Identifying Minerals
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Minerals can be identified by their physical properties, which include hardness (using the Mohs scale), color, streak, luster, density, cleavage, fracture, and special properties like fluorescence. Hardness, density, and streak can be tested by scratching the mineral against other materials, measuring its mass and volume, and rubbing it on a streak plate. While cleavage is how a mineral splits apart evenly along flat surfaces, fracture describes how it breaks apart irregularly.
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This presentation is related to engineering geology course, a mandatory module for civil engineering studies. These slides present some basic and introductory knowledge about rocks, their properties and classifications. The slides discuss about the geological classification of rocks addressing the processes which lead to formation of different types of rocks. Rocks types like igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks are put to discussion and examples for each type provided. Similarly, various types of rocks based on their physical characters and arrangement of layers like stratified rocks, unstratified rocks and foliated rocks are bought under discussion and in the third section, the types of rocks based on chemical composition like calcareous rocks, siliceous rocks and argillaceous rocks are discussed.
In the last section, the rock cycle is being shed light on, which describes how rocks convert from one form to another under the action of external agents like temperature, pressure, erosion, weathering etc.
Slides are arranged in an orderly manner which makes it easy for the students to memorize the information presented within. Moreover, careful selection of color scheme makes the presentation visually appealing which increases the chance to grab the attention of students. These slides would be useful for students in preparing for their exams.
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Metamorphic rocks-Definition, Formation, Classification
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Introduction to Rocks - Classification and rock cycle.pdf
Introduction to Rocks - Classification and rock cycle.pdf
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Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystalline structures. The internal arrangement of atoms in minerals largely determines their physical and chemical properties, which can be used to identify them. Some key properties used to identify minerals include color, streak, luster, hardness, density, cleavage, fracture, and crystal structure. Hardness refers to a mineral's resistance to scratching, not its brittleness, and is measured using Mohs scale.
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There are six main characteristics used to identify minerals:
1. Color - Though color alone cannot identify a mineral, it can provide a clue. Minerals can come in multiple colors.
2. Crystals - The specific shape crystals form in can help identify minerals.
3. Hardness - Hardness is measured on Moh's scale and compares scratchability. Hardness can identify minerals.
4. Streak - The color a mineral leaves when rubbed on a surface, often different than its own color.
5. Cleavage and fracture - How a mineral breaks, either along smooth planes (cleavage) or with rough edges (fracture).
6. Luster - How light reflects off a
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The document discusses various properties that can be used to identify minerals, including:
1) Appearance properties such as streak (color of powder when scraped), luster (how it reflects light), cleavage (breaks into flat surfaces) and fracture (jagged breaks).
2) Other properties like density (mass to volume ratio), hardness (resistance to scratching on Moh's scale), fluorescence (color under UV light), magnetism, and acid reaction (bubbles if carbonate in acid).
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Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and orderly atomic structures. There are about 4,000 known minerals on Earth. Minerals form through natural geological processes without human involvement and are distinguished from other substances based on properties like hardness, crystal structure, luster, specific gravity, streak, and cleavage/fracture. Common minerals are important materials for construction, technology, and gems that are valued for their beauty and rarity.
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The document provides instructions for a mineral identification lab, describing the key properties used to identify minerals:
1) Minerals are identified by their hardness, color, streak, luster, density, crystal system, cleavage/fracture, and special properties like fluorescence or magnetism.
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3) Students will use these properties to identify unknown mineral samples through a series of questions.
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This document provides information about minerals to help identify their properties. It defines minerals and their key characteristics, including hardness, crystal shape, luster, color, streak, cleavage/fracture, and density. Moh's hardness scale from 1 to 10 is described. Common mineral properties like metallic or nonmetallic luster, powder color from streak tests, and cleavage patterns are explained. Color is noted as the least useful identifier since minerals can be many colors and look alike. Between 2,000-3,000 minerals have been identified, with most being silicate compounds.
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Minerals are inorganic substances that occur naturally and have a definite chemical composition and structure. To be classified as a mineral, a substance must form naturally, have a consistent chemical formula, exhibit an ordered internal structure, and have physical properties determined by its composition and structure. Minerals are identified based on their physical properties like hardness, cleavage, fracture, color, streak, luster, and fluorescence or phosphorescence. The most common minerals used in various applications include aluminum, beryllium, copper, feldspar, iron, and calcite.
PHYSICAL GEOLOGY Minerals Chapter 3 1 Not count.docx
PHYSICAL GEOLOGY Minerals
Chapter 3 1
Not counting elements and sub-atomic particles minerals are the
basic building block for the majority of earthen materials. Minerals
are the major constituent of nearly all rocks. Combinations of
minerals (mineral assemblages) in rocks can give insight into the
formation and possible alteration of the rocks in question.
Identification of minerals is a process of interpreting the
physical and other properties of the mineral. In this laboratory
assignment you will become familiar with many of the properties of
minerals and how to test these properties. Finally by utilizing this
data and identification charts you will be able to determine the
mineral species.
Mineral: Naturally occurring, inorganic, homogenous,
solid, element or compound with a characteristic chemical
composition and definite crystalline structure.
Properties
Color: The color of the mineral. Color is not the best
property to use to identify minerals. Many minerals occur in multiple
colors, impurities in the chemical composition may alter the color.
Many different minerals occur in the same colors.
Luster: The way in which light is reflected off the minerals
surface.
Metallic – reflects light like a polished metal (such as
gold, silver, lead, bronze, and iron)
Submetallic – reflects light like a corroded metal (such
as cast iron or rust)
Vitreous – reflects light like glass (might not be
transparent)
Adamantine – reflects light like a diamond
Resinous – reflects light like amber
Pearly – reflects light like mother-of-pearl
Satiny – reflects light like satin or silt cloth, more
reflective in one direction
Greasy/oily - reflects light like an oil coated substance
Waxy - reflects light like a candle or a crayon
Dull/earthy – reflects light like dirt or rust
Streak Color: The color of the mineral when powdered.
Minerals softer than a Mohs hardness of seven can be powdered by
rubbing the sample on an unglazed porcelain plate. Minerals with a
hardness seven or higher must be crushed.
Cleavage: The tendency of some minerals to break along
parallel planar surfaces (parting: pseudo cleavage).
Habit: The form (shape) the mineral will grow if
unimpeded.
Acicular – needle like
Bladed - like a knife blade
Equant – roughly box-like or ball like e.g. cubic,
octahedral
Mammillary – rounded masses
Micaceous – thin sheets
Oolitic – small spheres (~1-3mm)
Prismatic – elongated with opposite parallel
faces
Tabular – flat, plate-like
Hardness: The minerals resistance to being scratched. In
1812 Friedrich Mohs created a scale using ten common rock forming
mineral to compare the differing hardnesses of all minerals. Starting
at the softest and proceeding to the hardest. 1. talc 2. gypsum 3.
calcite 4. fluorite 5. apatite 6. feldspars 7. quartz 8. topaz 9.
corundum 10. diamond. Besides Mohs’ minerals; there.
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring solid substances composed of elements. They have unique properties including crystal structure, luster, hardness, streak, acid reaction, and fluorescence. Each mineral can be identified by these characteristic properties, such as quartz having a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale and leaving a white streak.
Minerals instructionalpowerpoint
Minerals are naturally formed materials composed of elements that were never alive. They have distinctive properties including crystalline structures, consistent compositions regardless of location, and characteristics like color, luster, hardness, and streak used to classify them. Minerals can be metals like gold or have other properties such as waxy or dull surfaces. Scientists use scales to systematically rate attributes such as a mineral's hardness from soft to very hard.
Minerals
This document discusses rock forming minerals and their properties. It defines what constitutes a mineral and compares minerals to rocks. It then describes several key physical properties of minerals that can be used for identification, including luster and transparency, color and streak, cleavage, fracture and parting, hardness, and density. Specific examples are provided to illustrate different types of each property. The document also notes that over 4000 minerals have been identified but only around 50 are abundant, with most composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. Minerals are classified based on their dominant anion such as silicates, carbonates, sulfides, oxides, sulfates and halides.
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This document discusses the physical and chemical properties used to identify common rock-forming minerals. It describes several key physical properties: luster, hardness based on Mohs scale, crystal form/habit, color, streak, cleavage, specific gravity, and others. It also notes that minerals have a definite chemical composition and are made up of molecules in a specific arrangement that can only be separated through chemical means. These physical and chemical properties provide diagnostic features to identify different minerals.
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This document provides an overview of minerals and how to identify them. It begins by listing learning objectives about mineral crystals, characteristics, composition, and connections to rocks. Key points include: minerals have definite compositions and ordered atomic structures; many minerals contain similar elements; and rocks contain multiple minerals. The document then discusses several tests to identify minerals, such as color, hardness using Mohs scale, luster, streak, cleavage, density, and acid/magnetic reactions. Common mineral properties, uses, and identification characteristics are summarized in tables. The document emphasizes that minerals are naturally occurring solids composed of elements, and form through various geologic processes.
Minerals ES
This document provides information about minerals, including their typical uses, definitions, groups, properties, and identification tests. It discusses the main mineral groups like silicates and non-silicates. It also describes several properties used to identify minerals, such as crystal form, luster, hardness, cleavage, specific gravity, and reactions to acid. Identification of minerals involves analyzing their physical and chemical properties.
Minerals.ppt
The document defines minerals as natural, inorganic, crystalline solids with a definite chemical composition. It describes the key physical properties of minerals - color, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and luster - which are used to identify different minerals. Special properties like magnetism, fluorescence, and piezoelectricity are also discussed. Identification tests involving hardness, streak, and acid reactions are presented as ways to determine the type of mineral.
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Minerals form by natural geological processes and have distinct physical properties that allow them to be identified and classified. They are solid, naturally occurring inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure (atoms arranged in repeating patterns). Key properties used to identify minerals include their color, hardness, luster, density/specific gravity, streak, breakage patterns, and unique characteristics. Minerals have many important uses from jewelry to industrial applications.
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Minerals form in two main ways - some cool from magma underground or lava above ground, while others form through evaporation of mineral-rich waters. Minerals have distinct properties that can be used to identify them, such as their crystal structure, cleavage/fracture patterns, color streak, luster, and hardness. Over 4,000 minerals have been identified that make up the building blocks of rocks.
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This document discusses six key properties that can be used to identify minerals: color, crystals/shape, hardness, streak, cleavage/fracture, and luster. It provides details on each property, such as how color alone cannot identify a mineral but can provide clues. Hardness is measured on Mohs scale from 1-10. Streak refers to the color a mineral leaves when rubbed. Cleavage describes smooth breaks along planes while fracture has rough edges. Luster describes how light reflects off a mineral's surface, such as metallic, vitreous, pearly, or dull. These six properties provide important clues to identify unknown mineral samples.
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The document discusses several physical properties that can be used to identify minerals, including:
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2) Hardness is measured on the Mohs scale and describes how easily a mineral can be scratched. Gold is rated a 5-6 on the Mohs scale.
3) Specific gravity compares a mineral's weight to the weight of an equal volume of water. Gold's specific gravity is 19, meaning it is 19 times heavier than water.
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