The document discusses different types of jet engines and speeds related to sound. It defines Mach number as the ratio of an object's speed to the speed of sound and categorizes speeds as subsonic (below the speed of sound), supersonic (above the speed of sound), and hypersonic (much greater than the speed of sound). It provides details on different jet engine types used at each speed category, including turbojets, ramjets, scramjets, as well as phenomena related to high speeds like sonic booms. Examples are given of vehicles and objects that operate at subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic speeds.

1. SONICS
PRSENTED BY
HALEEMULLAH
D-19-EE-04

2. Title and Content Layout with List:
a) WHAT IS MACH AND IS MEAN?
b) SUBSONIC BRIEF EXPLAIN WITH JET ENGINE
c) SUPERSONIC BRIEF EXPLAIN WITH JET ENGINE
d) HYPERSONIC BRIEF EXPLAIN WITH JET ENGINE
e) SONIC BOOM BRIEF EXPLAIN WITH JET ENGINE
f) SONIC OBJECTS AND VEHICLES
g) NATURAL THINGS THOSE WHO HAVE THESE QUALITIES

3. MACH:
DEFINITION:
• RATIO OF SPEED OF OBJECT TO THE SPEED
OF SOUND IN THE SURROUNDING MEDIUM.
• Mach number, a measure of speed based on the
speed of sound.
• For normal and dry conditions and temperature
of 68 degrees F, this is 768 mph, 343 m/s, 1,125
ft/s, 667 knots, or 1,235 km/h. ... Ultimately,
Mach numbers are defined by their relationship
to the speed of sound.

4. SUBSONIC:
DEFINITION:
• For aircraft speeds which are very much less
than the speed of sound, the aircraft is said to
be subsonic. Typical speeds for subsonic
aircraft are less than 250 mph, and the Mach
number M is much less than one, M << 1 .
• When an object moves at a speed slower
than the speed of sound in the medium, it
creates circular shaped sound waves inside
one another.

5. TURBOJET ENGINE:
 Two engineers, Frank Whittle in the United Kingdom and Hans von
Ohain in Germany, developed the concept independently into practical
engines during the late 1930s.
 The turbojet is an air breathing jet engine, typically used in aircraft. It
consists of a gas turbine with a propelling nozzle. The gas turbine has
an air inlet, a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a turbine
(that drives the compressor). The compressed air from the compressor
is heated by burning fuel in the combustion chamber and then allowed
to expand through the turbine. The turbine exhaust is then expanded in
the propelling nozzle where it is accelerated to high speed to provide
thrust.
 Turbojets. Jet engines are used to propel commercial airliners and
military aircraft. The simplest version of aircraft jet engines is a turbojet.

6. TURBOJET ENGINE:
FANE TYPE TURBOJET
ENGINE
PROB TYPE TURBOJET
ENGINE

7. SUPERSONIC:
Etymology:
• The word supersonic comes from two Latin derived words; 1) super: above
and 2) sonus : sound, which together mean above sound or in other words
faster than sound.
Early Meaning:
• At the beginning of the 20th century, the term "supersonic" was used as an
adjective to describe sound whose frequency is above the range of normal
human hearing. The modern term for this meaning is "ultrasonic".
DEFINITION:
• Supersonic speed is the speed of an object that exceeds the speed of sound
(Mach 1). For objects traveling in dry air of a temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) at
sea level, this speed is approximately 343.2 m/s (1,126 ft /s; 768 mph; 667.1
kn ; 1,236 km/h).

8. RAMJET ENGINE:
• A ramjet is a variant of an air breathing jet engine that does not
include a rotary compressor; rather, it uses the engine's forward
motion to compress the incoming air. A ramjet cannot function at
zero airspeed and therefore cannot be used to power an aircraft
in all phases of flight.
• An object moving at high speed through air generates a high
pressure region upstream. A ramjet uses this high pressure in
front of the engine to force air through the tube, where it is
heated by combusting some of it with fuel. It is then passed
through a nozzle to accelerate it to supersonic speeds.

10. • In aerodynamics, a hypersonic speed is one that
greatly exceeds the speed of sound, often stated as
starting at speeds of Mach 5 and above.
• Hypersonic is, obviously, supersonic on steroids.
But while "supersonic" has the clear cut definition of
being faster than the speed of sound (Mach 1),
hypersonic is a little fuzzier. ... Hypersonic speeds
have been achieved before

11. HYPERSONIC:
• LATEST:
• The United States is currently developing hypersonic missiles that
travel in excess of 6,000 miles per hour. The hypersonic SR-72 is
reported to be making great gains in secret. It's all very impressive,
but it can be hard to wrap your head around in the abstract, so let's do
a little bit of napkin math to really bring it home.
• HISTORY:
• Hypersonic speeds have been achieved before, most notably by the
U.S. Air Force and NASA when test pilot William J. Knight set the
record for fastest crewed flight in 1967 when he piloted the North
American X-15 to Mach 6.72 (4,520 mph) at an altitude of 102,100
feet. In 2004, the uncrewed NASA X-43A set a speed record at Mach
9.6, or 7,310 mph at an altitude of about 110,000 feet.

12. SCRAMJET ENGINE:
• A scramjet engine is an improvement over the ramjet engine as
it efficiently operates at hypersonic speeds and allows
supersonic combustion. Thus it is known as Supersonic
Combustion Ramjet, or Scramjet. ... The Scramjet engine
designed by ISRO uses Hydrogen as fuel and the Oxygen from
the atmospheric air as the oxidizer.
• As in ramjets, a scramjet relies on high vehicle speed to
compress the incoming air forcefully before combustion (hence
ramjet), but whereas a ramjet decelerates the air to subsonic
velocities before combustion, the airflow in a scramjet is
supersonic throughout the entire engine

13. SCRAMJET ENGINE:
• A scramjet (supersonic-combustion ramjet) is a ramjet engine in
which the airflow through the engine remains supersonic, or
greater than the speed of sound. Scramjet powered vehicles are
envisioned to operate at speeds up to at least Mach 15. ... In a
scramjet, even the airflow through the engine remains
supersonic.
• How fast can scramjets go?
• Theoretical projections place the top speed of a scramjet
between Mach 12 (14,000 km/h; 8,400 mph) and Mach 24
(25,000 km/h; 16,000 mph). For comparison, the orbital speed at
200 kilometers (120 mi) low earth orbit is 7.79 kilometers per
second (28,000 km/h; 17,400 mph).

14. SCRAMJET ENGINE:

15. ENGINE WORKING ANIMATION:

16. • A sonic boom is the sound associated with the shock waves created whenever
an object travels through the air faster than the speed of sound. Sonic booms
generate enormous amounts of sound energy, sounding similar to an explosion
or a thunderclap to the human ear.
• Sonic boom is an impulsive noise similar to thunder. When the aircraft exceeds
the speed of sound, these pressure waves combine and form shock waves
which travel forward from the generation or "release" point.
• Most bullets make small sonic booms when flying through the air, which to our
ears sound like a loud, distinct “crack!”
• The general consensus is that a loud enough sound could cause an air
embolism in your lungs, which then travels to your heart and kills you.
Alternatively, your lungs might simply burst from the increased air pressure. ...
High-intensity ultrasonic sound (generally anything above 20KHz) can cause
physical damage.

17. SONIC BOOM:

18. SONIC OBJECTS AND VEHICLES:
SUBSONIC:
1. Tupolev Tu-144 JET
2. COMMERCIAL AEROPLANE
3. CRUISE MISSILE (BRAHMOS)
SUPERSONIC:
1. BLASTIC MISSLE (BrahMos PJ-10) Shaheen 2
2. F 16 THUNDER F22 RAPTOR F35 LIGHTNING
HYPERSONIC:
1. Russia's 3M22 Zircon INDIAN (BRAHMOS) PAKISTAN NASR
2. Sukhoi Su-57 F-22 RAPTOR