Hypersonic aircraft fly at speeds over Mach 5, or over 5 times the speed of sound. The document discusses the history and evolution of hypersonic aircraft from early programs like the X-15 to current challenges and types of hypersonic aircraft. Major challenges include aerodynamic heating from high speeds, requiring new heat-resistant materials, and developing stable control systems for such fast and maneuverable aircraft. Potential applications are highlighted in both commercial and military use, such as transcontinental travel in hours and rapid targeting of enemies. With solutions to technical hurdles, hypersonic aircraft may revolutionize transportation and space exploration.

1. By: SYED MOHAMMAD ZAKRIYABy: SYED MOHAMMAD ZAKRIYA

2. INTRODUCTION:-INTRODUCTION:-
 WHAT IS HYPERSONICS ?WHAT IS HYPERSONICS ?
 Aerodynamic phenomena associated with veryAerodynamic phenomena associated with very
high speed greater thenhigh speed greater then five timesfive times faster than thefaster than the
speed of sound, which would be 6,200km per hourspeed of sound, which would be 6,200km per hour
at sea level.at sea level.

3. HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT HISTORYHYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT HISTORY
AND EVOLUTION:AND EVOLUTION:
 In March, 1954, NACA's LangleyIn March, 1954, NACA's Langley
Aeronautical Laboratory, Ames AeronauticalAeronautical Laboratory, Ames Aeronautical
Laboratory, and High Speed Flight Station beganLaboratory, and High Speed Flight Station began
the studies that led to the X-15 program.the studies that led to the X-15 program.
They knew at once that Mach 8-10 wasThey knew at once that Mach 8-10 was
unobtainable.unobtainable.
Materials and technology were notMaterials and technology were not
available for such speeds. But the work of theavailable for such speeds. But the work of the
Langley Laboratory showed that Mach 6-7 wasLangley Laboratory showed that Mach 6-7 was
within reach, as well as an altitude of 250 000 feet.within reach, as well as an altitude of 250 000 feet.
To attain this speed would require a rocketTo attain this speed would require a rocket
engine of 50 000-pounds thrust and a weight ofengine of 50 000-pounds thrust and a weight of
propellants 1 1/2 times the weight of the basicpropellants 1 1/2 times the weight of the basic
airplane.airplane.
These were difficult goals, but within theThese were difficult goals, but within the
state of the art.state of the art.

5. TYPES OF HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFTTYPES OF HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT
 Long range cruise Aircraft.Long range cruise Aircraft.
– Range 4000 nautical milesRange 4000 nautical miles
– Cruising at Mach 6 to 8.Cruising at Mach 6 to 8.
– Commercial aircraft with 200 toCommercial aircraft with 200 to
400 passenger capacity.400 passenger capacity.
 Medium range cruise Aircraft.Medium range cruise Aircraft.
– Range 3000 nautical miles.Range 3000 nautical miles.
– Cruising at Mach 5 to 6.Cruising at Mach 5 to 6.
– Military purposes.Military purposes.
 Acceleration boost Aircraft.Acceleration boost Aircraft.
– Used as TransatmosphericUsed as Transatmospheric
vehiclevehicle

6. CHALLENGE FACING BYCHALLENGE FACING BY
HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFTHYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT
 AERODYNAMICAERODYNAMIC
– Aerodynamic heating is aAerodynamic heating is a
concern for supersonicconcern for supersonic
and hypersonic aircraft.and hypersonic aircraft.
– The heating induced byThe heating induced by
the very high speedthe very high speed
vehicles is sufficient tovehicles is sufficient to
destroy the structure ofdestroy the structure of
the vehicle.the vehicle.
– high viscous interactions.high viscous interactions.

7. STRUCTURALSTRUCTURAL
 The maximum shear stress τmax at the weldedThe maximum shear stress τmax at the welded
site is estimated as τmax = 38,564 lb/in2, andsite is estimated as τmax = 38,564 lb/in2, and
is about 71 percent of the shear failure stressis about 71 percent of the shear failure stress
of the welding material.of the welding material.
 buckling temperature of the unit panel is (buckling temperature of the unit panel is (ToTo))crcr
= 1,389 °F which is 1.20 times higher than the= 1,389 °F which is 1.20 times higher than the
peak temperature 1,153 °F.peak temperature 1,153 °F.
 requires more tougher and stronger materialsrequires more tougher and stronger materials
to bear the aerodynamic loads.to bear the aerodynamic loads.
 Requires high thermal resistively materials toRequires high thermal resistively materials to
prevent melting.prevent melting.

8. STABILITY AND CONTROLSTABILITY AND CONTROL
 It requires more complex and advancedIt requires more complex and advanced
systems to control the aircraft.systems to control the aircraft.
 Once the stability is missed it is moreOnce the stability is missed it is more
difficult to stabilize.difficult to stabilize.
 Control surfaces used are less whenControl surfaces used are less when
compare to other aircrafts.compare to other aircrafts.
 Maneuvering of the aircraft is highlyManeuvering of the aircraft is highly
unsuitable.unsuitable.

9. SCRAMJET PROPULSIONSCRAMJET PROPULSION
 Supersonic combustion is the mainSupersonic combustion is the main
challenge facing by the hypersonic aircrafts.challenge facing by the hypersonic aircrafts.
 Hypersonic aircrafts require take-offHypersonic aircrafts require take-off
velocities upto 175 knots to 200 knots.velocities upto 175 knots to 200 knots.
 Airports of the future may required storageAirports of the future may required storage
of LH2 fuel and Hydrocarbon fuel.of LH2 fuel and Hydrocarbon fuel.
 The combustion of fuel in scramjet is a veryThe combustion of fuel in scramjet is a very
major task.major task.

11. •Appropriate solutionsAppropriate solutions
Liquid hydrogen production plants are toLiquid hydrogen production plants are to
be installed at the airport terminalbe installed at the airport terminal
The entire vehicle is protected with aThe entire vehicle is protected with a
thermal protection system (TPS).thermal protection system (TPS).
Either monolithic titanium alloys orEither monolithic titanium alloys or
metal-matrix composite materials, andmetal-matrix composite materials, and
honeycomb sandwich panels fabricated withhoneycomb sandwich panels fabricated with
high-temperature materials such as Titanium,high-temperature materials such as Titanium,
or nickel-based are used for better hotor nickel-based are used for better hot
structure.structure.

12. ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
 COMMERCIALCOMMERCIAL
– It might be possible that in the recent yearsIt might be possible that in the recent years
hypersonic flights sending us halfway around thehypersonic flights sending us halfway around the
world in a matter of hours will be fulfilled.world in a matter of hours will be fulfilled.
 MILLITARYMILLITARY
– It has numerous advantages in military field.It has numerous advantages in military field.
– Target can be chased within a fraction of timeTarget can be chased within a fraction of time
– Enemy can be targeted even in the space alsoEnemy can be targeted even in the space also

13.  SPACE EXPLORATIONSPACE EXPLORATION
– Hypersonic aircraft are the TransatmosphericHypersonic aircraft are the Transatmospheric
vehicles.vehicles.
– They can be used as a satellite launchThey can be used as a satellite launch
vehicles.vehicles.
– They are very useful in space exploration.They are very useful in space exploration.
– Space mission can be completed within lowSpace mission can be completed within low
budget.budget.

14. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
 If the challenges can be defeated thenIf the challenges can be defeated then
human being establishes another millstonehuman being establishes another millstone
in his life history.in his life history.
 It will be possible to travel around the worldIt will be possible to travel around the world
with in hours.with in hours.
 It is possible to travel into the outerspaceIt is possible to travel into the outerspace
just like a commercial airliner.just like a commercial airliner.
 It has countless application with hypersonicIt has countless application with hypersonic
aircrafts in the future.aircrafts in the future.

15. THANKINGTHANKING
YOU……YOU……