Global Regulatory Status of Gene Edited Products apaari
Global Regulatory Status of Gene Edited Products by S. Ruthner during the Regional Expert Consultation on Gene Editing in Agriculture and its Regulations Technical Session I
Pl. PATH-605 Introduction to certification. International scenario of certifi...Harshvardhan Gaikwad
Pl. PATH-605 (Principles and Procedure of Certification). During this course of Ph,D., I presented on topic: Introduction to certification. International scenario of certification and role of ISTA, EPPO, OECD etc. in certification and quality control. In which the seed certification and certification authorities are explained.
Implementation of the SADC Harmonized Seed Regulatory System: Progress and Future Prospects, presented by K.C. Kawonga, Interim Coordinator, SADC Seed Centre, at at The 2013 Southern Africa Regional Dialogue on Agriculture, 05-06 November 2013
Canadian Regulatory Aspects of Gene Editing Technologies - Christine TibeliusOECD Environment
This presentation addresses the regulatory questions associated with genome editing applications in agriculture in Canada, with a view to discussing approaches to address them.
National Program for organic Production NPOP certification in India. NPOP is APEDA Monitored certification program in India. APEDA monitors the implementation of National Program for Organic Production in India
There are enormous agribusiness opportunities for startups due to new consumer trends, exports business and business models; this session will provide for an overview of four such opportunities.
ICRISAT Global Planning Meeting 2019: Modernising Crop Improvement II (AVISA...ICRISAT
Most public breeding programs in the developing world are 20-30 years behind state-of-art private sector programs due to: Lack of engineering support for mechanization and automation; Primitive data collection, management, and decision support systems; Obsolete and expensive genotyping capacity unsuited to forward breeding; Inadequate selection pressure for yield in multi-location trials; Breeders are not trained, incentivized, or supported to optimize pipelines; Reliance on visual selection; Lengthy breeding cycles, excessive backcrossing, No selection of parents for high breeding value; Obsolete dissemination models designed for the Green Revolution
Global Regulatory Status of Gene Edited Products apaari
Global Regulatory Status of Gene Edited Products by S. Ruthner during the Regional Expert Consultation on Gene Editing in Agriculture and its Regulations Technical Session I
Pl. PATH-605 Introduction to certification. International scenario of certifi...Harshvardhan Gaikwad
Pl. PATH-605 (Principles and Procedure of Certification). During this course of Ph,D., I presented on topic: Introduction to certification. International scenario of certification and role of ISTA, EPPO, OECD etc. in certification and quality control. In which the seed certification and certification authorities are explained.
Implementation of the SADC Harmonized Seed Regulatory System: Progress and Future Prospects, presented by K.C. Kawonga, Interim Coordinator, SADC Seed Centre, at at The 2013 Southern Africa Regional Dialogue on Agriculture, 05-06 November 2013
Canadian Regulatory Aspects of Gene Editing Technologies - Christine TibeliusOECD Environment
This presentation addresses the regulatory questions associated with genome editing applications in agriculture in Canada, with a view to discussing approaches to address them.
National Program for organic Production NPOP certification in India. NPOP is APEDA Monitored certification program in India. APEDA monitors the implementation of National Program for Organic Production in India
There are enormous agribusiness opportunities for startups due to new consumer trends, exports business and business models; this session will provide for an overview of four such opportunities.
ICRISAT Global Planning Meeting 2019: Modernising Crop Improvement II (AVISA...ICRISAT
Most public breeding programs in the developing world are 20-30 years behind state-of-art private sector programs due to: Lack of engineering support for mechanization and automation; Primitive data collection, management, and decision support systems; Obsolete and expensive genotyping capacity unsuited to forward breeding; Inadequate selection pressure for yield in multi-location trials; Breeders are not trained, incentivized, or supported to optimize pipelines; Reliance on visual selection; Lengthy breeding cycles, excessive backcrossing, No selection of parents for high breeding value; Obsolete dissemination models designed for the Green Revolution
The International Food Policy Research Institute – South Asia Regional Office (IFPRI-SAR) has extensively worked in Nepal on a wide range of policy issues in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Government of Nepal. The key outputs from this engagement have been published in a book, Agricultural Transformation in Nepal: Trends, Prospects and Policy Options. The book addresses some of the key strategic agricultural policy questions on major contemporary developments and emerging challenges in Nepal. The book also covers on issues leading to the changing role of agriculture with economic growth, structural transformation and poverty reduction, improvement in nutritional outcomes, as well as challenges of tackling climate change.
IFPRI South Asia researchers Devesh Roy, Ruchira Boss, Mamata Pradhan and Manmeet Ajmani presented ‘Understanding the landscape of pulse policy in India and implications for trade’ to the Global Pulse Federation. The paper examines Indian policy around production, consumption and trade. The need for pulse trade policy in India to be supportive of Domestic priorities focused on serving interest of both India’s farmers and consumers.
Green Revolution in Eastern India: Constraints, Opportunities and Way Forward” on Oct 09-10, 2017 at NASC, Pusa, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organized by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Tata Cornell Institute for Agriculture and Nutrition (TCI). The conference is expected to develop a “road map” with clear prioritization and strategies for accelerated and sustainable agricultural growth in eastern India
Presented in ACIAR-IFPRI two days Regional Dialogue on Machine Reforms’ for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in South Asia on July 21-22, 2017 in New Delhi, India
Presented in ACIAR-IFPRI two days Regional Dialogue on Machine Reforms’ for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in South Asia on July 21-22, 2017 in New Delhi, India
Presented in ACIAR-IFPRI two days Regional Dialogue on Machine Reforms’ for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in South Asia on July 21-22, 2017 in New Delhi, India
Presented in ACIAR-IFPRI two days Regional Dialogue on Machine Reforms’ for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in South Asia on July 21-22, 2017 in New Delhi, India
Presented in ACIAR-IFPRI two days Regional Dialogue on Machine Reforms’ for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in South Asia on July 21-22, 2017 in New Delhi, India
Presented in ACIAR-IFPRI two days Regional Dialogue on Machine Reforms’ for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in South Asia on July 21-22, 2017 in New Delhi, India
More from International Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office (20)
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
1. “ Enforcing Seed Regulations in the States”
Dr. K. Keshavulu
President, ISTA, Switzerland
Managing Director, Telangana State Seed Organisations
Government of Telangana, Hyderabad, India
National Seminar
on
Regulations and Governance Issues in the
Indian Seed Sector
26-27, September, 2023, New Delhi
2. National Seminar
on Regulations and Governance Issues
in the Indian Seed Sector
Sep 26-27, 2023, New Delhi
• Introduction
• Seed Regulations: Importance
• Global Seed Regulatory Framework
• Seed Supply & Legislations in India
• Indian Seed Regulatory framework
• Seed Law Enforcement in States
• Conclusion
Outline
3. National Seminar
on Regulations and Governance Issues
in the Indian Seed Sector
Sep 26-27, 2023, New Delhi
• Food and nutritional security for the ever-growing global
population is a major challenge!
• Global population– 8.0 bn & India – 1.40 bn
• Demand for food grains is likely to increase !
• Quality seed - fundamental and vital input for improving the
production and productivity of crops
• Appropriate seed regulations are essential to ensure
availability & farmers’ access to quality seeds ……!
Introduction
4. National Seminar
on Regulations and Governance Issues
in the Indian Seed Sector
Sep 26-27, 2023, New Delhi
• Appropriate seed regulations are essential to create an
enabling environment for the development of seed sector
• Strengthen the seed sector through adherence to policies
that guarantee quality standards
• Regulations protects the interests of buyers and sellers
• Seed regulations promotes;
- Competitive seed markets
- Seed sector growth and innovations
- Ensure quality seed access to the farmers
- Lowers trade barriers
- Diverse seed systems
Seed Regulations
5. National Seminar
on Regulations and Governance Issues
in the Indian Seed Sector
Sep 26-27, 2023, New Delhi
• Variety registration (listing / catalogue): Seed laws ensure
that only the seed of suitable kind / variety / genetics are
marketed for sowing.
• Quality assurance: Seed quality is maintained at all stages
from multiplication, production to distribution and use, with
adequate legal measures: certification, seed testing,
labelling and law enforcement.
• Intellectual property rights: Protection of Plant Varieties &
Breeders’ / & Farmers’ Rights.
• Phytosanitary and quarantine regulations: Control of
introduction and spread of pests and diseases through seed.
Seed Regulations: Components
The seed regulations:
6. National Seminar
on Regulations and Governance Issues
in the Indian Seed Sector
Sep 26-27, 2023, New Delhi
Global Seed Regulatory Framework
Effective Seed
Systems & Quality
Declared Seeds Seed Certification Schemes
Laws on Plant Genetic Resources
Rules for Seed Sampling & Testing Phytosanitary measures Plant Variety Protection
National laws of the respective countries also plays a greater role
7. National Seminar
on Regulations and Governance Issues
in the Indian Seed Sector
Sep 26-27, 2023, New Delhi
Global Seed Regulatory Approaches
Certification/ Labelling Countries Key Features
Mandatory Certification EU, some African countries & Asian
countries like Republic of Korea,
Philippines & Indonesia
• Mandatory certification is contingent on variety and firm registration
(regulatory gateway / preconditions)
• Based on OECD Seed Schemes and ISTA Standards
• Advanced regulatory environment and appropriate infrastructure needed
Voluntary Certification with
Compulsory Labelling
USA and few Asian countries, like
India, Nepal, China, Japan, Thailand,
Vietnam, Myanmar etc.
• Truth - in - labeling relies on self-declaration of seed producers
• Produces provide information based on minimum quality standards
Quality Declared Seed
(QDS)
Some African countries like,
Madagascar, Uganda, Guatemala,
Peru & Zambia
• More flexible alternative for quality assurance than mandatory seed
certification, especially for local and farmer’s varieties
• Adopted to address inefficiencies and capacity gaps in formal seed
certification mechanisms
• Limited to specific regions or crops
8. National Seminar
on Regulations and Governance Issues
in the Indian Seed Sector
Sep 26-27, 2023, New Delhi
Global Seed Regulations: few examples
Country Seed Regulation & quality control
United States of America • Seed control is managed at both the Federal and State levels through the Federal Seed Act
• In both levels of government follow the truth-in-labeling system
• Varietal testing is mandatory
Canada • Seed control is managed at managed primarily at the Federal level through the Canadian Seed Act
• Follows “truth in labeling System’ like the US; however, much more restrictive
• Uses a grading system that applies a quality grade for all seed sold for easy quality identification
Japan • National and provincial governments regulate the minimum seed quality as per the national standards.
• For horticulture seed (and planting material) self assurance is permissible.
• Voluntary seed certification but seed health testing is mandatory
Nepal, China, Thailand &
Cambodia
• Seed quality control is managed under the provisions of national laws
• Voluntary seed certification & compulsory labelling,
• No pre & post control tests
Republic of Korea,
Philippines & Indonesia
• Seed quality control is managed under the provisions of national laws
• Compulsory seed certification, varietal registration and also pre & post control tests
9. National Seminar
on Regulations and Governance Issues
in the Indian Seed Sector
Sep 26-27, 2023, New Delhi
Global Seed Laws: African region
10. National Seminar
on Regulations and Governance Issues
in the Indian Seed Sector
Sep 26-27, 2023, New Delhi
• India – 5th largest seed market in the globe with a
value of USD $ 5.5 Billion (2022)
• CAGR of around 13 % during 2017–2022
• Expected to reach a value of USD 11.0 Billion by
2027
• Impressive growth in the areas of R & D, product
development, supply chain management and quality
assurance
• Increasing domestic demand and demand for quality
seeds in various foreign countries, mainly the South
East Asian countries.
• Rising awareness among the farmers related to the
benefits of using certified/ quality seeds has led to
an increase in the demand for seeds over the past
few years
Indian Seed Industry
11. National Seminar
on Regulations and Governance Issues
in the Indian Seed Sector
Sep 26-27, 2023, New Delhi
Seed law enforcement in India
Enactment of seed
laws, regulations &
policies
Federal Government
State Governments
(supplementary seed
regulations)
Enforcement of
seed regulations
Varietal Notification - Federal
Government
Varietal Release – Federal /State
Governments
Seed certification– SSCAs under
State Governments
Seed law enforcement –State
Governments
Varietal protection & phyto-
sanitary certification – Federal
Government
• Seeds Act 1966
• Seeds Rules 1968
• Seeds (Control) Order,
1983
• New Policy on Seed
Development 1988
• PPVFA 2001
• National Seed Policy
2002
• BDA 2002
12. National Seminar
on Regulations and Governance Issues
in the Indian Seed Sector
Sep 26-27, 2023, New Delhi
• Central laws - enforcement by States
• Varietal testing (In-house/SAUs/ICAR/AICRPs)
• Varietal release (national / state level) and notification is voluntary.
• Variety registration, PVP and Seed Certification are voluntary.
• Seed testing as per the national seed testing manual based on ISTA Rules
• Labelling is compulsory with minimum quality standards for GPM
• Need emphasis on seed health testing !!!
• Need to frame guidelines for BSP monitoring of notified private hybrids/varieties ??
Seed Quality Regulation: India
13. National Seminar
on Regulations and Governance Issues
in the Indian Seed Sector
Sep 26-27, 2023, New Delhi
Seed law enforcement in States
Non uniformity of seed law enforcement:
• Seed License: Form-B or Form-C?
• Amendment of Seed License: Form-B or Form-C?
• Seed License scope: Seed business, imports and exports including e-
commerce.
• Varietal inclusion: Notified Varieties only or including Non-notified
varieties? Is it required under law? Under what provision?
• Seed license for Field Crops and Veg crops are separate
• Validity period is 5 years ? or 3 years ?
Varietal testing / registration:
• Variety trails / registration is mandatory ? / Voluntary ?
• Local SAU trial data mandatory for Variety registration?
• No. of Years / seasons testing from local SAUs (years?)
• Local trial data from public institutions is mandatory ?
• Morphological Characters / DUS characters by company mandatary ?
Supplementary seed regulations by States:
• Few States have stringent regulations seed offences, like PD Act, task
force teams by involving Police, farmers compensation, etc.
• Few states have decriminalized the seed offences and increased the
penalties
• Seed Offences penalties / punishments varies among the states?
• Regulations on HT cotton ?
Seed testing & QA :
• Accepting test results of notified / no-notified / in-house labs
• Tests results from notified labs mandatory ?
• Pre-dispatch test results ?
• Emphasis on seed testing and lab infrastructure
14. National Seminar
on Regulations and Governance Issues
in the Indian Seed Sector
Sep 26-27, 2023, New Delhi
• Fragmented Seed Sector- > 500 public & private seed companies of varying sizes need
proper coordination
• Non-uniformity in seed law enforcement across the country (some are stringent and few
are liberal) Enabling environment !
• Seed regulations biased focus on post-production phase i.e. marketing phase, except for
certified seeds
• Need proper in house regulation mechanism on production, processing, packing, storage
etc. for labelled seeds
• Seed laws – needs relook - clear cut and science based guidelines on trials, bio-safety
measures, and post-release control measures for GM crops
• Need-uniformity in seed testing protocols & varied test results among the states and
between public and private
• Low emphasis on varietal registration & seed health testing
• Need comprehensive data base on seed law enforcement
Challenges
15. National Seminar
on Regulations and Governance Issues
in the Indian Seed Sector
Sep 26-27, 2023, New Delhi
• Enabling, inclusive and globally aligned seed regulations that promote
interaction of science and innovation with entrepreneurship, which
lead to competition and the further development of strong industry
• Strengthening of regulatory mechanism in terms of transparency,
uniformity, modernity, and science-based approaches
• Rigorous and uniform enforcement across the states (varietal testing,
production, licensing requirements, labelling, vigilance etc.) – will help
in scaling-up competitive & qualitative seed business, and improves
ease of doing seed business across country
• Alignment of purpose and strategy of seed law enforcement between
Centre and States
• Digitalization, IT innovations and creation of comprehensive data
base
Conclusion