Icd & sarcoidosis
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The document discusses the pathophysiology, stages, types, and procedures related to pleural effusions. Specifically, it notes that triggering factors can stimulate an immune response leading to granuloma formation and fibrosis causing restrictive lung disease. It also mentions stages, types of drainage systems used, and procedures for chest tube insertion and using Heimlich valves to treat pleural effusions.
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Chronic inflammation possble ospe
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pat anat-chronic inflamation
This document summarizes different types of inflammation. It discusses acute and chronic inflammation and describes chronic inflammation as having three main forms: granulomas, mononuclear cell infiltrations that can be diffuse or focal, and fibrosis with new blood vessel formation. It also discusses the components of inflammation including changes to vascular caliber, exudation and increased permeability, and proliferation of connective tissue. Specific types of chronic inflammation like interstitial, granulomatous, and proliferative inflammation are also summarized. Granulomatous inflammation and specific granulomatous diseases like tuberculosis are explained in more detail.
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This document discusses tuberculosis pathogenesis and granuloma formation. It lists the cell types involved in tuberculosis including CD4 T lymphocytes, monocytes, and epitheloid macrophages. It also lists the stages of tuberculosis progression from bacterial entry to central necrosis, giant cell formation, and fibrosis. Finally, it lists several diseases that can cause granulomatous inflammation including tuberculosis, brucellosis, sarcoidosis, and Crohn's disease.
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The human body has three lines of defense against pathogens. The first line includes physical barriers like skin and mucus. The second line triggers responses like inflammation and phagocytosis. The third line provides specific cellular responses and antibodies from glands and white blood cells to kill pathogens like killer T cells and antibodies. Together these lines of defense form a healthy immune system that protects healthy people.
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Cyptogenic orgnaising pneumonia
The document discusses mechanisms of intra-alveolar organization in cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP). It describes the process by which epithelial injury leads to fibrin deposition and proliferation of fibroblasts within the alveolar lumen. Mature fibrotic buds form due to production of connective matrix by myofibroblasts. In contrast to diffuse alveolar damage, COP does not form hyaline membranes. Prominent capillarization of intra-alveolar buds resembles granulation tissue. Angiogenesis factors may contribute to resolution of buds in organizing pneumonia.
Mucormycosis
This document summarizes mucormycosis, a fungal infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales. It most commonly affects immunocompromised individuals. There are several forms including rhinocerebral, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and disseminated. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is the most common type and affects diabetic patients, presenting with nasal stuffiness and black eschar on nasal tissues. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging. Treatment involves controlling underlying conditions, antifungal therapy such as amphotericin B, and surgical debridement of infected tissues.
Mycoplasma Infection
Mycoplasma are unique prokaryotes that lack a cell wall. They can cause respiratory infections like pneumonia that spread through coughing and sneezing. Symptoms include cough, fatigue, and weakness. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect antibodies. Treatment involves antibiotics like erythromycin and doxycycline. Prevention relies on good hygiene practices.
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Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that primarily affects the lungs and lymph nodes, and can affect other organs. The exact cause is unknown but is thought to be triggered by an environmental agent that causes an immune response and granuloma formation. Common initial signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, dry cough, skin lesions, fever, fatigue, and enlarged lymph nodes. While the lungs are usually primarily affected, many other organs can be impacted. Treatment aims to suppress inflammation and reduce granuloma impact to prevent lung fibrosis.
Sarcoidosis Presentation
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Sarcoidosis Basics for Medical Students
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas. It commonly involves the lungs and can cause pulmonary symptoms as well as extrapulmonary manifestations affecting the skin, eyes, heart and lymph nodes. Diagnosis is made through biopsy demonstrating non-caseating granulomas and treatment involves NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and steroid-sparing immunosuppressants depending on symptoms and organ involvement.
Chapter 6 Presentation
Phagocytosis is a process by which the body destroys dead or foreign cells through engulfing and ingestion by phagocytes like macrophages. Hodgkin's disease is a type of lymphoma cancer that affects lymph tissue and commonly causes swollen lymph nodes, while sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease of unknown cause that can affect multiple organs, most often the lungs, skin and lymph nodes, with varying symptoms depending on the affected organs.
Sarcoidosis
This document provides information on sarcoidosis, including:
1) It is a chronic granulomatous disease characterized by noncaseating granuloma formation of unknown cause, often affecting the lungs and lymph nodes.
2) It has a higher prevalence in African Americans and Japanese populations. The disease often affects people aged 20-40 and has a female predominance.
3) Granulomas form as a result of an abnormal cellular immune response potentially triggered by infectious agents. This leads to the formation of noncaseating granulomas containing giant cells.
4) The disease can have acute or chronic presentations and involve multiple organs, with lungs and lymph nodes most commonly affected. Corticost
Sarcoidosis
Este documento discute la hipótesis fisiopatológica de la sarcoidosis. Propone que un antígeno desconocido activa las células T CD4+, lo que lleva a la acumulación de macrófagos y la formación de granulomas. La evolución de la enfermedad depende de la respuesta inmunorreguladora del huésped mediada por células T reguladoras CD1d. La resolución de los granulomas requiere la liberación de IL-10 y la actividad de estas células T
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TLRs are a category of pattern recognition receptors that play an important role in innate immunity. Each TLR detects a distinct subset of pathogens. TLRs have an extracellular domain containing leucine-rich repeats for ligand binding and an intracellular TIR domain for signaling. Engagement of TLRs by microbial ligands initiates signaling cascades involving adaptor proteins like MyD88 that ultimately activate transcription factors such as NF-κB and induce inflammatory responses that promote pathogen clearance.
Tlr and inflammation 2013
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in the innate immune response to pathogens and tissue damage by recognizing molecular patterns and initiating signaling pathways that induce inflammation. TLRs are expressed by immune cells like dendritic cells and activate these cells which then activate T cells and drive both innate and adaptive immune responses. MicroRNAs also regulate TLR signaling pathways and the inflammatory response by targeting mediators downstream of TLR activation. QIAGEN offers a variety of tools for studying TLR signaling and inflammation, including PCR arrays to profile gene and miRNA expression and assays for functional studies, protein analysis, and epigenetics.
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas in multiple organs, most commonly affecting the lungs. It has unknown causes but is thought to involve genetic and environmental factors. Historically, it was first described in the skin in 1899 and was later found to also affect the lungs and lymph nodes. It presents variably from being asymptomatic to causing respiratory symptoms or lesions in other organs. Diagnosis involves clinical features, chest imaging typically showing bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, and biopsy demonstrating granulomas. Treatment involves observation of asymptomatic cases but corticosteroids for symptomatic or progressive disease. Prognosis is generally good with many cases resolving spontaneously but advanced lung fibrosis can occasionally occur
Sarcoidosis
This document provides an overview of sarcoidosis, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis and natural course. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder characterized by noncaseating granulomas and can affect many organs, most commonly the lungs (90%). It has the highest prevalence in Scandinavian countries. While the cause is unknown, it is thought to involve an abnormal immune response to environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals. Tissue biopsy showing noncaseating granulomas is required for diagnosis, along with supportive tests such as BAL and serum ACE levels. The natural course is variable, with 70% experiencing spontaneous remission and 16% having progressive disease.
TLR -Toll Like Receptors
Este documento describe los receptores Toll-like (TLR), que son proteínas de membrana que reconocen patrones moleculares asociados a patógenos y activan respuestas inflamatorias. Los TLR contienen un dominio extracelular de reconocimiento compuesto de repeticiones de leucina y un dominio citoplasmático TIR que inicia dos vías de señalización, una dependiente y otra independiente de la proteína MyD88. La señalización mediada por los TLR en las células presentadoras de antígeno representa un v
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic systemic disorder characterized by noncaseating granulomas in multiple organs. It most commonly involves the lungs (94% of cases) and lymph nodes (73% of cases). Other common sites of involvement include the skin, eyes, and liver. Laboratory findings may include lymphopenia, hypercalcemia, and elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme levels. Pulmonary function tests often show a restrictive or interstitial lung disease pattern. Chest imaging typically demonstrates hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy and interstitial infiltrates. Treatment involves corticosteroids, though spontaneous remission may occur in lymph node involvement. Prognosis depends on the degree of
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4. chronic inflammation granulomatous inflammation -dr. sinhasan- mdzah
This document discusses tuberculosis pathogenesis and granuloma formation. It lists the cell types involved in tuberculosis including CD4 T lymphocytes, monocytes, and epitheloid macrophages. It also lists the stages of tuberculosis progression from bacterial entry to central necrosis, giant cell formation, and fibrosis. Finally, it lists several diseases that can cause granulomatous inflammation including tuberculosis, brucellosis, sarcoidosis, and Crohn's disease.
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living organisms that lack a cell wall. They can cause respiratory infections like pneumonia (accounting for 10-20% of all pneumonias) as well as urogenital infections. Important species that infect humans include M. pneumoniae, Ureaplasma urealyticum, M. hominis, and M. genitalium. While some Mycoplasma species can be part of the normal flora, they can also cause diseases like atypical pneumonia and pelvic inflammatory disease. They are treated with antibiotics like tetracyclines but show resistance to beta-lactams due to their lack of a cell wall.
C:\fakepath\defending the body
The human body has three lines of defense against pathogens. The first line includes physical barriers like skin and mucus. The second line triggers responses like inflammation and phagocytosis. The third line provides specific cellular responses and antibodies from glands and white blood cells to kill pathogens like killer T cells and antibodies. Together these lines of defense form a healthy immune system that protects healthy people.
Lecture 31 Mycoplasms
This document discusses Mycoplasmas, small bacteria without cell walls that can cause respiratory and urogenital infections in humans. It outlines that Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma are the two important genera, with Mycoplasma pneumoniae being a cause of atypical pneumonia. Diagnosis involves isolation of the bacteria from respiratory or urogenital samples using selective media, as well as serological tests and PCR. Treatment depends on the infection site, but commonly involves tetracyclines and macrolides.
Cyptogenic orgnaising pneumonia
The document discusses mechanisms of intra-alveolar organization in cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP). It describes the process by which epithelial injury leads to fibrin deposition and proliferation of fibroblasts within the alveolar lumen. Mature fibrotic buds form due to production of connective matrix by myofibroblasts. In contrast to diffuse alveolar damage, COP does not form hyaline membranes. Prominent capillarization of intra-alveolar buds resembles granulation tissue. Angiogenesis factors may contribute to resolution of buds in organizing pneumonia.
Mucormycosis
This document summarizes mucormycosis, a fungal infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales. It most commonly affects immunocompromised individuals. There are several forms including rhinocerebral, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and disseminated. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is the most common type and affects diabetic patients, presenting with nasal stuffiness and black eschar on nasal tissues. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging. Treatment involves controlling underlying conditions, antifungal therapy such as amphotericin B, and surgical debridement of infected tissues.
Mycoplasma Infection
Mycoplasma are unique prokaryotes that lack a cell wall. They can cause respiratory infections like pneumonia that spread through coughing and sneezing. Symptoms include cough, fatigue, and weakness. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect antibodies. Treatment involves antibiotics like erythromycin and doxycycline. Prevention relies on good hygiene practices.
Covid 19 .
This document provides an overview of COVID-19, including its epidemiology, structure, and pathogenesis. It notes that COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, which spreads primarily through respiratory droplets. Globally there have been over 458 million reported cases and 6 million deaths as of March 2022. The virus structure includes spike, membrane, envelope and nucleocapsid proteins as well as RNA. It enters the body via the ACE2 receptor and primarily targets the lungs, causing issues like ARDS. Basic treatment focuses on symptom management while research looks into vaccines, drugs and nutritional support.
spread of tumour, gradding ; stagging.tumor immunology, effects of tumor on t...
This document discusses various aspects of tumor spread and the host immune response against tumors. It covers mechanisms of local and distant tumor spread including direct invasion, lymphatic spread, hematogenous spread, and spread along body cavities. It also discusses grading and staging of tumors and defines different grading systems. Regarding tumor immunology, it outlines evidence for tumor immunity and host response against tumors. It describes different types of tumor antigens that can elicit an immune response.
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4. chronic inflammation granulomatous inflammation -dr. sinhasan- mdzah
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spread of tumour, gradding ; stagging.tumor immunology, effects of tumor on t...
spread of tumour, gradding ; stagging.tumor immunology, effects of tumor on t...
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Sarcoidosis
This document discusses pulmonary sarcoidosis, a disease of unknown cause characterized by non-caseating granulomatous inflammation of the lung and multisystem involvement. It most commonly affects North American blacks, North European whites, and women. Clinically, it presents with respiratory symptoms, skin and eye lesions, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions and histopathological confirmation via biopsy. Treatment involves corticosteroids for constitutional or organ involvement. Prognosis is generally good except in cases with radiographic lung involvement.
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that primarily affects the lungs and lymph nodes, and can affect other organs. The exact cause is unknown but is thought to be triggered by an environmental agent that causes an immune response and granuloma formation. Common initial signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, dry cough, skin lesions, fever, fatigue, and enlarged lymph nodes. While the lungs are usually primarily affected, many other organs can be impacted. Treatment aims to suppress inflammation and reduce granuloma impact to prevent lung fibrosis.
Sarcoidosis Presentation
Sarcoidosis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the body's tissues, causing inflammation and formation of granulomas (clusters of cells). It most commonly affects the lungs and lymph nodes in the chest, but can impact multiple organs like the skin, eyes, liver, and heart. Symptoms vary depending on the affected organs but may include cough, shortness of breath, skin lesions, eye irritation, and joint pain. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, blood tests, and biopsies to rule out other potential diseases. Treatment typically involves corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, though some cases resolve without treatment.
Sarcoidosis Basics for Medical Students
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas. It commonly involves the lungs and can cause pulmonary symptoms as well as extrapulmonary manifestations affecting the skin, eyes, heart and lymph nodes. Diagnosis is made through biopsy demonstrating non-caseating granulomas and treatment involves NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and steroid-sparing immunosuppressants depending on symptoms and organ involvement.
Chapter 6 Presentation
Phagocytosis is a process by which the body destroys dead or foreign cells through engulfing and ingestion by phagocytes like macrophages. Hodgkin's disease is a type of lymphoma cancer that affects lymph tissue and commonly causes swollen lymph nodes, while sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease of unknown cause that can affect multiple organs, most often the lungs, skin and lymph nodes, with varying symptoms depending on the affected organs.
Sarcoidosis
This document provides information on sarcoidosis, including:
1) It is a chronic granulomatous disease characterized by noncaseating granuloma formation of unknown cause, often affecting the lungs and lymph nodes.
2) It has a higher prevalence in African Americans and Japanese populations. The disease often affects people aged 20-40 and has a female predominance.
3) Granulomas form as a result of an abnormal cellular immune response potentially triggered by infectious agents. This leads to the formation of noncaseating granulomas containing giant cells.
4) The disease can have acute or chronic presentations and involve multiple organs, with lungs and lymph nodes most commonly affected. Corticost
Sarcoidosis
Este documento discute la hipótesis fisiopatológica de la sarcoidosis. Propone que un antígeno desconocido activa las células T CD4+, lo que lleva a la acumulación de macrófagos y la formación de granulomas. La evolución de la enfermedad depende de la respuesta inmunorreguladora del huésped mediada por células T reguladoras CD1d. La resolución de los granulomas requiere la liberación de IL-10 y la actividad de estas células T
TLR - Kashmeera
TLRs are a category of pattern recognition receptors that play an important role in innate immunity. Each TLR detects a distinct subset of pathogens. TLRs have an extracellular domain containing leucine-rich repeats for ligand binding and an intracellular TIR domain for signaling. Engagement of TLRs by microbial ligands initiates signaling cascades involving adaptor proteins like MyD88 that ultimately activate transcription factors such as NF-κB and induce inflammatory responses that promote pathogen clearance.
Tlr and inflammation 2013
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in the innate immune response to pathogens and tissue damage by recognizing molecular patterns and initiating signaling pathways that induce inflammation. TLRs are expressed by immune cells like dendritic cells and activate these cells which then activate T cells and drive both innate and adaptive immune responses. MicroRNAs also regulate TLR signaling pathways and the inflammatory response by targeting mediators downstream of TLR activation. QIAGEN offers a variety of tools for studying TLR signaling and inflammation, including PCR arrays to profile gene and miRNA expression and assays for functional studies, protein analysis, and epigenetics.
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas in multiple organs, most commonly affecting the lungs. It has unknown causes but is thought to involve genetic and environmental factors. Historically, it was first described in the skin in 1899 and was later found to also affect the lungs and lymph nodes. It presents variably from being asymptomatic to causing respiratory symptoms or lesions in other organs. Diagnosis involves clinical features, chest imaging typically showing bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, and biopsy demonstrating granulomas. Treatment involves observation of asymptomatic cases but corticosteroids for symptomatic or progressive disease. Prognosis is generally good with many cases resolving spontaneously but advanced lung fibrosis can occasionally occur
Sarcoidosis
This document provides an overview of sarcoidosis, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis and natural course. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder characterized by noncaseating granulomas and can affect many organs, most commonly the lungs (90%). It has the highest prevalence in Scandinavian countries. While the cause is unknown, it is thought to involve an abnormal immune response to environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals. Tissue biopsy showing noncaseating granulomas is required for diagnosis, along with supportive tests such as BAL and serum ACE levels. The natural course is variable, with 70% experiencing spontaneous remission and 16% having progressive disease.
TLR -Toll Like Receptors
Este documento describe los receptores Toll-like (TLR), que son proteínas de membrana que reconocen patrones moleculares asociados a patógenos y activan respuestas inflamatorias. Los TLR contienen un dominio extracelular de reconocimiento compuesto de repeticiones de leucina y un dominio citoplasmático TIR que inicia dos vías de señalización, una dependiente y otra independiente de la proteína MyD88. La señalización mediada por los TLR en las células presentadoras de antígeno representa un v
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic systemic disorder characterized by noncaseating granulomas in multiple organs. It most commonly involves the lungs (94% of cases) and lymph nodes (73% of cases). Other common sites of involvement include the skin, eyes, and liver. Laboratory findings may include lymphopenia, hypercalcemia, and elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme levels. Pulmonary function tests often show a restrictive or interstitial lung disease pattern. Chest imaging typically demonstrates hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy and interstitial infiltrates. Treatment involves corticosteroids, though spontaneous remission may occur in lymph node involvement. Prognosis depends on the degree of
Toll like receptors
El documento describe los receptores de tipo Toll (TLR), que son proteínas transmembrana que reconocen patrones moleculares asociados a patógenos. Los TLR se expresan principalmente en células del sistema inmune e inician cascadas de señalización que conducen a la producción de citoquinas proinflamatorias y moléculas coestimuladoras. Existen dos vías principales de señalización de los TLR: la dependiente del adaptador MyD88 y la independiente de MyD88. Ambas vías activan factores de transcripción
Toll like receptors
This document summarizes Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are a family of pattern recognition receptors involved in the innate immune system. TLRs recognize molecular patterns from bacteria, viruses and other microbes. They are type I transmembrane proteins containing leucine-rich repeats in their extracellular domain and a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain in their cytoplasmic tail. Different TLRs recognize distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as TLR4 which recognizes lipopolysaccharide, TLR3 which recognizes double-stranded RNA, and TLR9 which recognizes unmethylated CpG motifs in bacterial DNA. TLR signaling activates immune response pathways to defend against infection.
TLR
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system by recognizing molecular patterns from microbes. They are expressed on immune cells like neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells as well as non-immune cells. Most TLRs are located on the cell surface but TLR9 is intracellular. Stimulation of different TLRs induces distinct patterns of gene expression to activate innate immunity and instruct the development of acquired immunity. The first human TLR was discovered in 1994 and TLRs were shown to induce adaptive immune responses in 1997. TLR signaling involves intracellular adapter proteins and transcription factors that trigger inflammatory responses.
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disease characterized by noncaseating granulomas that commonly affect the lungs, lymph nodes, skin and eyes. The cause is unknown but thought to involve genetic and environmental factors interacting with an abnormal immune response. A diagnosis is made by identifying noncaseating granulomas and excluding other potential causes. It most commonly affects females, blacks and involves an immunological disregulation in genetically predisposed individuals exposed to certain agents.
Toll like receptors
This document summarizes key information about Toll-like receptors (TLRs):
- TLRs are pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogens and activate immune responses. They play a role in both innate and adaptive immunity.
- TLRs recognize specific microbial ligands and signal through either MyD88-dependent or MyD88-independent pathways to induce inflammatory responses.
- Genetic variations in TLRs have been linked to susceptibility or resistance to various diseases like leprosy, tuberculosis, and cancer. Targeting TLR pathways may offer therapeutic approaches for neurological diseases like Alzheimer's disease.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of sarcoidosis.
Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by non-caseating granulomas that can affect multiple organs. Pulmonary involvement occurs in up to 90% of patients and includes lymph node enlargement, micronodules with a perilymphatic distribution, fibrotic changes, and bilateral perihilar opacities. Extrapulmonary involvement such as skin and eye lesions is present in 25% of cases. HRCT is useful for evaluating the pulmonary manifestations which can vary significantly between patients.
Pulmonary sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown origin characterized by non-caseating granulomas that commonly affect the lungs. Pulmonary manifestations are present in 90% of patients and include bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and pulmonary infiltrates. While two thirds of patients experience remission within ten years, one third have progressive disease that can lead to pulmonary fibrosis and, in rare cases, death. Computed tomography is more sensitive than chest x-rays in detecting lymph node enlargement and lung abnormalities associated with sarcoidosis.
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Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of sarcoidosis.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of sarcoidosis.
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This document discusses different types of traction used in medical treatment, including skin traction methods like Buck's extension, Russell's traction, and Bryant's traction that use belts and harnesses on the body. It also covers skeletal traction techniques such as overhead arm traction, balanced suspension traction, skeletal tongs, and halo traction that apply traction directly to the bones. Halo traction, in particular, uses a ring placed around the head to immobilize the skull and neck.
Splints
This document discusses various types of splints used for immobilizing fractures including straight splints, Thomas splints, Bohler Braun's splint, internal splinting using plates or nails, cervical collars, and plaster of Paris slabs which are used to immobilize broken bones and ensure proper healing.
Prosthetics
This document discusses different types of prosthetics including transtibial, transfemoral, and transradial prosthetics which replace legs below the knee, above the knee, and arms below the elbow. It also mentions body-powered arms, myoelectric prosthetics, robotic limbs, and direct bone attachment techniques for prosthetics.
Plaster casts
This document discusses different types of casts used for injuries: short arm casts are used below the elbow, long arm casts extend above the elbow, spica casts wrap around the torso and one or both legs, thumb spika casts support the thumb, Minerva casts immobilize the neck and shoulders, and body jackets provide support and immobilization for the torso.
Osteoporosis
This document discusses osteoporosis and osteomalacia. It outlines the clinical manifestations of osteoporosis which include fragility fractures, compression fractures, and spinal issues. It also mentions stooped posture and increased falling risk. Management involves lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, supplements and medications. Medications include bisphosphonates, estrogen analogs, calcitonin and others. It then discusses osteomalacia and notes its pathophysiology is inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake leading to decalcification of bones and softening of bones. Diagnosis involves lab tests and x-rays showing pseudofractures.
Orthopedics radiography sanil
This document provides an overview of common musculoskeletal imaging modalities. It discusses plain radiography as usually the primary modality due to its wide availability, low cost, and ability to assess bone. Nuclear scintigraphy is described as sensitive for skeletal pathology but nonspecific. Ultrasound is noted to be useful for superficial soft tissues. CT is presented as excellent for bone assessment. MRI is outlined as the best modality for soft tissues but more expensive and less patient-friendly. Specific clinical examples are given to illustrate findings on each imaging type.
Orthopedic implants
This document provides a list of different types of orthopedic implants used in surgery including safety locking plates, interlocking nails, craniomaxillofacial implants and instruments, mini and small fragment implants, large fragment implants, cannulated screws, DHS/DCS plates, hip prosthesis, ACL/PCL reconstruction systems, spine surgery equipment, and external fixators.
Orthopedic beds
Orthopedic beds are designed to provide support and comfort for the body. One type is a gel bed which uses gel infused memory foam to contour to the body and reduce pressure points. Gel beds aim to provide a comfortable night's sleep for those with back pain or other orthopedic issues.
Myopathies
Myopathies are primary muscle diseases that cause chronic muscle weakness. There are three broad groups: hereditary myopathies like muscular dystrophies, inflammatory myopathies such as polymyositis and dermatomyositis, and toxic myopathies caused by things like drugs and thyroid disorders.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common and serious hereditary myopathy. It is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by a lack of the dystrophin protein, leading to muscle degeneration. Boys experience progressive muscle weakness starting in early childhood and death usually occurs in late teens.
Polymyositis and dermatomyositis are inflammatory myopathies characterized by muscle pain, weakness
Musculoskeletal
This document outlines how to assess the musculoskeletal system through range of motion and orthopedic tests. It describes collecting subjective and objective data and then provides instructions on how to test the range of motion and check for pain in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine, shoulders, wrists, hands, fingers, hips, knees, ankles, and feet. Tests include checking range of motion, Lasegue's test, Phalen's test, and McMurray's test.
Musculo skeletal disorders
This document discusses musculoskeletal disorders including joint dislocation, ligament injuries, and tendon ruptures. Joint dislocation occurs when trauma distorts and stresses the joint structures, blood supply, and nerves, which can lead to avascular necrosis or nerve palsy. Specific ligament injuries mentioned are to the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament, as well as meniscal injuries and ruptured Achilles tendons.
Gout
This document discusses gout, including its clinical manifestations such as acute gouty arthritis and tophi, diagnostic measures like synovial fluid aspiration and x-rays, and its pharmacological management with drugs like allopurinol, probenecid, NSAIDs, steroids, and colchicine as well as dietary and conservative management approaches.
Fractures
This document provides descriptions and information on many common bone fractures. It discusses fractures of the skull such as Jefferson fractures, fractures of the spine like Clay-Shoveler's fractures and Hangman's fractures, fractures of the shoulder and upper arm bones including clavicular, scapular, and humerus fractures. It also covers forearm fractures like Monteggia and radial head fractures, wrist fractures including Galeazzi and Colles' fractures, hand fractures such as Bennett's and Boxer's fractures, as well as hip fractures like intertrochanteric and femoral neck fractures. Additionally, it summarizes fractures of the lower leg, ankle, and foot bones such as tibial plateau, tibial p
Braces
This document lists and describes various orthotic braces and devices for the upper body, lower body, and spine. It includes braces for the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, back, knee, ankle, and foot as well as cervical collars and braces used for spinal curvature and rehabilitation.
Bones
This document discusses the normal skeletal system and bone cells like osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. It also discusses infections of bone called osteomyelitis which can be pyogenic (bacterial) or tuberculous. Pyogenic osteomyelitis typically affects the metaphysis of long bones in children and causes symptoms like fever and bone destruction visible on x-ray. Tuberculous osteomyelitis commonly impacts the spine, knees and hips, forming caseous necrosis and granulomas that can damage joints and vertebrae.
Bone tumors
Bone tumors can vary significantly in their size, features, and severity, ranging from innocuous to rapidly fatal. It is important to accurately diagnose, stage, and treat bone tumors based on the normal tissue they resemble. The two main categories are benign and malignant tumors. Benign tumors typically occur in younger people while malignant tumors are more common in the elderly. Some key bone tumors mentioned are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and giant cell tumor. Osteosarcoma produces abnormal bone and often affects the long bones of teenagers and young adults. Ewing sarcoma is highly malignant and affects children and young adults. Giant cell tumor is usually benign but can be locally aggressive.
Peripheral nerve disrders
Diseases of peripheral nerve can be inflammatory, traumatic, metabolic, toxic, genetic, or neoplastic in origin. Inflammatory neuropathies like Guillain-Barré syndrome involve immune-mediated inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots, which can cause rapidly progressive paralysis. Hereditary neuropathies have genetic causes and are often progressive, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease which is caused by mutations affecting myelin formation. Acquired neuropathies can be metabolic, such as those caused by diabetes, or toxic, as seen with exposure to chemicals like lead. Peripheral nerves can also be damaged by physical trauma, compression, or malignant tumor infiltration.
Peripheral nerve disorders
Peripheral nerve disorders are alterations in motor, sensory or autonomic peripheral nerves that can be caused by various metabolic, toxic, infectious or genetic factors. Symptoms include pain, numbness, weakness and sensory loss. Peripheral neuropathies can be classified as mononeuropathies affecting single nerves, mononeuropathies multiplex affecting multiple individual nerves, or polyneuropathies broadly affecting many nerves simultaneously. Clinical exams help identify affected nerves and patterns of injury.
Myasthenia gravis new
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by varying degrees of weakness of voluntary muscles. It is caused by antibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, impairing transmission of nerve impulses to muscles. Symptoms include drooping eyelids, double vision, weakness of facial muscles and difficulty swallowing. It occurs most commonly in young adult women and older men. While its cause is unknown, treatment involves anticholinesterase drugs, immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis, IVIG, and sometimes thymectomy. Complications include myasthenic crisis with severe generalized weakness and respiratory failure.
Meningitis
Meningitis is an infection of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It used to occur mainly in infants but a vaccine has reduced infant cases, so it now occurs primarily in adults. Viral meningitis is usually less severe and people typically recover fully, while bacterial meningitis can cause more serious complications like seizures, increased intracranial pressure, and residual neurological deficits if not treated promptly.
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