Modelling and Analysis of EEG Signals Based on Real Time Control for Wheel Chair

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 5 ISSUE 1 – MAY 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
23
Modelling and Analysis of EEG Signals Based
on Real Time Control for Wheel Chair
Madhu Sudha.M1
PG Scholar, RVS College of Engineering and Technology,
Dept of EST
E-mail Id: madhu.mms18@gmail.com
Kalaiarasi.A2
Assistant Professor, RVS College of Engineering and
Technology,Dept of EEE
E-mail Id: respond2kalai@yahoo.in
Abstract—Free versatility is center to having the capacity to perform exercises of day by day living without anyone
else's input. In this proposed framework introduce an imparted control construction modeling that couples the
knowledge and cravings of the client with the exactness of a controlled wheelchair. Outspread Basis Function
system was utilized to characterize the predefined developments, for example, rest, forward, regressive, left and
right of the wheelchair. This EEG-based cerebrum controlled wheelchair has been produced for utilization by totally
incapacitated patients. The proposed outline incorporates a novel methodology for selecting ideal terminal positions,
a progression of sign transforming and an interface to a controlled wheelchair.The Brain Controlled Wheelchair
(BCW) is a basic automated framework intended for individuals, for example, bolted in individuals, who are not
ready to utilize physical interfaces like joysticks or catches. The objective is to add to a framework usable in healing
centers and homes with insignificant base alterations, which can help these individuals recover some portability.
Also, it is explored whether execution in the STOP interface would be influenced amid movement, and discovered
no modification with respect to the static performance.Finally, the general procedure was assessed and contrasted
with other cerebrum controlled wheelchair ventures. Notwithstanding the overhead needed to choose the destination
on the interface, the wheelchair is quicker than others .It permits to explore in a commonplace indoor environment
inside a sensible time. Accentuation was put on client's security and comfort,the movement direction procedure
guarantees smooth, protected and unsurprising route, while mental exertion and exhaustion are minimized by
lessening control to destination determination.
Index Terms—ElectroEncephaloGram, BrainComputerInterface,
——————————
I INTRODUCTION
The EEG is recorded between cathodes put in standard
positions on the scalp and has an ordinary abundancy of
2-100 microvolts and a recurrence range from 0.1 to 60
Hz. Most action happens inside the accompanying
recurrence groups; delta (0.5 - 4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz),
alpha (8-13 Hz), beta (13-22 Hz) and gamma (30-40
Hz). The potential at the scalp gets from electrical
movement of extensive synchronized gatherings of
neurons inside the cerebrum. The action of single
neurons or little gatherings is weakened excessively by
the skull andscalp[1]. EEG action specifically
recurrence groups is regularly connected with specific
cognitive states. Flags in the alpha band, for instance,
are connected with unwinding. In this manner, a cathode
put over the visual cortex that distinguishes alpha band
signs is recognizing visual unwinding. An anode over
the engine cortex grabbing alpha band Signs is
recognizing engine unwinding. The EEG
(Electroencephalogram) is a delegate sign containing
data about the state of the mind. The state of the wave
may contain helpful data about the condition of the
mind. As of late, cerebrum PC interface and astute sign
division have pulled in an extraordinary enthusiasm
going from drug to military objectives[2].
To encourage mind PC interface gathering, an expert
system for gimmick extraction from EEG sign is
wanted. The cerebrum electrical action is spoken to by
the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. EEG is the
recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG
measures voltage changes happening in view of ionic
current streams inside the neurons of the brain[3].In
clinical settings, EEG insinuates the recording of the
mind's spontaneous electrical activity more than a short
time of time, ordinarily 20–40 minutes, as recorded
from different cathodes set on the scalp. Demonstrative
applications by extensive focus on the loathsome
substance of EEG, that is, the kind of neural movements

24
that may be seen in EEG signals.Brain cells relate with
each other by making humble electrical pointers, called
driving forces[4 ]
An EEG measures this activity. The test is done by an
EEG technologist in your authority's office or at a
mending focus or research[5]. EEG, ECG, EOG and
EMG are measured with a Differential enhancer which
enlists the complexity between two anodes affixed to the
skin. In any case, the galvanic skin response measures
electrical security and the MEG measures the Magnetic
field instigated by electrical streams
(Electroencephalogram) of the mind[6]. Electrical forces
and changes in electrical resistances across over tissues
can moreover be measured from plants[7]. Bio-signs
may moreover imply any non-electrical marker that is
prepared for being checked from biotic animals, for
instance, mechanical pointers (e.g. the
mechanomyogram or MMG), acoustic markers (e.g.
phonetic and non-phonetic verbalizations, breathing),
manufactured signs (e.g. ph, oxygenation) and optical
signs (e.g. improvements).
The vicinity of EEG musical development in scalp
recordings is simply possible as an eventual outcome of
the synchronized activation of massifs of neurons, the
summed synaptic events of which become sufficiently
huge[8]. The cadenced activity may be made by both
pacemaker neurons having internal limit of musical
movements and neurons which can't make a musicality
freely however can synchronize their development
through excitatory and inhibitory relationship in such a
path, to the point that constitute a framework with
pacemaker properties[9]. The late may be appointed as
neuronal oscillators (Madler et al 1991; Kasanovich and
Borisyuk 1994; Abarbanel et al 1996). The oscillators
have their own specific discharge repeat, distinctive
among assorted oscillators and dependent on their
inward reconciliation, regardless of close trademark
electrophysiological properties of single neurons which
constitute unique oscillators[10]. The neuronal
oscillators start to act in synchrony after use of outside
substantial impelling (Lopes da Silva 1991; Basar 1992)
or covered pointers from internal sources, for case, as a
result of cognitive stacking (Basar et al 1989). The
separated equipment of the neuronal oscillators basic
EEG rhythms was given in the Report of International
Federation on Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN)
Committee on Basic Mechanisms (Steriade et al 1990).
2 TYPES OF BRAIN WAVES
Table:Types of Brain waves
3 ELECTRODE CAP
Each application needs an upgraded approach to gather
information. To oblige this needs different sorts of
terminal tops like dynamic or inactive tops, protected or
non-attractive tops for a few applications like fMRI,
TMS, MEG and so on are available.Electrode Cap with
dynamic cathodes minimizing readiness time and
lessening ecological commotion and additionally
development relics to a base. Coordinated three shading
impedance pointers straightforwardly on the cathode
and programming controlled strong gimmicks
disentangle the setup. Good with all Brain Products
enhancers and additionally with different other
accessible EEG amplifiers.There are a few separate sorts
and sizes of EEG tops. We have 70 and 128 direct
caps,which come in the accompanying sizes: 70 channel
Child, pink and blue and 70 channel Adult large,Adult
x-vast; 128 Adult size top. See beneath for montage of
standard 70 channel cap[11].
Brainwave
Type
Frequency
range
Mental states and
conditions
Delta 0.1Hz to
3Hz
Deep, dreamless sleep,
non-REM sleep,
unconscious
eta 4Hz to
7Hz
Intuitive, creative, recall,
fantasy, imaginary,
dream
Alpha 8Hz to
12Hz
Relaxed, but not drowsy,
tranquil, conscious
Low Beta 12Hz to
15Hz
Formerly SMR, relaxed
yet focused, integrated
Midrange
Beta
16Hz to
20Hz
inking, aware of self &
surroundings
High Beta 21Hz to
30Hz
Alertness, agitation
Gamma 30Hz to
100Hz
Motor Functions, higher
mental activity

25
FIG:Electrode Cap
3.1 Positioning the cap
The top is named numerically (eg, 1-70) as opposed to
in the 10-20 framework (eg, CZ, P4, etc).However,
there is a guide which makes an interpretation of the
numbers into the 10-20 framework, see underneath for
the montage.When situating the top on the subject's
head, you need CZ to be at the intersection of midway
between the ears and midway between the nasion and
inion. There is an adaptable measuring tape in the
bureau stamped "day by day readiness supplies" that can
be utilized for this reason. In a perfect world, once CZ is
moved to one side area, the top ought to rest low on the
temple as opposed to high up at the hairline[12]. On the
off chance that the top is too little, utilize a bigger size
or spot extra anodes on the temple keeping in mind the
end goal to gather better frontal.
3.2 IR Sensor
The IR Sensor-Single is a universally useful vicinity
sensor. Here we utilize it for crash identification. The
module comprise of an IR emitter and IR beneficiary
pair. The high exactness IR recipient dependably
identifies an IR signal. The module comprises of 358
comparator IC. The yield of sensor is high at whatever
point it IR recurrence and low overall. The on-board
LED pointer helps client to check status of the sensor
without utilizing any extra hardware.The power
utilization of this module is low. It gives an advanced
yield. The affectability of the IR Sensor is tuned
utilizing the potentiometer. The potentiometer is
tuneable in both the bearings. At first tune the
potentiometer in clockwise heading such that the
Indicator LED begins sparkling. When that is
accomplished, turn the potentiometer simply enough in
against clockwise course to turn off the Indicator LED.
As of right now the affectability of the beneficiary is
most extreme.
FIG:IR Sensor
3.3 PIR Sensor
FIG:PIR sensor
The PIR (Passive Infra-Red) Sensor is a pyroelectric
gadget that distinguishes movement by measuring
changes in the infrared levels transmitted by
encompassing items. This movement can be
distinguished by checking for a high flag on a solitary
I/O pin[13]. Pyroelectric gadgets, for example, the PIR
sensor, have components made of a crystalline material
that creates an electric charge when presented to
infrared radiation. The progressions in the measure of
infrared striking the component change the voltages
created, which are measured by an on-board enhancer.
The gadget contains an uncommon channel called a
Fresnel lens, which centers the infrared signs onto the
element[14]. As the encompassing infrared signs change
quickly, the on-board enhancer trips the yield to
demonstrate motion[15].
4 LABVIEW
Lab view short for (Laboratory Virtual Instrument
EngineeringWorkbench) is a framework outline stage
and improvement environment for a visual
programming dialect from National Instruments[16].
The graphical dialect is named "G" (not to be mistaken
for G-code). Initially discharged for the Apple
Macintosh in 1986, LabVIEW is ordinarily utilized for
information procurement, instrument control, and
modern computerization on a mixed bag of stages
including Microsoft Windows, different adaptations of
UNIX, Linux, and Mac OS X. The most recent
adaptation of LabVIEW will be LabVIEW 2014,
discharged in August 2014[17].
4.1 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTS
Basically, a Virtual Instrument (VI) is a LabVIEW
programming component. A VI comprises of a front
board, square graph, and a symbol that speaks to the
system. The front board is utilized to show controls and
pointers for the client, while the piece graph contains the
code for the VI[18]. The symbol, which is a visual
representation of the VI, has connectors for project
inputs and yields. Programming dialects, for example, C
and BASIC utilization capacities and subroutines as
programming components. LabVIEW utilizes the VI.
The front board of a VI handles the capacity inputs and
yields, and the code chart performs the work of the VI.
Numerous VIs can be utilized to make huge scale

26
applications, truth be told, extensive scale applications
may have a few hundred VIs. A VI may be utilized as
the client interface or as a subroutine in an application.
Client interface components, for example, charts are
dragand-drop simple in LabVIEW.
4.2 PERFORMANCE
LabVIEW makes it hard to get machine or equipment
restricted execution and has a tendency to create
applications that are essentially slower than hand coded
local dialects, for example, C. This is particularly clear
in unpredictable applications including a few bits of
equipment.
5 BCI
The EEG is recorded between anodes put in standard
positions on the scalp and has an ordinary adequacy of
2-100 microvolts and a recurrence range from 0.1 to 60
Hz. Most movement happens inside the accompanying
recurrence groups; delta (0.5 - 4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz),
alpha (8-13 Hz), beta (13-22 Hz) and gamma(30-40Hz).
The potential at the scalp gets from electrical movement
of extensive synchronized gatherings of neurons inside
the mind.
EEG movement specifically recurrence groups is
regularly connected with specific cognitive statesSignals
in the alpha band, for instance, are connected with
unwinding. Accordingly, a terminal set over the visual
cortex that recognizes alpha band signs is distinguishing
visual unwinding. A terminal over the engine cortex
grabbing alpha band signs is distinguishing engine
unwinding (the mu musicality). Mind Computer
interfaces use EEG signals which can be controlled by
the client. Thesetypes ofEEG signs fall into two
fundamental classes; evoked reactions which are EEG
parts evoked by a particular tactile jolt, for example, a
glimmering light, and spontaneous EEG signals which
comprise of EEG segments that happen without boost,
for example, the alpha musicality or the mu beat. Note,
nonetheless, that a few spontaneous EEG flags, for
example, the mu rhythm[19].
The capacity of subjects to create voluntarily solid
spontaneous EEG rhythms, for example, the alpha mood
or the mu musicality can be upgraded by the utilization
of biofeedback or operant molding. This is a
methodology whereby the client is given a sign
concerning how well he/she is controlling a gadget (eg.
by taking a gander at it). This constitutes the `feedback'.
The subject then changes their EEG motion in light of
this input. Along these lines, the subject to learns
control the gadget through a learning procedure which
can take a few hours, days or weeks to finish. BCI
frameworks grew in the 1960s and 1970s depended on
biofeedback. Evoked Responses utilized as a part of
BCI exploration fall into three principle classes[20].
Evoked Potentials (DC changes in light of ceaseless
summoning boost), Evoked Potentials (EPs) oblige a
particular outside jolt and start in tangible cortex
regions. An average evoked potential is the Visual
Evoked Potential (VEP). In light of a strobe light, for
instance, the EEG over the visual cortex will change at
the same recurrence as the animating light. Subjects can
be prepared to control the quality of their relentless state
VEP with the utilization of biofeedback. This structures
the premise of other BCI frameworks. Since the EEG
control sign is at an exact, known and controllable
recurrence it is anything but difficult to identify. This
implies that the ensuing sign transforming and example
distinguishment errands are extremely basic . Occasion
Related Potentials (ERPs) happen in light of, or ahead of
time of specific `events'. The P300 ERP, for instance,
happens 300 ms after an occasion strikes which the
subject has been advised to react. The occasion must be
one in a progression of Bernouilli occasions (ie. one of
two sorts) and have a low likelihood of occuring.
SynchronizationsorDesynchronizations(ERS/ERD)areA
Cchangeswhichoccurinresponsetoevents(whereasERPsa
reDCchanges).Themurhythm,forexample,isdesychnroni
zedbymovement,tactilestimulationorbyplannedmoveme
nt(thepicturesbelowshow pictures of the head from
above - the left picture is for a subject arranging a right
hand development and the right picture is for arranged
left hand development - dim zones relate to solid
musicality. Anode arrangement and the resulting sign
handling can be guided by what is known of the
neurophysiology of the components that produce the
EEG signals. In this manner, for instance, frameworks
usingthemu cadence ERD will have numerous cathodes
over the suitable left and right engine cortex range.
Frequently, controlling EEG signs are utilized which are
relied upon to show up on a specific side of the cortex.
Thusly, peculiarities, for example, ghastly asymettry
proportions which overstate these hemispherical
contrasts are extricated at the sign handling stage
(mental math errands, for instance, are known to cause
diverse levels of action in every half of the globe.
In this way, we have been discussing the EEG which is
recorded from cathodes put on the scalp. There is
likewise a related recording technique called the
electrocorticogram (ECoG) in which terminals are set
on the surface of the cortex. Also there are different
systems in which embedded terminals are set inside the
cortex.
6 ADVANTAGES:
EEG is quiet, which considers better examination of the
responses, as in a segment of exchange techniques,
especially MRI and MRS. These can bring about a
mixture of undesirable issues with the data, moreover
block usage of these systems with individuals that have
metal installs in their body, for instance, metal-holding
pacemakers.

27
•EEG does exclude presentation to radioligands, unlike
positron release tomography. ERP studies could be
coordinated with for the most part essential norms,
differentiated and IE square framework fmri studies
•To an extraordinary degree uninvasive, unlike
Electrocorticography, which truly obliges cathodes to be
put on the surface of the cerebrum.
7 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT:
Scientists are as of now utilizing cerebrum PC interfaces
to help the handicapped, treat infections like Parkinson's
and Alzheimer's, and give treatment to misery and post-
traumatic anxiety issue. Work is under route on gadgets
that may in the end let you speak with companions
clairvoyantly, provide for you superhuman listening to
and vision or even give you a chance to download
information specifically into your cerebrum, a la "The
Matrix."At the base of this innovation is the 3-pound
generator we all convey in our mind. It creates power at
the microvolt level. Be that as it may the signs are
sufficiently solid to move robots, wheelchairs
andprosthetic appendages - with the assistance of an
outside processor.
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and Development, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 53–71,
2008.
[21] T. Carlson and Y. Demiris, ―Collaborative
control for a robotic wheelchair: Evaluation of
performance, attention, and workload,‖ IEEE
Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics,
Part B: Cybernetics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 876–888,
2012.
[22] B. Rebsamen, C. Guan, H. Zhang, C. Wang, C.
Teo, M. Ang, and E.Burdet, ―A brain controlled
wheelchair to navigate in familiar environments,‖
IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and
Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 18, no. 6, pp.
590–598, dec. 2010.
[23] I. Iturrate, J. Antelis, A. Kubler, and J. Minguez,
―A noninvasive brain-¨ actuated wheelchair based
on a P300 neurophysiological protocol and
automated navigation,‖ IEEE Transactions on
Robotics, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 614–627, june 2009.
[24] J. d. R. Millan, F. Gal´ an, D. Vanhooydonck, E.
Lew, J. Philips, and´ M. Nuttin, ―Asynchronous
non-invasive brain-actuated control of an
intelligent wheelchair,‖ in Proc. 31st Annual Int.
Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 2009, pp.
3361–3364.

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Modelling and Analysis of EEG Signals Based on Real Time Control for Wheel Chair