its import. Regarding petroleum & natural gas, the Exploration is a dynamic
process and one could expect further growth in reserves in the years to come. Considering that India
is one of the least explored countries for oil and gas and the present thrust by Government Of India
in this area, it is assumed that cumulative availability of hydrocarbons in near future would be
limited. Although estimated potential of non-conventional renewable energy resources in our country
is increasing; Solar PV, Solar Thermal and Waste-to-Energy also being the other important
components and all these resources will be increasingly used in future especially in remote areas. But
in near future they cannot replace the use of entire fossil fuels or take major share. It is therefore
clear that a low energy path is the best way towards a sustainable future. But given efficient and
productive uses of primary energy, this need not mean a shortage of essential energy services. Within
the next 50 years, nations have the opportunity to produce the same levels of energy services with as
little as half the primary supply currently consumed on unproductive things. This requires profound
structural changes in socio-economic and institutional arrangements and is an important challenge to
global society. More importantly, it will buy the time needed to mount major programmes on
sustainable forms of renewable energy, and so begin the transition to a safer, more sustainable
energy era. Both the routine practice of efficient energy use and the development of renewables will
help take pressure off traditional fuels, which are most needed to enable developing countries to
realize their growth potential worldwide. A safe, environmentally sound, and economically viable
energy pathway that will sustain human progress into the distant future is clearly imperative.
The rapid economic growth has been achieved through the extensive consumption of
resources. The trends will continue in the future, and thus coupling of resource consumption and
economic growth are required with due consideration to resource efficiency & its conservation. The
study concludes that resource efficiency combined with conservation can be the effective means of
reducing environmental burdens and simultaneously of strengthening India’s economy. As the
natural resources are limited on earth and their replenishment takes millions of years, therefore they
must be used conservatively and with the technology having means of efficient use so that the
present resources are not depleted/over-exploited and the future generations will not be deprived of.
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[2] http://beeindia.in/energy_managers_auditors/documents/guide_books/1Ch1.pdf,
[3] http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/Energy_stats_2014.pdf, http://dae.nic.in/?q=node/126,
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0976-6502, ISSN Online: 0976-6510.
[6] M.R. Kolhe and Dr. P.G. Khot, “Role of Renewables in Energy Mix in Perspective of Indian
Energy Independence Scenario”, International Journal of Management (IJM), Volume 5,
Issue 11, 2014, pp. 1 - 20, ISSN Print: 0976-6502, ISSN Online: 0976-6510.

11
ABBREVIATIONS
LNG - Liquefied Natural Gas, Tcf - Trillion cubic feet, LPG - Liquid Petroleum Gas,
EE - Energy Efficiency, EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment, bbl/d - Barrels per day,
CAGR - Compound Annual Growth Rate, EE- Energy Efficiency.
AUTHOR’S PROFILE
M.R. Kolhe, received the Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical Engineering from
Visvesvaraya Regional College of Engineering Nagpur (now: Visvesvaraya National Institute of
Technology, Nagpur) and M.B.A. degree from GS College of Commerce, Nagpur in 1974 and 1990,
respectively. During 1975-2013, he worked in Western Coalfields Limited (Government of India
Undertaking) and retired in 2013 as General Manager (Electrical & Mechanical).

Utilization of Natural Resources with Efficiency and Conservation

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