This paper talks about the growing concern in the people about the effect of mobile phone RF radiation on human brainwave signal using various techniques to capture those effects. Linear, Non- linear and statistical methods (t-tests) employed by various researchers to analyze variation in brainwaves.This paper gives comparison between brainwaves like Delta (0.5-4 Hz), Theta (4-8 Hz), Alpha (8-13 Hz), Beta (13-30 Hz) and Gamma (30 Hz-70Hz) in terms of Frequency Progressive map and amplitude progressive tri-maps. Electroencephalography (EEG) gives a noninvasive way of measuring brainwave activity from sensors placed on the scalp of the human head. So, the aim of this paper is to study the effect of RF exposure from mobile phone on Human brainwave as brainwaves Brain wave can provide information of mental state of the individual.
WI-FI ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS EXERT GENDER RELATED ALTERATIONS ON EEGNot Relevant
Abstract
The present study investigated the influence of electromagnetic fields, similar to that emitted by Wi-Fi system, on brain activity. Fifteen female and fifteen male subjects performed a short memory task (Wechsler test), both without and with exposure to a 2.4GHz Wi-Fi signal. For each subject, radiation condition and electrode, the amplitude in the frequency domain of the EEG signal was calculated from the recordings of 30 scalp electrodes, using the Fourier transform.
The presence of radiation had no effect on the energies of alpha and beta band of male subjects, while it reduced these energies of female subjects, resulting in significantly lower energies, as compared to those of males.
Delta and theta band energies did not experience any noteworthy effect from gender, radiation condition and their interaction. Conversely, there was a significant interaction effect (gender x radiation) on the energies of alpha and beta rhythms.
Interestingly, this pattern was observed for a number of electrodes, which formed two distinct clusters. one located at right- anterior and the second at occipital brain areas.
The present data support the idea that Wi-Fi signal may influence normal physiology through changes in gender related cortical excitability, as reflected by alpha and beta EEG frequencies.
:UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
WI-FI ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS EXERT GENDER RELATED ALTERATIONS ON EEGNot Relevant
Abstract
The present study investigated the influence of electromagnetic fields, similar to that emitted by Wi-Fi system, on brain activity. Fifteen female and fifteen male subjects performed a short memory task (Wechsler test), both without and with exposure to a 2.4GHz Wi-Fi signal. For each subject, radiation condition and electrode, the amplitude in the frequency domain of the EEG signal was calculated from the recordings of 30 scalp electrodes, using the Fourier transform.
The presence of radiation had no effect on the energies of alpha and beta band of male subjects, while it reduced these energies of female subjects, resulting in significantly lower energies, as compared to those of males.
Delta and theta band energies did not experience any noteworthy effect from gender, radiation condition and their interaction. Conversely, there was a significant interaction effect (gender x radiation) on the energies of alpha and beta rhythms.
Interestingly, this pattern was observed for a number of electrodes, which formed two distinct clusters. one located at right- anterior and the second at occipital brain areas.
The present data support the idea that Wi-Fi signal may influence normal physiology through changes in gender related cortical excitability, as reflected by alpha and beta EEG frequencies.
:UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Intraoperative electromyography (EMG) provides useful diagnostic and prognostic information during spine and peripheral nerve surgeries. The basic techniques include free-running EMG, stimulus-triggered EMG, and intraoperative nerve conduction studies. These techniques can be used to monitor nerve roots during spine surgeries, the facial nerve during cerebellopontine angle surgeries, and peripheral nerves during brachial plexus exploration and repair.
Modelling and Analysis of EEG Signals Based on Real Time Control for Wheel ChairIJTET Journal
Free versatility is center to having the capacity to perform exercises of day by day living without anyone else's input. In this proposed framework introduce an imparted control construction modeling that couples the knowledge and cravings of the client with the exactness of a controlled wheelchair. Outspread Basis Function system was utilized to characterize the predefined developments, for example, rest, forward, regressive, left and right of the wheelchair. This EEG-based cerebrum controlled wheelchair has been produced for utilization by totally incapacitated patients. The proposed outline incorporates a novel methodology for selecting ideal terminal positions, a progression of sign transforming and an interface to a controlled wheelchair.The Brain Controlled Wheelchair (BCW) is a basic automated framework intended for individuals, for example, bolted in individuals, who are not ready to utilize physical interfaces like joysticks or catches. The objective is to add to a framework usable in healing centers and homes with insignificant base alterations, which can help these individuals recover some portability. Also, it is explored whether execution in the STOP interface would be influenced amid movement, and discovered no modification with respect to the static performance.Finally, the general procedure was assessed and contrasted with other cerebrum controlled wheelchair ventures. Notwithstanding the overhead needed to choose the destination on the interface, the wheelchair is quicker than others .It permits to explore in a commonplace indoor environment inside a sensible time. Accentuation was put on client's security and comfort,the movement direction procedure guarantees smooth, protected and unsurprising route, while mental exertion and exhaustion are minimized by lessening control to destination determination.
POWER SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF EEG AS A POTENTIAL MARKER IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF SPAS...ijbesjournal
The detection and diagnosis of various neurological disorders are performed using different medical
devices among which electroencephalogram (EEG) is one of the most cost effective technique. Though
significant progress had been made in the analysis of EEG for diagnosis of different neurological
disorders, yet detection of cerebral palsy (CP) is not quite clear. This study was performed to analyze the
EEG power spectrum density (PSD) of spastic CP and normal children to find if any significant EEG
patterns could be used for early detection of CP. Twenty children participated in this study out of which ten
were spastic CP and other ten were normal healthy children. EEG of all the participants was recorded
from C3 C4 and F3 F4 regions following montage 10-20 system. The artifact-free EEG signals of 15
minutes duration was extracted for spectral analysis using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) algorithm
in MATLAB and power density spectrum (PSD) was plotted. The PSD revealed high intensity power peak
at frequency of 50Hz and smaller at 100 Hz, which was consistent for all healthy subjects. In case of
spastic CP children, high intensity peak at 100Hz were prominent and smaller peak was observed at 50Hz.
The high intensity 100Hz peak observed in the PSD of spastic CP patients demonstrated that this tool can
be used for early detection of spastic CP.
This paper will review the works on Surface Electromyography (SEMG) signal acquisition and controlling as well as the uses of SEMG signals analysis for Transfemoral amputee's people. In the beginning, this paper will briefly go through the basic theory of myoelectric signal generation. Next, the signal acquisition & filtering techniques applied for SEMG signal will be explained. Then after this EMG signal control or actuate the myoelectric leg who was suffering from Transfemoral amputee using microcontroller. This paper gives the better controlling SEMG signal and also very smooth and easy controlling of the Prosthetic leg motor using Myoelectric Controller.
Microneurography: Recording Nerve Traffic Via Intraneural Microelectrodes in ...InsideScientific
In this webinar sponsored by ADInstruments, Professor Vaughan Macefield, one of the world’s leading neurophysiologists in the field of microneurography, speaks about the current trends in this field, and specifically shares methodology, tips and best-practices that he uses in his lab to answer complex questions about physiological processes and associated stimuli.
Key topics covered during this webinar included…
- What is Microneurography and what sort of scientific questions can it answer?
- What are the current trends in the field?
- What equipment is needed to do this type of work?
- Tips, tricks and best-practices for the Microneurography technique
- Important data acquisition and analysis processes
Background:
While many neurophysiologists use invasive techniques to record from the brain or peripheral nerves in anaesthesed animals, such approaches have – of necessity – been rather limited in human subjects. However, 50 years ago the first direct recordings of nerve activity from peripheral nerves in awake human subjects were published. In Uppsala, Sweden, Karl–Erik Hagbarth and Åke Vallbo developed the technique of “microneurography”, in which an insulated tungsten microelectrode is inserted through the skin and into a muscle or cutaneous fascicle of a peripheral (or cranial) nerve. Their original aim was to understand the population behavior of muscle spindles during voluntary contractions, but they soon discovered that they could record from individual myelinated sensory axons supplying muscle or skin. Moreover, they confirmed that the same microelectrodes could record spontaneous and evoked activity generated by the unmyelinated sympathetic axons.
Feature Extraction Techniques and Classification Algorithms for EEG Signals t...Editor IJCATR
EEG (Electroencephalogram) signal is a neuro signal which is generated due the different electrical activities in the brain.
Different types of electrical activities correspond to different states of the brain. Every physical activity of a person is due to some
activity in the brain which in turn generates an electrical signal. These signals can be captured and processed to get the useful information
that can be used in early detection of some mental diseases. This paper focus on the usefulness of EGG signal in detecting the human
stress levels. It also includes the comparison of various preprocessing algorithms ( DCT and DWT.) and various classification algorithms
(LDA, Naive Bayes and ANN.). The paper proposes a system which will process the EEG signal and by applying the combination of
classifiers, will detect the human stress levels.
#SciChallenge2017
Without gravity
Is the astronauts' life difficult? Yes, they can not spend more time in space without serious illness.
Solution: we have developed a gravity space suit
Our project presents the way we have come up to make the model of our invention. Following the method of Galileo, we have gone through scientific cognition.
Gravitáció nélkül
Nehéz az űrhajósok élete? Igen, nem tölthetnek hosszabb időt az űrben, komoly betegségek nélkül.
Megoldás: általunk kifejlesztett gravitációs űrruha
Projektünk bemutatja azt az utat, amit bejártunk, hogy találmányunk modelljét megalkothassuk. Galilei módszerét követve a tudományos megismerés útján haladtunk végig.
Is technology good or bad negative effects of technologyYour Web School
Hey Friends in this slide show we will see the big negative effect of technology. That how people use it wrong ways. To know more about this article please visit this link.
http://www.yourwebschool.com/good-bad-technology-negative-effects/
Intraoperative electromyography (EMG) provides useful diagnostic and prognostic information during spine and peripheral nerve surgeries. The basic techniques include free-running EMG, stimulus-triggered EMG, and intraoperative nerve conduction studies. These techniques can be used to monitor nerve roots during spine surgeries, the facial nerve during cerebellopontine angle surgeries, and peripheral nerves during brachial plexus exploration and repair.
Modelling and Analysis of EEG Signals Based on Real Time Control for Wheel ChairIJTET Journal
Free versatility is center to having the capacity to perform exercises of day by day living without anyone else's input. In this proposed framework introduce an imparted control construction modeling that couples the knowledge and cravings of the client with the exactness of a controlled wheelchair. Outspread Basis Function system was utilized to characterize the predefined developments, for example, rest, forward, regressive, left and right of the wheelchair. This EEG-based cerebrum controlled wheelchair has been produced for utilization by totally incapacitated patients. The proposed outline incorporates a novel methodology for selecting ideal terminal positions, a progression of sign transforming and an interface to a controlled wheelchair.The Brain Controlled Wheelchair (BCW) is a basic automated framework intended for individuals, for example, bolted in individuals, who are not ready to utilize physical interfaces like joysticks or catches. The objective is to add to a framework usable in healing centers and homes with insignificant base alterations, which can help these individuals recover some portability. Also, it is explored whether execution in the STOP interface would be influenced amid movement, and discovered no modification with respect to the static performance.Finally, the general procedure was assessed and contrasted with other cerebrum controlled wheelchair ventures. Notwithstanding the overhead needed to choose the destination on the interface, the wheelchair is quicker than others .It permits to explore in a commonplace indoor environment inside a sensible time. Accentuation was put on client's security and comfort,the movement direction procedure guarantees smooth, protected and unsurprising route, while mental exertion and exhaustion are minimized by lessening control to destination determination.
POWER SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF EEG AS A POTENTIAL MARKER IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF SPAS...ijbesjournal
The detection and diagnosis of various neurological disorders are performed using different medical
devices among which electroencephalogram (EEG) is one of the most cost effective technique. Though
significant progress had been made in the analysis of EEG for diagnosis of different neurological
disorders, yet detection of cerebral palsy (CP) is not quite clear. This study was performed to analyze the
EEG power spectrum density (PSD) of spastic CP and normal children to find if any significant EEG
patterns could be used for early detection of CP. Twenty children participated in this study out of which ten
were spastic CP and other ten were normal healthy children. EEG of all the participants was recorded
from C3 C4 and F3 F4 regions following montage 10-20 system. The artifact-free EEG signals of 15
minutes duration was extracted for spectral analysis using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) algorithm
in MATLAB and power density spectrum (PSD) was plotted. The PSD revealed high intensity power peak
at frequency of 50Hz and smaller at 100 Hz, which was consistent for all healthy subjects. In case of
spastic CP children, high intensity peak at 100Hz were prominent and smaller peak was observed at 50Hz.
The high intensity 100Hz peak observed in the PSD of spastic CP patients demonstrated that this tool can
be used for early detection of spastic CP.
This paper will review the works on Surface Electromyography (SEMG) signal acquisition and controlling as well as the uses of SEMG signals analysis for Transfemoral amputee's people. In the beginning, this paper will briefly go through the basic theory of myoelectric signal generation. Next, the signal acquisition & filtering techniques applied for SEMG signal will be explained. Then after this EMG signal control or actuate the myoelectric leg who was suffering from Transfemoral amputee using microcontroller. This paper gives the better controlling SEMG signal and also very smooth and easy controlling of the Prosthetic leg motor using Myoelectric Controller.
Microneurography: Recording Nerve Traffic Via Intraneural Microelectrodes in ...InsideScientific
In this webinar sponsored by ADInstruments, Professor Vaughan Macefield, one of the world’s leading neurophysiologists in the field of microneurography, speaks about the current trends in this field, and specifically shares methodology, tips and best-practices that he uses in his lab to answer complex questions about physiological processes and associated stimuli.
Key topics covered during this webinar included…
- What is Microneurography and what sort of scientific questions can it answer?
- What are the current trends in the field?
- What equipment is needed to do this type of work?
- Tips, tricks and best-practices for the Microneurography technique
- Important data acquisition and analysis processes
Background:
While many neurophysiologists use invasive techniques to record from the brain or peripheral nerves in anaesthesed animals, such approaches have – of necessity – been rather limited in human subjects. However, 50 years ago the first direct recordings of nerve activity from peripheral nerves in awake human subjects were published. In Uppsala, Sweden, Karl–Erik Hagbarth and Åke Vallbo developed the technique of “microneurography”, in which an insulated tungsten microelectrode is inserted through the skin and into a muscle or cutaneous fascicle of a peripheral (or cranial) nerve. Their original aim was to understand the population behavior of muscle spindles during voluntary contractions, but they soon discovered that they could record from individual myelinated sensory axons supplying muscle or skin. Moreover, they confirmed that the same microelectrodes could record spontaneous and evoked activity generated by the unmyelinated sympathetic axons.
Feature Extraction Techniques and Classification Algorithms for EEG Signals t...Editor IJCATR
EEG (Electroencephalogram) signal is a neuro signal which is generated due the different electrical activities in the brain.
Different types of electrical activities correspond to different states of the brain. Every physical activity of a person is due to some
activity in the brain which in turn generates an electrical signal. These signals can be captured and processed to get the useful information
that can be used in early detection of some mental diseases. This paper focus on the usefulness of EGG signal in detecting the human
stress levels. It also includes the comparison of various preprocessing algorithms ( DCT and DWT.) and various classification algorithms
(LDA, Naive Bayes and ANN.). The paper proposes a system which will process the EEG signal and by applying the combination of
classifiers, will detect the human stress levels.
#SciChallenge2017
Without gravity
Is the astronauts' life difficult? Yes, they can not spend more time in space without serious illness.
Solution: we have developed a gravity space suit
Our project presents the way we have come up to make the model of our invention. Following the method of Galileo, we have gone through scientific cognition.
Gravitáció nélkül
Nehéz az űrhajósok élete? Igen, nem tölthetnek hosszabb időt az űrben, komoly betegségek nélkül.
Megoldás: általunk kifejlesztett gravitációs űrruha
Projektünk bemutatja azt az utat, amit bejártunk, hogy találmányunk modelljét megalkothassuk. Galilei módszerét követve a tudományos megismerés útján haladtunk végig.
Is technology good or bad negative effects of technologyYour Web School
Hey Friends in this slide show we will see the big negative effect of technology. That how people use it wrong ways. To know more about this article please visit this link.
http://www.yourwebschool.com/good-bad-technology-negative-effects/
Effect of Mobile Banking on Customer Satisfaction in Selected Banks in Trans-...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of mobile banking on customer satisfaction in selected banks in Trans-Nzoia County. The study was guided by the following objectives: -to establish the effect of reliability of mobile banking on customer satisfaction, to determine the effect of responsiveness of mobile banking on customer satisfaction , and to evaluate the effect of accessibility of mobile banking services on customer satisfaction in Trans-Nzoia County. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The target population was ten selected banks in Trans-Nzoia County. The study was guided by the; innovation diffusion theory, technology acceptance model (TAM), and theory of reasoned action (TRA). The study adopted the descriptive survey research design with the target population being the selected commercial banks personnel in Trans Nzoia County, totaling to 41 respondents. Census method was adopted since the target population was less than the minimum a hundred for sampling to be used for research. A structured questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument that was designed in a Likert scale format. Data analysis was carried out by use of regression and ANOVA using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 in order to statistically produce the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable. From the findings, the researcher concluded that the regression effect was statistically significant indicating a reliable prediction of the dependent variable. The F calculated (F =39.96) greater than 5% level of significance thereby showing that the model was significant where the independent variables explained 85% of the mobile banking customer satisfaction. The study was significant to the banking sector since mobile banking is a phenomenon that has taken off and can’t be washed away.
bad credit contract phone bad credit contract phones bad credit mobile contract bad credit mobile contracts bad credit mobile phone contract bad credit mobile phone contracts bad credit mobile phones. For More information Visit : http://www.instantmobile.co.uk
A PowerPoint made by me. It covers all the Motion related topics. Revised edition will be established on the 14th October 2015.
Please download or leave a like, down below:
The best talent is bringing out talent in others, but what if it is very hard to SEE the talent in someone? I hope this inspires you to help others. Learn more at http://www.kasanoff.com
What is a Mobile phone?
History and Evolution of Mobile
Main Source Of Using Mobile Phone
Effects of Mobile Phone
Effect on nature
Tips for reducing potential harmful
effects of mobile phone radiation
References
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A comparative study of wavelet families for electromyography signal classific...journalBEEI
Automatic detection of neuromuscular disorders performed using electromyography (EMG) has become an interesting domain for many researchers. In this paper, we present an approach to evaluate and classify the non-stationary EMG signals based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Most often researches did not consider the effect of DWT factors on the performance of EMG signals classification. This problem is still an interesting unsolved challenge. However, the selection of appropriate mother wavelet and related level decomposition is an essential issue that should be addressed in DWT-based EMG signals classification. The proposed method consists of decomposing a raw EMG signal into different sub-bands. Several statistical features were extracted from each sub-band and six wavelet families were investigated. The feature vector was used as inputs to support vector machine (SVM) classifier for the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. The obtained results achieve satisfactory performances with optimal DWT factors using 10-fold cross-validation. From the classification performances, it was found that sym14 is the most suitable mother wavelet at the 8th optimal wavelet level of decomposition. These simulation results demonstrated that the proposed method is very reliable for reducing cost computational time of automated neuromuscular disorders system and removing the redundancy information.
Significant variables extraction of post-stroke EEG signal using wavelet and ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Stroke patients require a long recovery. One success of the treatment given is the evaluation and
monitoring during recovery. One device for monitoring the development of post-stroke patients is
Electroencephalogram (EEG). This research proposed a method for extracting variables of EEG signals for
post-stroke patient analysis using Wavelet and Self-Organizing Map Kohonen clustering. EEG signal was
extracted by Wavelet to obtain Alpha, beta, theta, gamma, and Mu waves. These waves, the amplitude
and asymmetric of the symmetric channel pairs are features in Self Organizing Map Kohonen Clustering.
Clustering results were compared with actual clusters of post-stroke and no-stroke subjects to extract
significant variable. These results showed that the configuration of Alpha, Beta, and Mu waves, amplitude
together with the difference between the variable of symmetric channel pairs are significant in the analysis
of post-stroke patients. The results gave using symmetric channel pairs provided 54-74% accuracy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
MHEALTH APPLICATIONS DEVELOPED BY THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH FOR PUBLIC USERS INK...hiij
mHealth applications have shown promise in supporting the delivery of health services in peoples’ daily life. Recently, the Ministry of Health in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (MOH) has launched several mHealth applications to develop work mechanisms. Our study aimed to identify and understand the design of mHealth apps by classifying their persuasive features using the Persuasive Systems Design (PSD) model and expert evaluation method. This paper presents the distinct persuasive features applied in recent applications launched by MOH for public users called “Sehha & Mawid” Apps. The results revealed the extensive use of persuasive features; particularly features related to credibility support, dialogue support and primary task support respectively. The implementation and design of social support features were found to be poor; this could be due to the nature of the apps or lack of knowledge from the developers’
perspectives. The findings suggest some features that may improve the persuasion for the evaluated apps.
5. detection and separation of eeg artifacts using wavelet transform nov 11, ...IAESIJEECS
Bio-medical signal processing is one of the most important techniques of multichannel sensor network and it has a substantial concentration in medical application. However, the real-time and recorded signals in multisensory instruments contains different and huge amount of noise, and great work has been completed in developing most favorable structures for estimating the signal source from the noisy signal in multichannel observations. Methods have been developed to obtain the optimal linear estimation of the output signal through the Wide-Sense-Stationary (WSS) process with the help of time-invariant filters. In this process, the input signal and the noise signal are assumed to achieve the linear output signal. During the process, the non-stationary signals arise in the bio-medical signal processing in addition to it there is no effective structure to deal with them. Wavelets transform has been proved to be the efficient tool for handling the non-stationary signals, but wavelet provide any possible way to approach multichannel signal processing. Based on the basic structure of linear estimation of non-stationary multichannel data and statistical models of spatial signal coherence acquire through the wavelet transform in multichannel estimation. The above methods can be used for Electroencephalography (EEG) signal denoising through the original signal and then implement the noise reduction technique to evaluate their performance such as SNR, MSE and computation time.
EEG SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION USING LDA AND MLP CLASSIFIERhiij
Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activities along the scalp. EEG measures
voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain. Diagnostic
applications generally focus on the spectral content of EEG, which is the type of neural oscillations that
can be observed in EEG signal. EEG is most often used to diagnose epilepsy, which causes obvious
abnormalities in EEG readings. This powerful property confirms the rich potential for EEG analysis and
motivates the need for advanced signal processing techniques to aid clinicians in their interpretations.
This paper describes the application of Wavelet Transform (WT) for the processing of
Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Furthermore, the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is applied for
feature selection and dimensionality reduction where the informative and discriminative two-dimension
features are used as a benchmark for classification purposes through a Multi-Layers Perceptron (MLP)
neural network. For five classification problems, the proposed model achieves a high sensitivity,
specificity and accuracy of 100%.Finally, the comparison of the results obtained with the proposed
methods and those obtained with previous literature methods shows the superiority of our approach for
EEG signals classification and automated diagnosis
Correlation Analysis of Electromyogram SignalsIJMTST Journal
An inability to adapt myoelectric interfaces to a user’s unique style of hand motion. The system also adapts
the motion style of an opposite limb. These are the important factors inhibiting the practical application of
myoelectric interfaces. This is mainly attributed to the individual differences in the exhibited electromyogram
(EMG) signals generated by the muscles of different limbs. In this project myoelectric interface easily adapts
the signal from the users and maintains good movement recognition performance. At the initial stage the
myoelectric signal is extracted from the user by using the data acquisition system. A new set of features
describing the movements of user’s is extracted and the user’s features are classifed using SVM
classification. The given signal is then compared with the database signal with the accuracy of 90.910 %
across all the EMG signals.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The Acute Effects Of Vibroacoustically-Induced Microvibrations On EEG Activit...researchinventy
A 7-13 c/s mechanographic signal (amplitude 1-5μV) is detectable over relaxed limbs, phenomenon termed microvibration (MV). Exposure to mechanographic signals, low frequency noise, on other side, results in vibroacoustic disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of vibroacoustically-induced MV in regio nuchae (vibroacoustic device Vitafon, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) using four different modes of MV of specific amplitude (2.8 μm - 12.3 μm) and frequency (30 Hz – 18 kHz) on native undulating electrical CNS activity (EEG registration) in the adult rats. The experiments were performed on Wistar male rats and were divided into control and experimental groups. Rats subjected to the same experimental protocol, but with vibroacoustic treatment switched off, served as controls. EEG activity was registered during application of vibroacoustic MV and following was observed regardless of working regime: none of the graphoelements indicating hyperexcitability; there were no reduction in vigilance; beta rhythm and moderate transition alpha in beta rhythm were observed. Slightly override the beta waves in relation to alpha EEG band, under the stimulus of vibroacoustically-induced microvibration by Vitafon, suggests that mental alertness increased as well as focused attention, with no signs of hyperexcitability in rats
A New Approach to Denoising EEG Signals - Merger of Translation Invariant Wav...CSCJournals
In this paper we present a new algorithm using a merger of Independent Component Analysis and Translation Invariant Wavelet Transform. The efficacy of this algorithm is evaluated by applying contaminated EEG signals. Its performance was compared to three fixed-point ICA algorithms (FastICA, EFICA and Pearson-ICA) using Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Signal to Distortion Ratio (SDR), and Amari Performance Index. Experiments reveal that our new technique is the most accurate separation method.
Similar to Mobile Phone Handset Radiation Effect on Brainwave Signal using EEG: A Review (20)
A survey on Energy Efficient ProtocolsLEACH, Fuzzy-based approach and Neural ...IJEEE
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) plays a very important role in transmitting the data from source to destination but energy consumption is one of the major challenges in these networks. WSN consists of hundreds to thousands of nodes which consume energy while transmitting the information and with a span of time whole energy get consumed and network life time gets reduced. Clustering and Cluster head (CH) selection are important parameters used to enhance the lifetime of the WSN. Clustering use two methods: rotating CH periodically in every round to distribute the energy consumption among nodes and the node with more residual energy becomes CH.This research paper is focused on the performance of the techniques used to enhance the energy efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Low- Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Fuzzy- Based and Neural Network are some of the important techniques used. MATLAB simulation tool is considered in this paper.
Implementation of Back-Propagation Neural Network using Scilab and its Conver...IJEEE
Artificial neural network has been widely used for solving non-linear complex tasks. With the development of computer technology, machine learning techniques are becoming good choice. The selection of the machine learning technique depends upon the viability for particular application. Most of the non-linear problems have been solved using back propagation based neural network. The training time of neural network is directly affected by convergence speed. Several efforts are done to improve the convergence speed of back propagation algorithm. This paper focuses on the implementation of back-propagation algorithm and an effort to improve its convergence speed. The algorithm is written in SCILAB. UCI standard data set is used for analysis purposes. Proposed modification in standard backpropagation algorithm provides substantial improvement in the convergence speed.
Automated Air Cooled Three Level Inverter system using ArduinoIJEEE
The output voltage of a three level inverter is stepped voltage in which the output voltage have three possible values. Such systems can be used to interface renewable energy sources with the grid. Temperature has significant effect on performance of power MOSFETs. Typically, the MOSFETs used as power switches in such applications are a significant source of heat, and the heat energy dissipated by these components must be carefully controlled if operating temperatures are to be maintained. So for the system to work efficiently cooling of MOSFETs is required. This paper proposed an automated air cooled 3 level H-bridge inverter. The system consists of MOSFETs, LM 35 temperature sensor, Optocouplers for isolation. Arduino is used to control the on-off operation of fan. When temperature rises above certain level fan turns on to cool the MOSFETs.
In this work, a Split Ring Resonator (SRR) unit cell is simulated in a waveguide with electromagnetic field solver High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). Analytical calculations of the inductance and capacitance have been also carried out to obtain the resonant frequencies for SRR dimensions. A comparison between calculated and simulated resonance frequencies)) is done. A good correlation between simulated and measured resonance frequencies is achieved.
In this paper, we provide the average bit error probabilities of MQAM and MPSK in the presence of log normal shadowing using Maximal Ratio Combining technique for L diversity branches. We have derived probability of density function (PDF) of received signal to noise ratio (SNR) for L diversity branches in Log Normal fadingfor Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC). We have used Fenton-Wilkinson method to estimate the parameters for a single log-normal distribution that approximates the sum of log-normal random variables (RVs). The results that we provide in this paper are an important tool for measuring the performance ofcommunication links in a log-normal shadowing.
An Approach to Speech and Iris based Multimodal Biometric SystemIJEEE
Biometrics is the science and technology of human identification and verification through the use of feature set extracted from the biological data of the individual to be recognized. Unimodal and Multimodal systems are the two modal systems which have been developed so far. Unimodal biometric systems use a single biometric trait but they face limitations in the system performance due to the presence of noise in data, interclass variations and spoof attacks. These problems can be resolved by using multimodal biometrics which rely on more than one biometric information to produce better recognition results. This paper presents an overview of the multimodal biometrics, various fusion levels used in them and suggests the use of iris and speech using score level fusion for a multimodal biometric system.
An Overview of EDFA Gain Flattening by Using Hybrid AmplifierIJEEE
Data communication systems are increasingly engrossing optical fiber communication system as the transmission paths for the information, the information is in the form of light pulses sending from one place to another through the optical fiber. Several types of optical amplifiers have been developed in optical fiber communication system to amplify the optical signals. The erbium doped fiber amplifier is one of the optical fiber amplifiers which are used for long distance communication. The most significant points in any optical amplifier design are gain and noise figure. They are connected to one another. The other optical amplifier, Raman amplifier has wide gain bandwidth. The EDFA gain spectrum has variations over 1536 to 1552 nm, therefore the gain flattening is a research issue in recent years with the development of high capacity DWDM. The gain variation becomes a problem as the number of channels increases. The gain of EDFA depends on large number of device parameters such as, Erbium ion concentration, amplifier length, core radius, pump power. Raman amplifiers can be combined with EDFAs to expand the optical gain flattened bandwidth. This paper focuses on different methods used for the gain flattening.
Design and Implementation of FPGA Based Low Power Pipelined 64 Bit Risc Proce...IJEEE
This paper presents an efficient design and implementation of a 64 bit RISC Processor for Data Logging System. RISC is a design mechanism to reduce the amount of space, time, cost, power and heat etc. reduces the complexity of instruction. The processor is designed for both fixed and floating point number arithmetic calculation. A Data Logger is an electronic instrument that records environmental parameters such as temperature, Humidity, Wind Speed light intensity, water level and water quality. Data Loggers find its key application where automation and control is required. The necessary code written in the hardware description language Verilog HDL.
Design of Image Segmentation Algorithm for Autonomous Vehicle Navigationusing...IJEEE
In the past few years Autonomous vehicles have gained importance due to its widespread applications in the field of civilian and military applications. On-board camera on autonomous vehicles captures the images which need to be processed in real time using the image segmentation algorithm. On board processing of video(frames)in real time is a big challenging task as it involves extracting the information and performing the required operations for navigation.This paper proposes an approach for vision based autonomous vehicle navigation in indoor environment using the designed image segmentation algorithm. The vision based navigation is applied to autonomous vehicle and it is implemented using the Raspberry Pi camera module on Raspberry Pi Model-B+ with the designed image segmentation algorithm. The image segmentation algorithm has been built using smoothing,thresholding, morpho- logical operations, and edge detection. The reference images of directions in the path are detected by the vehicle and accordingly it moves in right or left directions or stops at destination. The vehicle finds the path from source to destination using reference directions. It first captures the video,segments the video(frame by frame), finds the edges in the segmented frame and moves accordingly. The Raspberry Pi also transmits the capture video and segmented results using the Wi-Fi to the remote system for monitoring. The autonomous vehicle is also capable of finding obstacle in its path and the detection is done using the ultrasonic sensors.
Performance Analysis of GSM Network for Different Types of Antennas IJEEE
Today, in metro cities BTSs are increasing day by day and interference is also increasing. This paper shows the received power of the cell depends on a number of factors. Antenna gain and antenna type are one of the important parameters for this. This paper reveals the effect of signal received power by changing the antenna gain and antenna type.The antenna used is omnidirectional and switched beam and gain varies from 5 to 15 dB.The GSM network is simulated for 6 users in Qualnet software.
On the Performance Analysis of Composite Multipath/Shadowing (Weibull-Log Nor...IJEEE
Composite multipath/shadowing fading environments are frequently encountered in different mobile realistic scenarios. These channels are generally modeled differentComposite multipath/shadowing fading. In this paper wepresent the performance analysis of composite (Weibull-Lognormal shadowed) fading. We adopt efficient toolproposed by Holtzman to approximate composite (Weibull-Lognormal shadowed) fading. The performance measures offading communication systems such as Probability densityfunction (PDF) of Signal to Noise ratio (SNR), Amount offading (AF), Outage probability (Pout) and ChannelCapacity(C/B) will be calculated. Graphical results will bepresented for different signals and fading parameters. Thedifferent expressions that will be provided are of greatimportance in assessing the performance of communicationsystems in composite channels.
Design Analysis of Delay Register with PTL Logic using 90 nm TechnologyIJEEE
This paper presents low area and power efficient delay register using CMOS transistors. The proposed register has reduced area than the conventional register. This resistor design consists of 6 NMOS and 6 PMOS. The proposed delay register has been designed in logic editor and simulated using 90nm technology. Also the layout simulation and parametric analysis has been done to find out the results. In this paper register has been designed using full automatic layout design and semicustom layout design. Then the performance of these different designs has been analyzed and compared in terms of power, delay and area. The simulation result shows that circuit design of delay register using PTL techniques improved by power 0.05% and 61.8% area.
Carbon Nanotubes Based Sensor for Detection of Traces of Gas Molecules- A ReviewIJEEE
In this review paper, we discuss various gas sensors based on technique and sensing materials used in there fabrication. Various sensors are designed making use of salient features of carbon nanotubes and its electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical properties. Effect of using nano-composites on sensitivity and selectivity of gas sensor have been studied.
Routing Protocols in Zigbee Based networks: A SurveyIJEEE
ZigBee is the new standard developed wireless personal area network (WPAN) based on IEEE 802.15.4 for low cost, low data rate and low power consumption wireless network. In present times, zigbee has become a hot topic for research and development all over the world. This paper briefly describes various ZigBee network topologies including star, cluster tree and mesh topology and further introduces different ZigBee routing protocols such as AODV, AODVjr, Hierarchical, Integrated and Enhanced hierarchical routing protocol (EHRP).
A Survey of Routing Protocols for Structural Health MonitoringIJEEE
Wireless sensor networks have emerged in recent years as a promising technology that can impact the field of structural monitoring and infrastructure asset management. Various routing protocols are used to define communication among sensor nodes of the wireless sensor network for purpose of disseminating information. These routing protocols can be designed to improve the network performance in terms of energy consumption, delay and security issues. This paper discusses the requirements of routing protocol for Structural health monitoring and presents summary of various routing protocols used for WSNs for Structural health monitoring.
Layout Design Analysis of SR Flip Flop using CMOS TechnologyIJEEE
This paper presents an area, delay and power efficient design of SR flip flop. As the chip manufacturing technology is on the threshold of evaluation, which shrinks a chip in size and enhances its performance, here the flip flop is implemented in a layout level which develops an optimized design using recent CMOS layout tools. The proposed SR flip flop has been designed and simulated using 45nm technology. After that, parametric analysis has been done. In this paper, flip flop has been developed using full automatic design flow and semi-custom design flow. The performance of SR flip flop layouts using different design flows has been analyzed and compared in terms of area, delay and power consumption. The simulation results show that the design of SR flip flop using semi-custom design flow improved the area occupied by 46.9% and power consumption is reduced by 38.4%.
Codec Scheme for Power Optimization in VLSI InterconnectsIJEEE
This paper presents a codec scheme for optimizing power in VLSI Interconnects. It is based on the traditional bus encoding method which is considered to be one of the most effective ways of power and delay reduction. The work done aims at optimizing power by designing the scheme using Full-Custom design approach. The model has been designed and implemented using Cadence Virtuoso Analog Design Suite in 0.18µm CMOS technology. Power has been computed for different possible combinations of input data. Delay has been reckoned for the maximum power consuming input combination. Layout editor has been used to generate the physical description of the circuit. The 4 bit input data combination consuming maximum dynamic power of 6.44µW and propagation delay of 722.7ps is “1000” with previously transmitted 4 bit data being “0111”. A significant power reduction of 38.89% has been observed by designing the scheme using Full-Custom approach as compared to the conventional Semi-Custom approach of design.
Design of Planar Inverted F-Antenna for Multiband Applications IJEEE
Planar Inverted F- Antenna (PIFA) is widely used in handheld devices because of its various advantages like compact size, good bandwidth and moderate radiation patterns. In this paper, a design of Planar Inverted F- Antenna(PIFA) is proposed that resonates at the frequency of 2.5 GHz with a bandwidth of 300MHz. The relative permittivity of the substrate used is 2.2. The antenna is fed by coaxial feed. Also, gain, VSWR and radiation pattern of the antenna are studied.
Layout Design Analysis of CMOS Comparator using 180nm TechnologyIJEEE
Comparator is a very useful and basic arithmetic component of digital system. In the world of technology the demand of portable devices are increasing day by day. This paper presents CMOS design of 1-bit comparator on 180nm technology. The layout of 1-bit comparator has been developed using Automatic and semi-custom techniques. Both the layouts are compared and analyzed in terms of their Power and Area consumption. Automatic layout is generated from its equivalent schematic whereas semi-custom layout is developed manually. The result shows that semi-custom consumes less power as compared to Automatic.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Mobile Phone Handset Radiation Effect on Brainwave Signal using EEG: A Review
1. Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT -2015 164
Mobile Phone Handset Radiation
Effect on Brainwave Signal using EEG:
A Review
1
Kuldeep Singh, 2
Sandeep Kumar
1
Department of ECE, National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research Chandigarh-160019
2
Departmentof Zoology, Post Graduate Government College, Chandigarh-160011, India
1
Singh.kuldeep2009@gmail.com, 2
Shanty_chaudhary@yahoo.co.in
Abstract—This paper talks about the growing concern in
the people about the effect of mobile phone RF radiation
on human brainwave signal using various techniques to
capture those effects. Linear, Non- linear and statistical
methods (t-tests) employed by various researchers to
analyze variation in brainwaves.This paper gives
comparison between brainwaves like Delta (0.5-4 Hz),
Theta (4-8 Hz), Alpha (8-13 Hz), Beta (13-30 Hz) and
Gamma (30 Hz-70Hz) in terms of Frequency Progressive
map and amplitude progressive tri-maps.
Electroencephalography (EEG) gives a noninvasive way of
measuring brainwave activity from sensors placed on the
scalp of the human head. So, the aim of this paper is to
study the effect of RF exposure from mobile phone on
Human brainwave as brainwaves Brain wave can provide
information of mental state of the individual.
Keywords- Mobile phone; brainwaves; EEG; Radiofrequency
(RF); Brain; Cognitive
I. INTRODUCTION
The use of mobile phone is increasing day by day
around the globe, as cell phones have become an
integral part of people’s lives. As per the world
population clock the total world population is
7,012,000,000 and
number of mobile users around the world are
6,800,000,000+ as evaluated in February 2013[1]. Thus,
there are 97 phones per 100 citizens. Also India has
second largest mobile users around the world with
937,055,980 mobile users from the population of
1,267,402,000. Thus,there are 73.9 mobile phone users
per 100 citizens as per TRAI 30 November 2014 Press
Release [2].Mobile communication device are used in
immediate vicinity of the body, producing high
localized RF energy deposition.Frequency band used for
mobile are GSM900 or GSM 1800 or WCDMA 2100.
Mobile phone emits pulsed high-frequency
electromagnetic fields thatmay have some adverse
effects on the brain activity and human health. Since
mobilephones are used in closedproximity to human
temporal region of head as shown in Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Electromagnetic exposure on human brain [3]
In spite of using mobile phone below the permissible
SAR level set by Health regulatory body (FCC,
WHO,ICNIRP).TheFederalCommunications
Commission (FCC) has set a SAR limit of 1.6 W/kg,
averaged over a volume of 1 gram of tissue, for the
head.In Europe, the limit is 2 W/kg, averaged over a
volume of 10 grams of tissue. People encounter various
symptoms like sleepiness, dizziness, headache, fatigue,
loss of mental attention, heart palpitations, disturbance
of digestive system, burning and tingling sensations in
the skin of the head, memory loss, brain-tumours,
decrease in sperm count, decrease in mobility and many
more after the use of mobile phone. Still, there is no
accepted evidences with which we can prove these
effects are due to RF radiation. Thus, researcher are still
finding way to prove the presence of such affects as
there is also no proof that shows use of mobile phone is
safe for use.Thus, it isnecessary to control the adverse
effectscaused by mobilephone radiation on people. It is
important to know that all humans brain display five
different types of electrical patterns or brain waves
across the cortex. The brain waves can be measured
with an EEG (electroencephalograph) – a tool that
allowsresearchers to record brain wave patterns. Each
brainwave has a purpose and helps serve us in optimal
mental functioning.Brain is considered to be important
unit of central controlling system. As, the nervous
system ofhuman is divided into three main system i.e.
2. Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
165 NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT-2015
Central Nervous System (CNS) which mainly contains
Brain and Spinal cord, the Peripheral Nervous system
(PNS) and the Autonomic Nervous system(ANS).Brain
wave frequencies play a vital role in how successful we
are at handling stress, focusing on tasks, and getting a
good night’s sleep. If one of the five types of brain
waves is either overproduced or under produced in our
brain, it can cause problems. Each serves a role to help
us cope with various situations whether it is to help us
process and learn new information or help us calm down
after a long stressful day. Theta and gamma rhythms
associated with memory processes or memory formation
and also linked with working memory [4].Brainwaves
can be divided into five groups mainly delta, theta,
alpha, beta and gamma as shown in table 1.
TABLE I. BRAINWAVES
Brainwaves Frequency
(Hz)
Amplitude
(µv)
Description
Delta 0.5-4 20-200 associated with
deep sleep
Theta 4-8 2-100 associated with
drowsiness
Alpha 8-13 20-60 associated with
relaxed and alert
Beta 13-30 2-20 associated with
active thinking
or attention
Gamma >30 5-10 associated with
event related
synchronization
of brain
The researchers are trying to study different brainwaves
Delta (0.5-4 Hz), Theta (4-8 Hz), Alpha (8-13 Hz), Beta
(13-30 Hz), Gamma (30-70 Hz) of physiological interest
to come on conclusion whether the mobile phone
radiation alter the brain activity or not.Hence EEG
machine can be used as a toolfor recording ofbrainwave
waves by placing electrodes on the scalp of human brain
with a conductive gel or paste as per International 10–20
system with minimum 19 recording electrodes (plus
ground and system reference electrode) are used.Fig, 2
shows the placement of scalp electrode on human
brain.Fig.3 shows the frequency progressive map for all
frequency range used to analyze EEG power spectrum at
differentlocation of human scalp. In order to study the
results better we can use amplitude progressive Tri-
maps from three
Fig. 2 International 10–20 system electrode
Placement on scalp of human brain.
Fig. 3 Frequency Progressive map
differentviews,as shown in fig. 4 Many researchers were
still finding evidences on how these levels
of radiation affect biological tissue and on cognition.
Various Biological Effects of Radio Waves were
observed by various researchers like sleep disorder,
abnormal BP, weakness, fatigue, digestive problems in
children, impaired motor function, reaction time,
memory and attention [5].
R. M .Isa et al. in [6] have investigated that RF
Emission by mobile phone give several effect to
brainwave signal and there are significant different
between the session of exposure. Brainwave signal
were recorded focusing on alpha sub band with
frequency range from 8 to 12 Hz using
electroencephalograph. It has been observed during
Discriminant analysis of Alpha PAR (Power
Asymmetry Ratio) gave highest classification
percentage in session During with 94.7% and followed
by sessionafter with 91.6% as compared to 51.6% in
session before mobile phone radiation alters regional
cerebral blood flow on sleep and waking EEG Here
brain hemisphere dominance is investigated by using
Power Asymmetry Ratio.
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NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT -2015 166
In another study, N. Perentos et al. in [7] have
investigated the effect of both Pulsed and Continuous
radio frequency exposures on Alpha band of the
electroencephalogram. Seventy-two healthy volunteers
(35 females, 37 males) participated in a single recording
session where the eyes open resting EEG activity was
recorded and four exposure conditions were presented
(sham, pulsed modulated RF, continuous RF, and pulsed
low frequency) in a counterbalanced order for 20 min.
The mean alpha amplitudes for each condition, and the
statistical findings helps to conclude that suppression of
the global alpha band activity was observed under the
pulsed modulated RF exposure, and continuous RF
exposure but no effect was seen in the extremely low
frequency condition.
Ole Jensen et al. in [8] have discussed recent findings
demonstrating human gamma-frequency activity
associated with attention and memory in both sensory
and non-sensory areas. In recent iEEG studies reported
that gamma-frequency power is modulated by the phase
of theta-frequency oscillations and oscillatory activity in
the gamma-frequency band is related to object
representations in humans is supported by a range of
studies using EEG and MEG recordings. Attention and
maintenance of working memory are reflected by
increase in Gamma -band (30–100 Hz) Synchronization.
ZunairahHj Murat et al. in [9] investigate the effects of
mobile phone radiation on human brainwaves using
electroencephalograph (EEG) particularly on alpha
wave and thirty samples were taken that make calls
from a mobile phone to another party without
conversation to minimize artifacts in the EEG signals.
The mobile phone was held next to right ear at a
distance 2 cm from user’s head. The time frame protocol
of the experiment involving three stages (5 min for each
session and 1 minrest between each session), which
were before, during and after usage of mobile
phone.The four electrodes and 2 channels were
employed in bipolar connection as per International
Standard 10-20 electrode system.By performing
statistical Analysis which showed alpha level of the
right side decreases significantly during the calls and
further decreases within the period of 5 min. after the
calls were ended. However, the alpha power of the left
side of the head remains invariant throughout the
experiment. It has been observed that the increment in
the alpha waves shows that, samples are more relaxed,
and has higher concentration capability. Also correlation
between the alpha left and the alpha right brainwaves
signal decreases after 5 min. exposure from mobile
phone.
James c. Lin et al. in [10] has compared the two studies
one was UK investigation and other study was
Finlandinvestigation. According to UK study the effect
on cognitive function was studied in 18 children who
were 10 to 12 years of age, a standard Nokia
3110mobile-phone handset were used for exposures and
observed that some trends toward faster reaction times,
Higher accuracy and higher sensitivity in the presenceof
microwave radiation from a GSM cell phone than under
sham exposure (power-off) conditions and alsofound
that simple reaction-time measurement during
Fig. 4 Amplitude Progressive map
sham exposure was considerably slower significant vale
(p-vale = 0.02) than during exposure to 0.025 W and
0.25 W. In other study of Finland recruited twice as
many subjects (16 boys and 16 girls), but used a
different study design, which involved a two-way
counterbalance methodology and it was concluded that
RF electromagnetic energy from a standard GSM cell
phone had no effect on 10-14 year olds' cognitive
function, as measured by response time and accuracy.
Roy Luria et al. in [11] examined the time dependence
effect of exposure to mobile phone radiation on the
cognitive function of human. A total of 48 healthy right
handed male subjects performed a spatial working
memory task and were divided into three equal groups.
Twostandard Nokia TM 5110 GSM phones are attached
to both sides of the head by a non- conductive frame and
phone were silent during the whole test and was located
1.5 cm away from the subject’s head. Max SAR for
Nokia (5110) ranges from 0.54 to 1.09 w/kg.
Observation made by author after performing the
experiment that Avg RT (Reaction time) of the right
hand response under left side exposure was significantly
longer than those of the right side and sham exposure
groups. It has also been observed that EMF decreased
the theta band EEG activity during memory retrieval
task and increased the alpha band activity.
T. W. Huang et al. in [12] investigated that P300 at Pz
location on brain scalp could be used to identify the
cards memorization in a subjects’ brain, as amplitude of
P300 for target(memorized card) were larger than non-
memorized cards but P300 was affected by long –term
memory when recalling the memories in short-term
memory. The amplitude of P300 increases from frontal
to parietal lobe. Poker cards were used as visual stimuli
to evoke ERPs for recognition task by detecting
memorized card stored in short-term memory and
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167 NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT-2015
observed that memory can be detected by the changes of
potentials of brain P300, at Pz location in head. Thus,
long-term Memory affected the recognition task of
short-term memory.
II. CONCLUSION
From the above literature survey we concluded that
mobile phone RF exposure affects human brainwaves.
In spite of using mobile phone below the permissible
SAR level set by Health regulatory body (FCC, WHO,
ICNIRP) some bio-effects has been observed in mobile
user. Where in some researcher recorded the effect in
terms of Avg RT (Reaction time) of the right hand
response under left side exposure was significantly
longer than those of the right side and sham exposure
groups and alpha level of the right side decreases
significantly during the calls and further decreases
within the period of 5 min. after the calls were
ended.Attention and maintenance of working memory
are reflected by increase in Gamma -band (30–100 Hz)
synchronization.EMF decreased the theta band EEG
activity during memory retrieval task and increased the
alpha band activity. Memory can be detected by the
changes of potentials of brain P300, at Pz location in
head. Researchers were using different timing
protocolwhich results difficulty in to analyze the
accurate effect of RF exposure from mobile phone.
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