Hyperprolactinemia
•
7 likes•3,411 views
Hyperprolactinemia is caused by increased levels of the hormone prolactin, which is regulated by the hypothalamus. Elevated prolactin levels can be caused by hypothalamic or pituitary tumors, systemic diseases, or certain drugs. Common symptoms of hyperprolactinemia in females include menstrual irregularities and galactorrhea, while males commonly experience symptoms related to mass effects of pituitary tumors such as headaches and visual abnormalities. Treatment options for hyperprolactinemia depend on the size and invasiveness of any pituitary tumors, and may involve dopamine agonists such as bromocriptine or surgery.
Report
Share
Report
Share
![高泌乳激素血症 (Hyperprolactinemia) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hyperprolactinemia-1218072839103651-8/85/Hyperprolactinemia-1-320.jpg)
![PRL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
Hyperprolactinema for undergraduate updated
This document discusses hyperprolactinemia, including its causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates lactation. Hyperprolactinemia can be caused by physiological conditions like pregnancy or pathological conditions like pituitary adenomas. Common symptoms include galactorrhea, infertility, and menstrual irregularities. Diagnosis involves measuring prolactin levels and imaging tests. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, such as using dopamine agonists to reduce prolactin levels or surgery to remove pituitary tumors.
Hyperprolactinema for undergraduate
Undergraduate course lectures in Obstetrics&Gynecology Prepered by Dr Manal Behery .Professor OB&GYNE .Faculty of medicine ,Zagazig University
Role of progestogen in miscarriage
This document discusses treatment for miscarriages and the role of progestagens. It defines miscarriage and notes that it affects 1 in 4 pregnancies. Progestagens like progesterone help maintain pregnancy by enhancing implantation and preventing contractions. Studies on progestagen for threatened miscarriage show reduced miscarriage risk but results need cautious interpretation due to study limitations. For recurrent miscarriage, expert bodies do not currently recommend progestagens due to lack of long-term safety data, but ongoing trials like PRISM and PROMISE aim to provide further evidence on efficacy and safety.
Medical Management of Fibroids
1. Ulipristal acetate is a selective progesterone receptor modulator approved for treatment of uterine fibroids. It binds to progesterone receptors and blocks their action, reducing fibroid size and symptoms without affecting estrogen levels.
2. Studies showed ulipristal acetate effectively controlled bleeding and reduced fibroid volumes more rapidly than leuprolide acetate. It maintained fertility without significant safety issues.
3. Long term treatment with ulipristal acetate provided sustained control of bleeding and pain, with shrinkage of fibroid volumes maintained during off treatment periods. Quality of life was improved.
Preterm Labor 2021 Update
Preterm labor is the labor that starts before the 37th completed week. In this presentation, we will discover causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, and management principles for preterm labor along with the most recent evidence.
Bleeding disorders in pregnancy
Prof. M.C.Bansal discusses physiological changes in coagulation during pregnancy that result in a hypercoagulable state and increased risk of venous thrombosis. Several coagulation factors are increased while others like protein S are decreased. Inherited and acquired bleeding disorders may also develop or be exacerbated during pregnancy. Careful screening and management is required for safe delivery.
Mayer rokitansky kuster hauser syndrome
This document discusses Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser Syndrome (MRKH), a rare disorder characterized by the congenital absence of the uterus and vagina. It describes the signs and symptoms, including primary amenorrhea. Surgical techniques for creating a neovagina are discussed, including the McIndoe technique using a skin graft. Options for women with MRKH like surrogacy and adoption are mentioned. The document emphasizes that while women with MRKH cannot carry their own biological children, they should realize others experience pain and appreciate what they have.
Hyperprolactinemia
As reproductive clinicians, it is important that the pathological relevance of hyperprolactinemia is established before commencing treatment for this endocrinological disorder.
Most cases of true hyperprolactinemia are associated with amenorrhea or hormone deprivation in premenopausal women and can be managed by dopamine agonist or hormone replacement therapy respectively
Recommended
Hyperprolactinema for undergraduate updated
This document discusses hyperprolactinemia, including its causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates lactation. Hyperprolactinemia can be caused by physiological conditions like pregnancy or pathological conditions like pituitary adenomas. Common symptoms include galactorrhea, infertility, and menstrual irregularities. Diagnosis involves measuring prolactin levels and imaging tests. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, such as using dopamine agonists to reduce prolactin levels or surgery to remove pituitary tumors.
Hyperprolactinema for undergraduate
Undergraduate course lectures in Obstetrics&Gynecology Prepered by Dr Manal Behery .Professor OB&GYNE .Faculty of medicine ,Zagazig University
Role of progestogen in miscarriage
This document discusses treatment for miscarriages and the role of progestagens. It defines miscarriage and notes that it affects 1 in 4 pregnancies. Progestagens like progesterone help maintain pregnancy by enhancing implantation and preventing contractions. Studies on progestagen for threatened miscarriage show reduced miscarriage risk but results need cautious interpretation due to study limitations. For recurrent miscarriage, expert bodies do not currently recommend progestagens due to lack of long-term safety data, but ongoing trials like PRISM and PROMISE aim to provide further evidence on efficacy and safety.
Medical Management of Fibroids
1. Ulipristal acetate is a selective progesterone receptor modulator approved for treatment of uterine fibroids. It binds to progesterone receptors and blocks their action, reducing fibroid size and symptoms without affecting estrogen levels.
2. Studies showed ulipristal acetate effectively controlled bleeding and reduced fibroid volumes more rapidly than leuprolide acetate. It maintained fertility without significant safety issues.
3. Long term treatment with ulipristal acetate provided sustained control of bleeding and pain, with shrinkage of fibroid volumes maintained during off treatment periods. Quality of life was improved.
Preterm Labor 2021 Update
Preterm labor is the labor that starts before the 37th completed week. In this presentation, we will discover causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, and management principles for preterm labor along with the most recent evidence.
Bleeding disorders in pregnancy
Prof. M.C.Bansal discusses physiological changes in coagulation during pregnancy that result in a hypercoagulable state and increased risk of venous thrombosis. Several coagulation factors are increased while others like protein S are decreased. Inherited and acquired bleeding disorders may also develop or be exacerbated during pregnancy. Careful screening and management is required for safe delivery.
Mayer rokitansky kuster hauser syndrome
This document discusses Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser Syndrome (MRKH), a rare disorder characterized by the congenital absence of the uterus and vagina. It describes the signs and symptoms, including primary amenorrhea. Surgical techniques for creating a neovagina are discussed, including the McIndoe technique using a skin graft. Options for women with MRKH like surrogacy and adoption are mentioned. The document emphasizes that while women with MRKH cannot carry their own biological children, they should realize others experience pain and appreciate what they have.
Hyperprolactinemia
As reproductive clinicians, it is important that the pathological relevance of hyperprolactinemia is established before commencing treatment for this endocrinological disorder.
Most cases of true hyperprolactinemia are associated with amenorrhea or hormone deprivation in premenopausal women and can be managed by dopamine agonist or hormone replacement therapy respectively
Induction of labour (2)
This document discusses induction and augmentation of labor. It begins by defining induction of labor as artificially stimulating uterine contractions before the onset of labor, while augmentation refers to stimulating inadequate spontaneous contractions. The document then covers the structures and physiology of the cervix as it relates to ripening. It discusses various methods of assessing cervical status including Bishop's score and indications, contraindications, risks and prerequisites for labor induction. The document provides an overview of common methods used for cervical ripening and labor induction.
Newer Predictors of Preeclampsia
This document discusses traditional and novel biomarkers for predicting preeclampsia. It summarizes the findings of various studies on biomarkers such as urine albumin excretion rate, serum uric acid levels, microalbuminuria, urinary soluble endoglin, urine proteomics, inhibin A, and thrombomodulin among others. Many of these show potential as predictors but have limitations in sensitivity, specificity, or ability to determine disease severity. Novel placental factors measured early in pregnancy may be promising predictors if they can be easily and cheaply measured with high sensitivity and specificity.
hyperprolactinemia
This document discusses prolactinomas, which are pituitary tumors that cause excessive prolactin secretion. It describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management approaches for prolactinomas. Microprolactinomas are small tumors less than 10mm, while macroprolactinomas are larger tumors. The first line treatment is dopamine agonist medication to reduce prolactin levels. Surgical removal may be considered for resistant cases or tumors pressing on nearby structures. Prolactinomas are generally managed medically but require monitoring due to risks of vision changes or hypogonadism from high prolactin levels.
Role of progesterone in pre term labour (1)
This document summarizes the role of progesterone in preventing preterm labor. It discusses international guidelines that recommend daily progesterone supplementation for women with a prior preterm birth or short cervix. Studies show progesterone is effective at maintaining uterine quiescence and preventing preterm birth by regulating stress hormones and limiting prostaglandin production. Progesterone reduces the risk of preterm birth in women with a short cervix, prior preterm birth, or twin gestation with short cervix. It may also be beneficial for maintenance tocolysis after arrested preterm labor when compared to placebo or no treatment.
Preterm LABOUR
Preterm labor is defined as the onset of labor between 20 weeks of gestation and 37 weeks. Risk factors include a previous preterm birth, low socioeconomic status, infections, and short cervical length. Diagnosis involves assessing for contractions and cervical changes. Treatment aims to delay delivery through tocolysis, corticosteroids to aid lung maturation, antibiotics for infections, and magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection. Progesterone supplementation and cerclage placement can help prevent preterm birth in high risk women. The goal is to prolong pregnancy and improve neonatal outcomes.
Overview of IUGR FGR
Fetal growth restriction (FGR), formerly called intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), refers to a condition in which an unborn baby is smaller than it should be because it is not growing at a normal rate inside the womb.
Mild FGR usually doesn't cause long-term problems. In fact, most babies who have it catch up in height and weight by age 2. But severe FGR can seriously harm a baby before and after birth. The extent of the problems depends on the cause and how severe the growth restriction is. It also depends on what point in the pregnancy it starts.
Key points in prescription writing in menopause, Dr. Sharda Jain, Dr. Jyoti A...
1. Menopause is caused by the depletion of ovarian follicles leading to a decline in estrogen levels, and can also result from surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus.
2. Estrogen plays an important role in many bodily functions beyond reproduction, including brain and psychological health, temperature regulation, bone and heart health, and more.
3. Hormone replacement therapy is often used to treat discomforting menopause symptoms, but its use requires consideration of risks like increased chances of blood clots, stroke, and certain cancers. Alternative treatments include progesterone, gabapentin, SSRIs, and herbal remedies.
Prediction and prevention of Preeclampsia
Amino acid supplementation to prevent or treat IUGR acts as an attractive potential therapeutic option. CALCIUM & Vit D supplementation has a role
1. recurrent pregnancy loss
This document discusses recurrent pregnancy loss. It defines recurrent miscarriage as three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions before 20 weeks of gestation. Evaluation and treatment should focus on common and treatable causes like uterine anomalies, endocrine abnormalities, autoimmune disorders, thrombophilia, and genetic factors. Management may include surgical correction of septate uterus, treatment of thyroid disorders, anticoagulation for antiphospholipid syndrome, and assisted reproductive technology for translocations. Unexplained recurrent loss can be managed with lifestyle changes, progesterone, low-dose aspirin, and close monitoring during subsequent pregnancies.
Recurrent miscarriage Prof. Aboubakr Elnashar
This document provides an overview of recurrent miscarriage, including its definition, causes, evaluation, and treatment. It discusses the possible causes of recurrent miscarriage such as anatomic, endocrine, infectious, autoimmune and genetic factors. For evaluation, it recommends taking a medical history, physical exam, pelvic ultrasound, thyroid testing, infection screening, antiphospholipid antibody testing, thrombophilia screening, and in some cases karyotyping. For treatment, it discusses addressing correctable causes as well as treatments for unexplained recurrent miscarriage such as lifestyle modifications, progestogens, aspirin, HCG, and immunotherapy, noting that evidence is limited for treatments of unexplained cases.
Ovulation Stimulation Protocols for IUI
This document discusses mild ovarian stimulation protocols for ovulation induction and in vitro fertilization (IVF). It outlines important factors to consider like ovarian reserve, previous response, and hormone profiles. It compares protocols using clomiphene citrate, aromatase inhibitors, and gonadotropins alone or in combination to induce ovulation of 1-3 follicles. Premature luteinization during ovarian stimulation is also discussed. The document aims to develop cost-effective low-dose IVF procedures suitable for developing countries like India.
Amtsl – active management of third stage of
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, accounting for over 100,000 deaths per year. Active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) involving prophylactic oxytocin, controlled cord traction, and uterine massage can prevent 60% of PPH cases. For women without risk factors, oxytocin is the recommended agent for AMTSL, while carboprost is effective for treatment of PPH. Clinical evidence shows carboprost provides powerful uterine contraction with fewer side effects compared to other uterotonics like methylergometrine. Proper identification of risk factors and preparedness are important for reducing the burden of PPH.
Reproductive Immunology
Invited Lecture delivered by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta in National Youth Conference, held at Patna in August 2019. This session was sponsored by Bharat Serum and Vaccines
Premature ovarian failure
This document summarizes information about premature ovarian failure (POF). It defines POF as amenorrhea, hypoestrogenism, and elevated gonadotropins in women under age 40. POF prevalence is 1-4% under age 40, increasing to 1% by age 30 and 4% by age 40. Causes include genetic factors, autoimmunity, environmental exposures, infections, and iatrogenic factors. Symptoms include menopausal symptoms and long term risks of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Diagnosis involves lab tests of hormones and imaging. Treatment is hormone replacement therapy. Annual follow up is needed to monitor treatment and screen for other related conditions.
Hyperprolactinemia work up
This document discusses hyperprolactinemia, including its causes, clinical presentations, evaluation, and treatment. The main causes of elevated prolactin levels are pituitary adenomas and medications. Clinical presentations vary depending on gender and prolactin level, and can include galactorrhea, amenorrhea, infertility, and decreased libido. Evaluation involves checking prolactin, excluding physiological causes, and using MRI to identify pituitary lesions. Treatment aims to restore normal hormone levels and fertility. Dopamine agonists are first-line therapy and can shrink tumors in many cases. Surgery may be considered if medications fail or for large macroadenomas.
Maternal Near Miss
This document discusses maternal near miss (MNM), which refers to women who nearly die but survive severe complications during pregnancy or childbirth. The World Health Organization recommends criteria for identifying MNM cases, including disease-specific conditions, management-based interventions, and organ dysfunction. Studying MNM provides advantages over solely examining maternal mortality, as MNM cases are more common and can reveal deficiencies in healthcare. Identifying and reviewing MNM cases can help reduce maternal mortality by informing actions to address gaps and improve quality of care. The document reviews several studies of MNM cases in Egypt which found the most common morbidities were related to preeclampsia, hemorrhage, and organ dysfunctions like coagulation issues. MNM
Endometrial cancer
This document discusses endometrial cancer, including its classification, risk factors, diagnosis, staging, and management. It notes that endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in UK women, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 46. Abnormal uterine bleeding is the classic symptom. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy or hysteroscopy with D&C. Staging requires total hysterectomy and BSO. Risk factors include obesity, unopposed estrogen exposure, and hereditary conditions like Lynch syndrome.
Adjuvants in ART.pptx
Adjuvant therapy, also known as adjunct therapy or add-on therapy, is therapy given in addition to the primary or initial therapy to maximize its effectiveness.
Add-ons have become ubiquitous with the process of assisted reproduction (ART) which is markedly more complex than it was at its inception.
Recurrent miscarriage ppt gynae seminar
This document discusses recurrent miscarriage, providing definitions and epidemiology. It defines recurrent miscarriage as 3 or more consecutive miscarriages. Causes discussed include polycystic ovary syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, chromosomal abnormalities, endocrine disorders, and uterine abnormalities. Investigation and management strategies are presented for different potential causes. For unexplained recurrent miscarriage, progesterone and aspirin are discussed but evidence for their effectiveness is limited. Counseling and lifestyle modifications are recommended.
Dienogest in endometriosis
Recent advances in endometriosis were discussed. Endometriosis is a chronic disease where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, affecting around 10% of women. Dienogest, a progestin, was shown to be effective in reducing endometriosis-associated pelvic pain in randomized controlled trials. Dienogest 2mg daily for 24 weeks provided pain relief similar to leuprolide acetate but with fewer side effects. Long-term use of dienogest for 65 weeks maintained pain relief with a favorable safety profile. Dienogest was as effective as goserelin in reducing postoperative recurrence of endometriosis at 24 months.
Hyperprolactinemia 3
The document discusses various pituitary disorders including pituitary adenomas, hypopituitarism, and pituitary apoplexy. It focuses on specific types of pituitary adenomas including prolactinomas, non-functioning adenomas, growth hormone (GH)-producing tumors, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing tumors, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-producing tumors. For each type, it describes their clinical manifestations, diagnostic testing, and treatment options including medication, surgery, and radiation therapy.
Gyn Hyperprolactinemia
Hyperprolactinemia is a condition of elevated levels of the hormone prolactin in the blood. Prolactin is normally produced by the pituitary gland and its main functions are to induce breast development during pregnancy and stimulate lactation. Common causes of hyperprolactinemia include pregnancy, medications that affect dopamine levels, hypothyroidism, and pituitary tumors. Symptoms in women include galactorrhea (non-pregnancy related breast milk production), menstrual irregularities, and infertility. Treatment options aim to suppress prolactin levels and reduce tumor size, with dopamine agonists being the first-line medical treatment.
More Related Content
What's hot
Induction of labour (2)
This document discusses induction and augmentation of labor. It begins by defining induction of labor as artificially stimulating uterine contractions before the onset of labor, while augmentation refers to stimulating inadequate spontaneous contractions. The document then covers the structures and physiology of the cervix as it relates to ripening. It discusses various methods of assessing cervical status including Bishop's score and indications, contraindications, risks and prerequisites for labor induction. The document provides an overview of common methods used for cervical ripening and labor induction.
Newer Predictors of Preeclampsia
This document discusses traditional and novel biomarkers for predicting preeclampsia. It summarizes the findings of various studies on biomarkers such as urine albumin excretion rate, serum uric acid levels, microalbuminuria, urinary soluble endoglin, urine proteomics, inhibin A, and thrombomodulin among others. Many of these show potential as predictors but have limitations in sensitivity, specificity, or ability to determine disease severity. Novel placental factors measured early in pregnancy may be promising predictors if they can be easily and cheaply measured with high sensitivity and specificity.
hyperprolactinemia
This document discusses prolactinomas, which are pituitary tumors that cause excessive prolactin secretion. It describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management approaches for prolactinomas. Microprolactinomas are small tumors less than 10mm, while macroprolactinomas are larger tumors. The first line treatment is dopamine agonist medication to reduce prolactin levels. Surgical removal may be considered for resistant cases or tumors pressing on nearby structures. Prolactinomas are generally managed medically but require monitoring due to risks of vision changes or hypogonadism from high prolactin levels.
Role of progesterone in pre term labour (1)
This document summarizes the role of progesterone in preventing preterm labor. It discusses international guidelines that recommend daily progesterone supplementation for women with a prior preterm birth or short cervix. Studies show progesterone is effective at maintaining uterine quiescence and preventing preterm birth by regulating stress hormones and limiting prostaglandin production. Progesterone reduces the risk of preterm birth in women with a short cervix, prior preterm birth, or twin gestation with short cervix. It may also be beneficial for maintenance tocolysis after arrested preterm labor when compared to placebo or no treatment.
Preterm LABOUR
Preterm labor is defined as the onset of labor between 20 weeks of gestation and 37 weeks. Risk factors include a previous preterm birth, low socioeconomic status, infections, and short cervical length. Diagnosis involves assessing for contractions and cervical changes. Treatment aims to delay delivery through tocolysis, corticosteroids to aid lung maturation, antibiotics for infections, and magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection. Progesterone supplementation and cerclage placement can help prevent preterm birth in high risk women. The goal is to prolong pregnancy and improve neonatal outcomes.
Overview of IUGR FGR
Fetal growth restriction (FGR), formerly called intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), refers to a condition in which an unborn baby is smaller than it should be because it is not growing at a normal rate inside the womb.
Mild FGR usually doesn't cause long-term problems. In fact, most babies who have it catch up in height and weight by age 2. But severe FGR can seriously harm a baby before and after birth. The extent of the problems depends on the cause and how severe the growth restriction is. It also depends on what point in the pregnancy it starts.
Key points in prescription writing in menopause, Dr. Sharda Jain, Dr. Jyoti A...
1. Menopause is caused by the depletion of ovarian follicles leading to a decline in estrogen levels, and can also result from surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus.
2. Estrogen plays an important role in many bodily functions beyond reproduction, including brain and psychological health, temperature regulation, bone and heart health, and more.
3. Hormone replacement therapy is often used to treat discomforting menopause symptoms, but its use requires consideration of risks like increased chances of blood clots, stroke, and certain cancers. Alternative treatments include progesterone, gabapentin, SSRIs, and herbal remedies.
Prediction and prevention of Preeclampsia
Amino acid supplementation to prevent or treat IUGR acts as an attractive potential therapeutic option. CALCIUM & Vit D supplementation has a role
1. recurrent pregnancy loss
This document discusses recurrent pregnancy loss. It defines recurrent miscarriage as three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions before 20 weeks of gestation. Evaluation and treatment should focus on common and treatable causes like uterine anomalies, endocrine abnormalities, autoimmune disorders, thrombophilia, and genetic factors. Management may include surgical correction of septate uterus, treatment of thyroid disorders, anticoagulation for antiphospholipid syndrome, and assisted reproductive technology for translocations. Unexplained recurrent loss can be managed with lifestyle changes, progesterone, low-dose aspirin, and close monitoring during subsequent pregnancies.
Recurrent miscarriage Prof. Aboubakr Elnashar
This document provides an overview of recurrent miscarriage, including its definition, causes, evaluation, and treatment. It discusses the possible causes of recurrent miscarriage such as anatomic, endocrine, infectious, autoimmune and genetic factors. For evaluation, it recommends taking a medical history, physical exam, pelvic ultrasound, thyroid testing, infection screening, antiphospholipid antibody testing, thrombophilia screening, and in some cases karyotyping. For treatment, it discusses addressing correctable causes as well as treatments for unexplained recurrent miscarriage such as lifestyle modifications, progestogens, aspirin, HCG, and immunotherapy, noting that evidence is limited for treatments of unexplained cases.
Ovulation Stimulation Protocols for IUI
This document discusses mild ovarian stimulation protocols for ovulation induction and in vitro fertilization (IVF). It outlines important factors to consider like ovarian reserve, previous response, and hormone profiles. It compares protocols using clomiphene citrate, aromatase inhibitors, and gonadotropins alone or in combination to induce ovulation of 1-3 follicles. Premature luteinization during ovarian stimulation is also discussed. The document aims to develop cost-effective low-dose IVF procedures suitable for developing countries like India.
Amtsl – active management of third stage of
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, accounting for over 100,000 deaths per year. Active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) involving prophylactic oxytocin, controlled cord traction, and uterine massage can prevent 60% of PPH cases. For women without risk factors, oxytocin is the recommended agent for AMTSL, while carboprost is effective for treatment of PPH. Clinical evidence shows carboprost provides powerful uterine contraction with fewer side effects compared to other uterotonics like methylergometrine. Proper identification of risk factors and preparedness are important for reducing the burden of PPH.
Reproductive Immunology
Invited Lecture delivered by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta in National Youth Conference, held at Patna in August 2019. This session was sponsored by Bharat Serum and Vaccines
Premature ovarian failure
This document summarizes information about premature ovarian failure (POF). It defines POF as amenorrhea, hypoestrogenism, and elevated gonadotropins in women under age 40. POF prevalence is 1-4% under age 40, increasing to 1% by age 30 and 4% by age 40. Causes include genetic factors, autoimmunity, environmental exposures, infections, and iatrogenic factors. Symptoms include menopausal symptoms and long term risks of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Diagnosis involves lab tests of hormones and imaging. Treatment is hormone replacement therapy. Annual follow up is needed to monitor treatment and screen for other related conditions.
Hyperprolactinemia work up
This document discusses hyperprolactinemia, including its causes, clinical presentations, evaluation, and treatment. The main causes of elevated prolactin levels are pituitary adenomas and medications. Clinical presentations vary depending on gender and prolactin level, and can include galactorrhea, amenorrhea, infertility, and decreased libido. Evaluation involves checking prolactin, excluding physiological causes, and using MRI to identify pituitary lesions. Treatment aims to restore normal hormone levels and fertility. Dopamine agonists are first-line therapy and can shrink tumors in many cases. Surgery may be considered if medications fail or for large macroadenomas.
Maternal Near Miss
This document discusses maternal near miss (MNM), which refers to women who nearly die but survive severe complications during pregnancy or childbirth. The World Health Organization recommends criteria for identifying MNM cases, including disease-specific conditions, management-based interventions, and organ dysfunction. Studying MNM provides advantages over solely examining maternal mortality, as MNM cases are more common and can reveal deficiencies in healthcare. Identifying and reviewing MNM cases can help reduce maternal mortality by informing actions to address gaps and improve quality of care. The document reviews several studies of MNM cases in Egypt which found the most common morbidities were related to preeclampsia, hemorrhage, and organ dysfunctions like coagulation issues. MNM
Endometrial cancer
This document discusses endometrial cancer, including its classification, risk factors, diagnosis, staging, and management. It notes that endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in UK women, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 46. Abnormal uterine bleeding is the classic symptom. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy or hysteroscopy with D&C. Staging requires total hysterectomy and BSO. Risk factors include obesity, unopposed estrogen exposure, and hereditary conditions like Lynch syndrome.
Adjuvants in ART.pptx
Adjuvant therapy, also known as adjunct therapy or add-on therapy, is therapy given in addition to the primary or initial therapy to maximize its effectiveness.
Add-ons have become ubiquitous with the process of assisted reproduction (ART) which is markedly more complex than it was at its inception.
Recurrent miscarriage ppt gynae seminar
This document discusses recurrent miscarriage, providing definitions and epidemiology. It defines recurrent miscarriage as 3 or more consecutive miscarriages. Causes discussed include polycystic ovary syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, chromosomal abnormalities, endocrine disorders, and uterine abnormalities. Investigation and management strategies are presented for different potential causes. For unexplained recurrent miscarriage, progesterone and aspirin are discussed but evidence for their effectiveness is limited. Counseling and lifestyle modifications are recommended.
Dienogest in endometriosis
Recent advances in endometriosis were discussed. Endometriosis is a chronic disease where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, affecting around 10% of women. Dienogest, a progestin, was shown to be effective in reducing endometriosis-associated pelvic pain in randomized controlled trials. Dienogest 2mg daily for 24 weeks provided pain relief similar to leuprolide acetate but with fewer side effects. Long-term use of dienogest for 65 weeks maintained pain relief with a favorable safety profile. Dienogest was as effective as goserelin in reducing postoperative recurrence of endometriosis at 24 months.
What's hot (20)
Key points in prescription writing in menopause, Dr. Sharda Jain, Dr. Jyoti A...
Key points in prescription writing in menopause, Dr. Sharda Jain, Dr. Jyoti A...
Viewers also liked
Hyperprolactinemia 3
The document discusses various pituitary disorders including pituitary adenomas, hypopituitarism, and pituitary apoplexy. It focuses on specific types of pituitary adenomas including prolactinomas, non-functioning adenomas, growth hormone (GH)-producing tumors, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing tumors, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-producing tumors. For each type, it describes their clinical manifestations, diagnostic testing, and treatment options including medication, surgery, and radiation therapy.
Gyn Hyperprolactinemia
Hyperprolactinemia is a condition of elevated levels of the hormone prolactin in the blood. Prolactin is normally produced by the pituitary gland and its main functions are to induce breast development during pregnancy and stimulate lactation. Common causes of hyperprolactinemia include pregnancy, medications that affect dopamine levels, hypothyroidism, and pituitary tumors. Symptoms in women include galactorrhea (non-pregnancy related breast milk production), menstrual irregularities, and infertility. Treatment options aim to suppress prolactin levels and reduce tumor size, with dopamine agonists being the first-line medical treatment.
Hyperprolactinemia endocrin society
This document provides clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia from The Endocrine Society. It was developed by an international task force using the GRADE framework to formulate evidence-based recommendations. The guidelines cover evaluating the cause of hyperprolactinemia, managing drug-induced cases, treating prolactinomas in nonpregnant and pregnant patients, and addressing resistant or malignant prolactinomas. The task force created strong and weak recommendations based on the available evidence to provide guidance to healthcare professionals in diagnosing and managing hyperprolactinemia.
Hyperprolactinemia 2
A 22-year-old woman presents with amenorrhea and galactorrhea. Her prolactin level is elevated at 95 μg/l and MRI reveals a small pituitary tumor. Prolactinomas are the most common cause of hyperprolactinemia and can lead to infertility and hypogonadism by disrupting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Treatment options for microadenomas include dopamine agonists which can normalize prolactin levels and restore fertility.
Prolactinoma
Los prolactinomas son los tumores hipofisarios secretores más comunes. Generalmente son benignos y se clasifican como microadenomas (<10 mm) o macroadenomas (≥10 mm). Los microadenomas son más comunes en mujeres y causan síntomas como alteraciones menstruales y galactorrea, mientras que los macroadenomas también pueden causar síntomas neurológicos como cefalea. El diagnóstico se basa en niveles elevados de prolactina en sangre y la detección de un tumor hipofisario mediante imágenes por resonancia magnética.
5 Androgen Insensitivity
Part 5 of "Science & Sexuality." What can we learn about sexual development and sexual identity from XY individuals with testes who have hormone receptor molecules that don't work at all or only partly?
Hirsutism
Hirsutism is excessive hair growth in a male pattern in women. It is caused by excess androgen levels which can be from the ovaries, adrenals, or obesity. Diagnosis involves assessing androgen levels and ruling out conditions like PCOS. Treatment focuses on reducing androgen levels through weight loss, medication to suppress androgen production/action, or removal of hair. Common medications are combined oral contraceptives, spironolactone, flutamide, and finasteride which block androgen receptors or reduce conversion of testosterone to DHT. Laser and electrolysis can permanently remove excess hair.
Prolactin+final
The document discusses prolactin, a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Prolactin promotes breast development and milk production. Levels of prolactin increase during pregnancy and breastfeeding to stimulate mammary gland development and milk synthesis. Suckling by a baby triggers further prolactin release and inhibits the release of hormones responsible for ovulation, providing a natural form of contraception during breastfeeding. Prolactin levels are normally inhibited by dopamine but this inhibition is overridden by breast stimulation from suckling.
Pituitary gland
Hyperprolactinemia is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of the hormone prolactin. Prolactin is normally produced by the pituitary gland and is associated with breast development and lactation. High prolactin levels can disrupt the menstrual cycle in women and cause issues like infertility, erectile dysfunction, and low sex drive in men. Hyperprolactinemia has various potential causes, including pituitary tumors, certain drugs, hypothyroidism, and physiological states like pregnancy and breastfeeding. Treatment typically involves medication to reduce prolactin levels using dopamine agonists.
Prolactinoma & men syndromes
This document describes four case scenarios involving patients presenting with various endocrine-related symptoms. The first case involves a 17-year-old boy with gynecomastia and absence of secondary sex characteristics. The second case involves a 16-year-old girl with delayed menarche and short stature. The third case involves a 30-year-old woman with spontaneous milk discharge and infertility. The fourth case involves a 32-year-old man with headaches, vision issues, fatigue, and erectile dysfunction. The document then provides background information on conditions like hyperprolactinemia, prolactinomas, Cushing's syndrome, MEN type 1 and 2 syndromes, and their typical clinical presentations, evaluations
Prolactinomas
Un prolactinoma es un adenoma de la hipófisis que causa niveles elevados de prolactina en la sangre y síntomas como galactorrea e infertilidad. Los prolactinomas pueden ser microadenomas pequeños o macroadenomas grandes. Se pueden detectar mediante resonancia magnética o tomografía y midiendo los niveles de prolactina. La causa exacta no se conoce, pero investigaciones recientes han encontrado marcadores genéticos y métodos de detección mejorados que ayudan a comprender y tratar esta afección.
Androgen Insensitivity
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is caused by mutations in the androgen receptor gene located on the X chromosome. There are three main types - complete AIS, partial AIS, and mild AIS - which vary in their phenotypic expression. Treatment depends on the type of AIS and may include gonadectomy, hormone replacement therapy, and counseling. Two case studies presented a family pedigree analysis showing phenotypic variation between individuals with the same mutation, and a patient with partial AIS who responded well to high dose testosterone therapy despite having a mutation in the androgen receptor binding domain.
Testicular feminization syndrome
This document discusses testicular feminization syndrome (TFS), also known as androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). TFS is caused by mutations in the androgen receptor gene that result in partial or complete inability of cells to respond to androgens. This leads to undervirilization or feminization of genetic males. The document classifies AIS into three classes based on severity of symptoms: complete AIS, partial AIS, and mild AIS. It provides details on genital embryology, expected phenotypes for each class, differential diagnoses, and epidemiology estimates.
Galactorrhea
This document discusses galactorrhea, which is the spontaneous flow of milk from the breasts in non-lactating women. It defines galactorrhea and outlines its causes, which can include inhibition of prolactin-inhibiting factor, stimulation of prolactin-releasing factor, increased prolactin production, drugs, hypothyroidism, and idiopathic factors. The document provides details on diagnostic evaluation, treatment options, medications used to treat hyperprolactinemia like bromocriptine, quinagolide, and cabergoline, and considerations for pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Androgen+Insensitivity
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is a genetic condition where people have male chromosomes and male gonads but experience partial or complete feminization of the external genitals. It is caused by mutations in the androgen receptor gene that results in cells not responding properly to androgens like testosterone. People with AIS show a spectrum of physical traits from fully female to ambiguous external genitalia depending on the severity of the mutation. Testing and treatment involves genetic testing, surgery, and hormone replacement therapy, while psychological support is also important.
Prolactinoma
This document outlines prolactinomas, which are the most common functional pituitary adenomas. It discusses the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of prolactinomas. Prolactinomas are most frequently diagnosed in women between ages 20-50 and are caused by a prolactin-secreting tumor in the pituitary gland. Diagnosis involves assessing clinical symptoms, serum prolactin levels, and MRI imaging of the pituitary. Medical treatment with dopamine agonists is the primary treatment, with cabergoline being the first-line therapy due to its effectiveness and safety. Surgery and radiation are reserved for cases where medical treatment is ineffective or for large macroadenomas.
Prolactin
The document discusses prolactin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. It notes that prolactin is a single chain polypeptide hormone composed of 199 amino acids. Prolactin has over 300 effects in the body and is primarily involved in modulating processes like lactation. The document outlines the factors that stimulate and inhibit prolactin production, as well as the effects of hyperprolactinemia, including decreased libido and bone mineral density.
Prolactin hormone
The document discusses several hormones that regulate the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, including prolactin, gonadotropins, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. It describes their structures, functions in controlling target organs, pathological conditions associated with abnormal levels, and clinical uses and side effects of related drugs.
Hirsutism
This document provides an overview of hirsutism. It begins with definitions of terms like hirsutism, virilization, and hypertrichosis. It then discusses the causes of hirsutism, which can include polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovarian tumors, adrenal tumors, and other conditions. The document reviews approaches to clinical evaluation and investigations for hirsutism, including the Ferriman-Gallwey scoring system. It provides guidelines on tests to measure androgens and rule out conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive review of hirsutism, including its definition, causes, evaluation, and treatment guidelines.
Prolactinoma
Este documento describe la hiperprolactinemia y el prolactinoma. La hiperprolactinemia puede indicar la presencia de una enfermedad subyacente y genera hipogonadismo. Las causas incluyen fármacos, tumores paraselares, hipotiroidismo y enfermedad renal crónica. El tratamiento de un prolactinoma depende de su tamaño y puede incluir agonistas dopaminérgicos, cirugía o radioterapia con el objetivo de normalizar los niveles de prolactina y reducir el tamaño tumoral
Viewers also liked (20)
Similar to Hyperprolactinemia
Management of hyperprolactinemic disorders
1. Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone produced by pituitary lactotroph cells. It is regulated by both prolactin releasing factors and prolactin inhibiting factors in a pulsatile manner.
2. Hyperprolactinemia is commonly caused by prolactinomas, which are usually microadenomas. It presents with galactorrhea and menstrual disturbances in women and hypogonadism in men.
3. Dopamine agonists like cabergoline and bromocriptine are first line treatment for hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas due to their inhibitory effect on prolactin secretion by binding to D2 receptors on lactotrophs.
hyper prolactinemia
Hyperprolactinemia is a condition of elevated levels of the hormone prolactin in the blood. Prolactin is normally produced by the pituitary gland and its main functions are to induce breast development during pregnancy and stimulate lactation. Common causes of hyperprolactinemia include pregnancy, medications that affect dopamine levels, hypothyroidism, and pituitary tumors. Symptoms in women include galactorrhea (non-pregnancy related breast milk production), menstrual irregularities, and infertility. Treatment options aim to suppress prolactin levels and reduce tumor size, with dopamine agonists being the first-line medical treatment.
Pitutary part 1
Anterior pituitary gland and disorders its for lectures and students of medical colleges
very easy and with diagram and MRI films
favours slide.pptx
The document discusses standard guidelines for treating infertility caused by hyperprolactinemia. It provides background on prolactin, the causes and presentations of hyperprolactinemia, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment options including dopamine agonists like bromocriptine and cabergoline. The treatment aims to restore normal gonadal function and fertility by reducing elevated prolactin levels.
Hyperprolactinoma
This document discusses causes and complications leading to hyperprolactinemia. It begins by introducing prolactin and its functions. Disturbances in prolactin regulation can cause hyperprolactinemia, which is a common problem. The most common causes are medications, sellar/parasellar masses (adenomas), physiological factors like pregnancy, and pathological factors like hypothyroidism. Treatment aims to reduce tumor size, resolve hyperprolactinemia symptoms, and prevent recurrence or progression through dopamine agonists, surgery, or radiotherapy.
Pituitary hormones &_their_hypothalamic
The document describes the pituitary gland and its hormones. It consists of the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe secretes hormones like growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone which are regulated by hypothalamic releasing hormones. The posterior lobe stores and releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin which are produced in the hypothalamus. Disorders related to excess and deficiency of growth hormone and prolactin are also discussed.
Pituitary gland
this presentation was uploaded after my own need to find online presentation with the same content and had failed to find. My references were Robbins Pathology textbook, my lecturers notes and some chemistry pathology textbooks that i lack good memory of . I greatly apologize if the content appears copied or if its similar to another's. i also do apologize for improper grammar in some areas. If you find this set helpful please do tell me if you have time.
Treatment of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Treatment of RPL myths focuses on debunking common misconceptions around recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). The document discusses several potential causes of RPL including thrombophilia, genetic factors, anatomical abnormalities, endocrine issues, immune factors, and infections. It provides treatment recommendations for different conditions like administering low-dose aspirin and heparin for antiphospholipid syndrome. The effectiveness of progesterone supplementation is questioned based on recent clinical trial results. Surgical and medical management of conditions like chronic endometritis are outlined. The role of various diagnostic tests and treatments for interpreting RPL causes are also examined.
Prolactinoma endocrinology neurosurgery.pptx
Prolactinoma is the most common functioning pituitary tumor, affecting around 100 cases per million people. The main objectives in management are to normalize hyperprolactinemia, restore fertility, relieve tumor effects, preserve pituitary function, and prevent recurrence. Dopamine agonists are first-line treatment and effectively control hyperprolactinemia and shrink tumors in most cases. Surgery is indicated for patients who fail or cannot tolerate medical therapy or have microprolactinomas wishing to avoid lifelong medication. Stereotactic radiosurgery may be used for refractory or residual cases or as primary treatment for those declining other options. Proper diagnosis and treatment requires normalization of prolactin levels, tumor control, and preservation of
HYPOPITUITARISM.pptx
Hypopituitarism is a condition caused by insufficient production of hormones by the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is divided into the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary contains cell types that synthesize important hormones such as growth hormone, prolactin, ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins. Hypopituitarism can be caused by developmental defects, tumors, vascular issues, trauma, infections, or autoimmune disorders. Common symptoms depend on which hormones are deficient but may include short stature, weight changes, hypoglycemia, fatigue, and sexual dysfunction. Several genetic syndromes like septo-optic dysplasia, Prader-Willi syndrome, and Kallman syndrome can also cause
Morning report
This document discusses hyperprolactinemia, which is elevated levels of the hormone prolactin. It defines physiological causes and describes how modest elevations should first exclude pregnancy and retest in a fasting state without exercise. For unexplained cases, pituitary imaging is recommended to identify any mass lesions causing elevated prolactin. Common causes, presentations, treatments including dopamine agonists, and considerations during pregnancy are outlined. Two case studies are presented and answered.
Pituitary adenomas: Clinical, neuro-ophthalmic, radiological evaluation and m...
Pituitary adenomas: Clinical, neuro-ophthalmic, radiological evaluation and m...Dr Kaushal Deep Singh Mathuria
A brief overview of pituitary adenomas, their subtypes, classification, investigation protocols, radiological evaluation, and their medical management.Pituitary Adenomas-Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmic and Radiological Evaluation.pdf
This document discusses pituitary adenomas, including their radiological evaluation. It provides an overview of the pituitary gland and its functions. It describes the classification, clinical presentations, investigations and neuro-ophthalmic findings of different types of pituitary tumors, including prolactinomas, growth hormone-secreting adenomas, and Cushing's disease. Radiological evaluation includes MRI and detailed neuro-ophthalmic examination to assess vision and visual fields which can localize compression from the tumor.
15. PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY in the adolescent
Precotius puberty cause and their investigation and treatment
Drug induced hyperprolactinaemia, do we have to treat
During antipsychotic treatment, prolactin concentrations can rise to ten times normal levels or above.
Existing data indicate that 17-78% of female patients have amenorrhoea with or without galactorrhoea.
Survey data, however, suggest that clinicians underestimate the prevalence of these conditions.
Long-term consequences of antipsychotic-related hypo-oestrogenism require further research but are likely to include premature bone loss.
Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia should become a focus of interest in the drug treatment of psychiatric patients.
Cabergamoun
Prolactin enhances breast development during pregnancy and induces lactation. It is produced in the pituitary gland and its levels are normally inhibited by dopamine. Prolactin levels may be elevated in conditions like prolactinomas or certain drugs. Hyperprolactinemia can cause symptoms like menstrual irregularities, infertility, and galactorrhea. Prolactinomas are treated initially with dopamine agonists like cabergoline, which lower prolactin levels by activating D2 receptors on lactotroph cells. Cabergoline is more potent and long-acting than bromocriptine, making it a preferred treatment for conditions involving elevated prolactin levels.
Hypopituitarism diagnosis and management (1)
common causes of hypopituitarism and management for the same has been discussed in this presentation
Anterior pituitary hormones
The document discusses hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. It describes their classification into somatotropic, glycoprotein, and POMC-derived hormones. It provides details on the structure, secretion, regulation, effects and uses of important hormones including growth hormone, prolactin, gonadotropins, corticotropin, and corticosteroids. It also discusses conditions related to growth hormone deficiency and excess.
Hypopituitorism anoop k r
The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain. It has anterior and posterior lobes with distinct functions. The anterior lobe produces several important hormones and is controlled by the hypothalamus. The posterior lobe stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Damage or dysfunction of the pituitary can result from genetic disorders, tumors, injuries, infections, or inflammatory conditions and lead to hormone deficiencies. Replacement of lost hormones is usually effective treatment for hypopituitarism. Common causes of hormone hypersecretion or hyposecretion include pituitary tumors and genetic syndromes.
Current Management of Anovulatory Infertility
Presentation given at the weekly departmental seminar of the LAUTECH teaching hospital, Ogbomoso. Nigeria
Similar to Hyperprolactinemia (20)
Pituitary adenomas: Clinical, neuro-ophthalmic, radiological evaluation and m...
Pituitary adenomas: Clinical, neuro-ophthalmic, radiological evaluation and m...
Pituitary Adenomas-Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmic and Radiological Evaluation.pdf
Pituitary Adenomas-Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmic and Radiological Evaluation.pdf
Drug induced hyperprolactinaemia, do we have to treat
Drug induced hyperprolactinaemia, do we have to treat
More from guest9dc181
Infertility 不孕症 2006网上教材
The document discusses infertility and assisted reproductive technologies. It defines infertility as unprotected intercourse without pregnancy for two years. Female factors that can cause infertility include problems with ovulation, the fallopian tubes, uterus, or cervical issues. Male factors include abnormal sperm production or function. Treatments discussed include ovulation induction, surgery, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT). Complications of ART like multiple gestations and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome are also mentioned.
Infertility 不孕症 2006网上教材
The document discusses infertility and assisted reproductive technologies. It defines infertility as unprotected intercourse without pregnancy for two years. Female factors that can cause infertility include problems with ovulation, the fallopian tubes, uterus, or cervical issues. Male factors include abnormal sperm production or function. Treatments discussed include ovulation induction, surgery, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT). Complications of ART like multiple gestations and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome are also mentioned.
Infertility Hysteroscopy
The document discusses the use of hysteroscopy in evaluating and treating infertility. It provides evidence-based guidelines on when hysteroscopy is recommended and not recommended in infertility workup. It also reviews evidence on techniques for diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy, including indications, preparation, distension media, findings, and treatment of various intrauterine issues like polyps, fibroids, adhesions that may cause infertility. Complications are also discussed.
Infertility Stem Cell 1
The document discusses various ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) related to stem cell and advanced biomedical research. It notes that societies' prevailing views on life, ethics and values will influence how such research is conducted and its results applied. While sciences aim for progress, society must properly address ELSI to avoid lost opportunities or deterring research. Key issues include what constitutes life and humanity, commercialization of human materials, intellectual property rights, and religious and legal views on topics like embryo use and cloning. Countries differ in their stances with no global consensus. Infrastructure and guidelines are needed to help navigate these complex issues.
Infertility Stem Cell 2
The document discusses several topics related to women in stem cell science:
1. Women are underrepresented among senior stem cell scientists but make up about 40% of junior faculty. More work is needed to improve the pipeline for underrepresented minority women.
2. Women lag behind men in starting companies and obtaining patents from their research, reducing opportunities for their discoveries to reach patients and for them to receive credit.
3. Workplace culture must better support balancing family and work obligations to retain women scientists.
4. The document analyzes how science both reflects and reinforces gender theories, and discusses debates around stem cell derivation and the moral status and sexing of embryos.
Ovary Hyperstimulation 3
This document discusses infertility, including its definition, causes, examinations, and treatment methods. It notes that infertility is defined as two years of unprotected intercourse without pregnancy. The main causes of infertility are listed as female factors (40-55%), male factors (25-40%), and both male and female factors (10%). Examinations for infertility include history, physical exam, laboratory tests such as hormone levels and semen analysis, and imaging like ultrasounds and HSG. Treatment methods covered include ovulation induction, surgery, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like IUI, IVF-ET, and GIFT. Complications of ART are also outlined.
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
1) Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a potential complication of ovulation induction characterized by ovarian enlargement and fluid accumulation in the abdomen and chest.
2) Risk factors include younger age, lower weight, use of gonadotropins for ovulation induction, and conception during treatment.
3) Symptoms range from mild abdominal discomfort to life-threatening complications due to shift of fluid from blood vessels into third spaces. Mild cases resolve on their own while severe cases require hospitalization and management of fluid and electrolyte balance.
Ovary Hyperstimulation 1
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common cause of irregular periods and infertility in women of reproductive age, affecting 5-10% of women. It is associated with increased levels of androgens and insulin resistance. Women with PCOS have an increased risk of health issues like endometrial cancer and cardiovascular disease. The syndrome was first described in 1935 and involves bilateral polycystic ovaries seen on imaging. Hyperinsulinism correlates with increased androgen levels in women with PCOS.
Laparoscopy 5
This document discusses infertility, including its definition, causes, examinations, and treatment methods. It notes that infertility is defined as two years of unprotected intercourse without pregnancy. The main causes of infertility are listed as female factors (40-55%), male factors (25-40%), and both male and female factors (10%). Examinations for infertility include medical history, physical exam, laboratory tests such as hormone levels and semen analysis, and imaging like ultrasounds and hysterosalpingograms. Common treatment methods for female infertility include ovulation induction, surgery to repair fallopian tubes, and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like IUI, IVF, and GIFT.
Laparoscopy 4
This document summarizes evidence-based guidelines for investigating infertile couples. It finds that while many tests have been advocated, the necessity and cost-effectiveness of many have not been proven. It recommends conventional semen analysis, assessment of ovulation with progesterone tests, and HSG or laparoscopy to assess tubal patency as useful initial tests. Tests like post-coital testing, hysteroscopy, and sperm penetration assays provide little predictive value on pregnancy rates and are less useful. A simplified approach focusing on proven essential tests can significantly reduce time and costs in evaluating infertility.
Laparoscopy 3
Infertility affects approximately 14-20% of couples in the US. Common causes include female ovulatory disorders (30-40%), male factor issues (30%), and tubal damage (16%). A thorough evaluation involves a detailed history and physical exam of both partners, as well as tests to evaluate ovarian function, tubal patency, uterine health, and male factors. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause, but may include ovulation induction, intrauterine insemination, surgery, and assisted reproductive technologies like in vitro fertilization. Infertility can have significant emotional impacts and its evaluation and treatment require a multi-disciplinary approach.
Laparoscopy 2
This document discusses whether surgery improves fertility outcomes for women with endometriosis. It reviews several studies that have looked at IVF success rates and spontaneous pregnancy rates after surgery for mild versus severe endometriosis. The document also presents unpublished data from a study of 261 women who underwent laparoscopic excision for stage III/IV endometriosis, finding a 79.7% spontaneous pregnancy rate. It concludes that while surgery is generally recommended for stage I/II endometriosis, the role of surgery for stage III/IV endometriosis remains controversial in improving fertility outcomes due to a lack of large, prospective studies.
Hysteroscopy 0
The document discusses office-based hysteroscopic procedures including using the Versapoint and Essure sterilization systems. It finds that 70-80% of fibroids under 3cm and polyps under 4cm can be removed in an office setting using Versapoint. Essure sterilization can also be performed in an office without anesthesia using the Bettocchi approach, with an average pain score of 2.5 and procedure time of 10-15 minutes depending on parity. Placement is verified after 3 months using transvaginal ultrasound instead of X-ray or HSG.
Laparoscopy 1
1) Laparoscopic ablation of minimal or mild endometriosis in women with subfertility aims to increase pregnancy rates but evidence from randomized trials is limited and inconclusive.
2) Two randomized trials found slightly higher pregnancy rates with ablation but the number needed to treat was high at 8 women to achieve one additional pregnancy.
3) A prospective cohort study found no significant difference in fecundity rates between women with minimal/mild endometriosis and unexplained infertility.
Infertility 不孕症 2006网上教材
The document discusses infertility and assisted reproductive technologies. It defines infertility as unprotected intercourse without pregnancy for two years. Female factors that can cause infertility include problems with ovulation, the fallopian tubes, uterus, or cervical issues. Male factors include abnormal sperm production or function. Treatments discussed include ovulation induction, surgery, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT). Complications of ART like multiple gestations and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome are also mentioned.
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
1) Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a condition characterized by ovarian enlargement and fluid accumulation in the abdomen and sometimes lungs, due to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for fertility treatments.
2) Risk factors include younger age, lower weight, use of gonadotropins like hMG for fertility treatments, high estrogen levels, and pregnancy.
3) Symptoms range from mild abdominal bloating to severe cases involving kidney failure. Prevention focuses on modifying fertility drug protocols and cycles based on estrogen level monitoring.
(2006)Endocrine Pituitary Gland
The document summarizes the hypothalamic control of the pituitary gland and the hormones produced by its anterior and posterior lobes. The posterior lobe produces ADH and oxytocin, which regulate water balance and labor, respectively. The anterior lobe produces GH, PRL, ACTH, MSH, TSH, LH, FSH, and beta-LPH, which regulate growth, lactation, skin pigmentation, and reproduction. The hypothalamus controls pituitary function through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
Diagnostic Hysteroscopy Patel
1. Hysteroscopy has evolved since its beginnings in the late 19th century when instruments were first used to visualize the inside of the uterus.
2. Developments in distension media and techniques in the mid-20th century allowed hysteroscopy to become more practical as an office procedure using carbon dioxide or other media.
3. Diagnostic hysteroscopy is used to evaluate conditions like polyps, fibroids, and abnormalities like septate uteri but may sometimes require conversion to operative hysteroscopy during the same session. Care must be taken to prevent complications from inadequate visualization or improper technique.
Hyperprolactinemia
Hyperprolactinemia is caused by increased levels of the hormone prolactin, which is regulated by the hypothalamus. Elevated prolactin levels can be caused by hypothalamic or pituitary tumors, systemic diseases, or certain drugs. Common symptoms of hyperprolactinemia in females include menstrual irregularities and galactorrhea, while males commonly experience symptoms related to mass effects of tumors such as headaches. Treatment options for hyperprolactinemia depend on the size and invasiveness of tumors, and may include dopamine agonists such as bromocriptine or surgery.
More from guest9dc181 (20)
Recently uploaded
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptxMGM SCHOOL/COLLEGE OF NURSING
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
STIs may cause PID. For the both disease, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidadeProf. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Avartana Sneha is a unique method of Preparation of Sneha Kalpana in Ayurveda, mainly it is indicated for the Vataja rogas.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdf
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India
Treat the symptoms of indigestion, heartburn and stomach reflux with the 10 Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India.
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Our aim is to organise conscious gatherings and retreats for open and inquisitive minds and souls, with and without the assistance of sacred plants.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recently uploaded (20)
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program