2. OVERVIEW
• Copying formulas and functions
• Mathematical operators
– Precedence order of operators
• Types of cell referencing
– Relative
– Absolute
– Mixed
• Charts and Graphs
– Pie
– Bar
– Column Charts
– Line
3. Copying formulas and functions
• Sometimes when we enter a formula,
we need to repeat the same formula
for many different cells. In the
spreadsheet we can use the copy and
paste command. The cell locations in
the formula are pasted relative to the
position we Copy them from.
• Cells information is copied from its
relative position.
4. Copying formulas and functions
cont…
A B C
5 10 =A1 + B1
10 20 =A2 + B2
15 30 =A3 + B3
10 20 =? + ?
5. • In other words in the original cell (C1)
the equation was (A1+B1).
• When copied and pasted the equation
pasted into (C2) would be (A2+B2).
And the equation pasted into (C3)
would be (A3+B3).
6. Copying formulas and functions
using FILL HANDLE
• If you have a lot of duplicate
formulas you can easily use a FILL
Handle.
•
7. Mathematical operands
• The mathematical operators used in
Excel formulas are similar to the ones
used in math class.
• Subtraction - minus sign ( - )
• Addition - plus sign ( + )
• Division - forward slash ( / )
• Multiplication - asterisk (* )
• Exponentiation - caret (^ )
8. Order of Precedence of
operators
• If more than one operator is used in
a formula, there is a specific order
that Excel will follow to perform
these mathematical operations. This
order of operations can be changed
by adding brackets to the equation.
An easy way to remember the order
of operations is to use the acronym:
BEDMAS
9. BEDMAS
• The Order of Operations is:
• Brackets
Exponents
Division
Multiplication
Addition
Subtraction
10. How the Order of Operations
Works
• Any operation(s) contained in brackets will be
carried out first followed by any exponents.
• After that, Excel considers division or
multiplication operations to be of equal
importance, and carries out these operations in
the order they occur left to right in the
equation.
• The same goes for the next two operations –
addition and subtraction. They are considered
equal in the order of operations. Which ever one
appears first in an equation, either addition or
subtraction, is the operation carried out first.
11. Types of cell referencing
• Once you understand cell references
your life will change forever
12. Relative Cell
referencing
•By default, Excel uses relative
reference. See the formula in
cell D2. Cell D2 references
(points to) cell B2 and cell C2.
Both references are relative.
• If you select cell D2 and drag
it down with a fill handle to cell
D5.
•Do you see what happens? Cell
D3 references cell B3 and cell
C3. Cell D4 references cell B4
and cell C4, and so on. The
reference in the formula is
relative to the position of the
cell containing the formula. In
other words: each cell
references its two neighbors on
the left. Sometimes we don't
want this type of reference.
13. Absolute cell
Referencing
See the formula in cell B2.
Cell B2 references cell A2
and cell E2. Again, both
references are relative.
1. Select cell B2 and drag it
down one cell.
Result:
Do you see what happens?
Cell B3 references cell E3
which is not what we want.
Solution: we need to fix the
reference to cell E2 in the
formula of cell B2. In other
words: we need to make an
absolute reference to cell
E2.
14. Absolute cell
Referencing cont…
2. To achieve this,
place a $ symbol in
front of the row and
column address of cell
E2. This way the
reference to cell E2 will
not change when you
drag the formula down.
Drag cell B2 down
again.
Check: Cell B5
references cell A5 and
cell E2
15. Mixed Cell
referencing
Sometimes we need a
combination of relative and
absolute reference (mixed
reference). See the following
example with two products and
three reductions. You may find
yourself in a similar situation
every now and then.
1. See the formula in cell E3.
We want to copy this formula
to the other cells quickly. Drag
cell E3 across one cell.
Do you see what happens? The
reference to the price should
be a reference to column B!
Solution: fix the column
address of cell B2 (in the
formula of cell E3). To achieve
this, place a $ symbol in front
of the column letter ($B2).
16. Mixed Cell
referencing
•In a similar way, when dragging
cell E3 down, the reference to
the reduction should be a
reference to row 7.
•Solution: fix the row address
of cell A7 (in the formula of
cell E3). To achieve this, place
a $ symbol in front of the row
number (A$7).
Result:
2. Now we can safely drag the
formulas to the other cells.
Result.
Hence cell G4 points to the
correct cells.
17. Charts and Graphs
• Microsoft Excel supports many kinds of
charts to help the user display data in ways
that are meaningful to the audience.
• Chart Wizard is used to create a chart
• Otherwise Chart Type command allows to
change an existing chart to another type
easily by selecting the type you want from a
list of standard or custom chart types.
• In ICT122 a few standard chart types are
discussed
18. Line
• A line chart shows trends in data at equal intervals. Line
charts have the following chart sub-types:
– Line This type of chart displays trends over time or
categories. It is also available with markers displayed
at each data value.
– Stacked Line This type of chart displays the trend
of the contribution of each value over time or
categories. It is also available with markers displayed
at each data value.
– 100% Stacked Line This type of chart displays the
trend of the percentage each value contributes over
time or categories. It is also available with markers
displayed at each data value.
– 3-D Line This is a line chart with a 3-D visual
effect.
20. Column Chart
• A column chart is used to compare values across categories. Column charts
have the following chart sub-types:
• Clustered Column This type of chart compares values across categories.
It is also available with a 3-D visual effect. As shown in the following
chart, categories are organized horizontally, and values vertically, to
emphasize variation over time.
• Stacked Column This type of chart shows the relationship of individual
items to the whole, comparing the contribution of each value to a total
across categories. It is also available with a 3-D visual effect.
• 100% Stacked Column This type of chart compares the percentage each
value contributes to a total across categories. It is also available with a 3-
D visual effect.
• 3-D Column This type of chart compares data points (data points:
Individual values plotted in a chart and represented by bars, columns, lines,
pie or doughnut slices, dots, and various other shapes called data markers.
Data markers of the same color constitute a data series.) along two axes.
For example, in the following 3-D chart, you can compare four quarters of
sales performance in Europe with the performance of two other divisions.
22. Bar Chart
• A bar chart illustrates comparisons among individual items.
They are the best chart type for comparing multiple values.
Bar charts have the following chart sub-types:
• Clustered Bar This type of chart compares values across
categories. It is also available with a 3-D visual effect. In
the following chart, categories are organized vertically, and
values horizontally, to place focus on comparing the values.
• Stacked Bar This type of chart show the relationship of
individual items to the whole. It is also available with a 3-D
visual effect.
• 100 % Stacked Bar This type of chart compares the
percentage each value contributes to a total across
categories. It is also available with a 3-D visual effect.
24. Pie Chart
• A pie chart displays the contribution of each value to a total. In
other words it shows the proportion of each dataseries in a whole
• Pie charts have the following chart sub-types:
• Pie This type of chart displays the contribution of each value
to a total. It is also available with a 3-D visual effect, as shown
in the following chart.
• Exploded Pie This type of chart displays the contribution of
each value to a total while emphasizing individual values. It is
also available with a 3-D visual effect.
• Pie of Pie This is a pie chart with user-defined values
extracted and combined into a second pie. For example, to make
small slices easier to see, you can group them together as one
item in a pie chart and then break down that item in a smaller
pie or bar chart next to the main chart.
• Bar of Pie This is a pie chart with user-defined values
extracted and combined into a stacked bar.
