- 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals aim to end poverty and tackle climate change by 2030, with climate risk as the 13th goal. However, carbon dioxide levels and global temperatures have continued rising in recent years. - Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like droughts, floods and heatwaves. This poses risks for achieving the SDGs, as agriculture is vulnerable to climate impacts. - India has committed to reducing its emission intensity and has established national missions on climate change. However, more action is needed globally and in agriculture specifically to limit warming to 1.5°C and manage climate risks to food security.

1. H Pathak
ICAR-National Rice
Research Institute,
Cuttack, Odisha
Climate Risks in
Achieving SDGs:
Policies and
Institutions for
Climate Action

2. Climate Change and SDGs
UN Agenda for ‘Transforming OurWorld’.
17 SDGs to end poverty, fight inequality and
injustice and tackle climate change by 2030.
Climate risk is No. 13 of the SDGs.

3. Carbon
dioxide
concentration
has crossed
410 ppm.
Temperature
increase
~1.0oC.
2015 was the
hottest year,
2016 has
broken the
record, once
again.
Climate Change Scenarios: CO2 and
Temperature
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1875 1925 1975
Temperatureanamoly,C

4. IPCC (2014)
Mean temperature increased by 0.8-0.9oC.
Seasons have shifted.
Winter season has shortened.
Rainfall variability and intensity has increased.
Climate Change Scenarios in India
Year Rainfall Departure (%)
2000 -8
2001 -15
2002 -19
2003 +2
2004 -13
2005 -1
2006 -1
2007 +5
2008 -2
2009 -23
2010 +2
2011 +1
2012 -8
2013 +6
2014 -12
2015 -14
2016 -2
Excess (>20%
normal)
19%
Normal (-20%
to +20%
normal)
44%
Deficient (-20%
to -40%
normal)
34%
Scanty (<-40%
normal)
3%
Rainfall distribution in
India in 2016
Even with normal
monsoon:
• 37% area had
deficit rainfall
• 19% excess

5. Increasing Frequency of Extreme Weather Events
DROUGHTFLOODHEAT WAVEHEAVY RAINSCYCLONE
0 >
>
Frequency
(Days)
Frequency and intensity of climatic extremes will
increase.
IPCC (2014)

6. Carbon dioxide
76%
Major Greenhouse Gases andTheir
Contributions to GlobalWarming
IPCC (2014)

7. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
China
USA
European
Union
India
GHGemission(%ofglobal)
Contribution of Different Countries to GHGs
Emission vis-a-vis Indian Agriculture
In 2015,World
emitted ~55 billion
tons CO2 eq.
Globally, agriculture
contributes 10-12%,
AFOLU 24-25%.
India emitted ~5%
of global GHGs.
Indian agriculture
~1% of global
GHGs.
Pathak (2015)

8. Historic Occupation of Atmospheric Carbon
Space by Different Countries
8
Country Carbon space (%)
USA 29
Other developed countries 45
China 10
Other emerging economies 9
India 3
MoEFCC (2015)
About 75% atmospheric carbon space is
occupied by the developed countries.

9. Per Capita GHG Emissions by Countries
9
Country Emission
(ton CO2 per capita)
United States 16.4
Russia 12.4
Japan 10.4
European Union 7.4
China 7.1
World 4.9
India 1.6
MoEFCC (2015)
India is not part of the problem but can be a
part of the solution.

10. Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture
Abiotic and
biotic Stresses
IPCC (2014), Pathak et al. (2015)

11. Change in production by 2080 due to climate
change
Scientific American (2010)

12. So, what to do?
Mitigation?
Adaptation?
Both?
Climate-smart
Agriculture
How prepared are we?

13. Preparedness on Climate Change
International: IPCC and UNFCCC
National Missions on Climate Change
State Action Plans on Climate Change

14. IPCC and UNFCCC
IPCC reviews scientific and
technical literature relevant
to climate change
IPCC 5th Assessment Report
has come in 2014,
preparation is going on for
the 6th Report
Provides ‘policy-relevant’
reports to the policy makers
UNFCCC takes note of
reports for negotiations and
policy formulation

15. Agriculture in the UNFCCC: Major Landmarks
1994:Article 4.1c, passing reference of agriculture
2007: Bali Action plan.Agriculture included for
discussion
2008: UNFCCC text on mitigation in agriculture
2009: Copenhagen, a negotiating text developed
2010: Cancun, Parties invited to undertake planning
for adaptation actions
2011: Durban, the SBSTA was requested to consider
the scientific and technical issues
2012: Doha, Discussed but no conclusion
2013:Warsaw, workshop held
2015: Paris, Paris Agreement

16. Outcomes of Paris, 2015 COP 21
To peak greenhouse gas emissions as soon as
possible.
To keep global temperature increase "well
below" 2°C and to pursue efforts to limit it to
1.5°C over pre-industrial levels by 2100.
To review progress every five years.
US$100 bn a year in climate finance for
developing countries by 2020, with a
commitment to further finance in the future.
Agriculture was not included into the final Paris
Agreement. In the non-binding part of the
Agreement ‘food security and production’ were
mentioned.

17. Issues of Negotiation
Mitigation
Adaptation
Loss and damage
Green climate fund

18. Issues of Contention
Historical responsibility
CBDR
Equity
Funding
Technology

19. Issues of Contention in Agriculture
Developing countries:Adaptation
Developed countries: Mitigation and adaptation
India’s position in the UNFCCC
Adaptation is the priority in agriculture
Harness mitigation as co-benefit of adaptation

20. Voluntary pledge by India: 33-35% reduction in
Emission intensity of GDP by 2030 compared
to 2005 levels.
Submitted its Intended Nationally Determined
Contributions (INDC) to the UNFCCC.
8 National Missions on Climate Change.
Most of the states have submitted the State
Action Plans on Climate Change.
Emphasis on renewable energy sources.
India’s Committments

21. National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture
Soil Health Card
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
National Agro-forestry Programme
National Policy for Management of Crop Residues
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
Organic Farming
NICRA Project
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
National Adaptation Fund
India’s Preparedness

22. By 2030
Do a 40/30/30/20
to build on Green Economy by
Productivity by 40%
Rural Poverty by 30%
Hunger by 30 %
Emission by 20%
Commitment of ICAR for Climate Change

23. Developed greenhouse gas emission inventory
Quantified the impacts of climate change
Assessed vulnerability to climate change
Identified the mitigation and adaptation options
Developed contingency plans
Developed state-of-the-art infrastructure
Contributed in policy formulations
ICAR: Climate Risk Preparedness

24. Name Year of
Release
Days Grain
Type
Yield
t/ha
Resistance/
tolerance to pest
Satyabhama 2012 110 MS 2.3 - 4.7 R-SB, LF
Ankit 2014 110 MS 3.98 MR-LB,NB,BS
ShR,SB, LF, GLH
Sahbhagidhan 2009 105 LB 3.5-4 R-LBl, MR-BS,
ShR, SB and LF
Drought Tolerant Varieties
Satyabhama

25. Submergence tolerant
Jalamani

26. Salinity Tolerant
Luna Sankhi

27. Aerobic Rice

28. High Protein Rice: CR DHAN 310, Released
by CVRC
First high protein (10.2%) rice variety
Grain yield: 4.5 t ha-1
Grain type: Medium slender
Efficient in nitrogen use

29. Protein-rich Rice - MUKUL (CR DHAN 311)
released by SVRC for Odisha
High protein (10.1%), moderate high Zn (21 ppm)
Grain yield: 4.3 t ha-1, Duration: 120-125 days
Grain type: Medium slender

30. Non-agreement in climate policy
Inaccurate estimate of GHG emission and
mitigation potential
Incomplete understanding of climate processes
Volatility in carbon market
Non-compliance of GCF commitment
Uncertainties and Constraints in Climate Action

31. Adaptation
Food
secu
rity
Mitigati
on
Climate Risk Management: Policy Actions
1. Invest in climate-smart
technologies with synergy
between food security.
2. Exploit mitigation co-
benefits of adaptation and
climate change benefits.
3. Mainstream climate
education and invest in
capacity building.
4. Develop an integrated land
use policy, crop planning.
5. Review the state action
plans for climate change.

32. ThankYou