This document describes the sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test process and interpretation. The SCD test involves adding semen samples to agarose on a microscope slide, staining it, and examining under a microscope. Sperm with intact DNA will show halos of dispersed chromatin around the core, while fragmented sperm will not. The document outlines the steps of heating and cooling the agarose, adding and incubating the semen sample, washing and staining the slide, then examining under a microscope. Sperm are scored and the percentage of sperm with fragmented DNA (SDF%) is calculated, with lower percentages indicating better sperm DNA integrity.
Sperm DNA Fragmentation (Oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis, Test, Techniques, Relation to other semen parameters, Relationship to leucocytes, Relation to ICSI outcomes, Clinical applications, significance and limitations)
Sperm DNA Fragmentation (Oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis, Test, Techniques, Relation to other semen parameters, Relationship to leucocytes, Relation to ICSI outcomes, Clinical applications, significance and limitations)
ICSI as it is presently performed is far from an ideal solution because the selection of sperm is based on the judgement of an embryologist, who is looking for the most normal appearing sperm available.
Invited lecture by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta in the Scientific Session on "Embryo Transfer and Beyond " in the AICOG (All India Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology) at Kolkata, 2023
EMBRYO QUALITY ASSESSMENT, WHICH TO SELECT? Rahul Sen
Traditional embryo evaluation systems are simple, non-invasive, cost-effective & mainstay in majority of IVF laboratories. Embryo selection based on combinations of morphology scores at different stages of embryonic development with time may be more effective
in this lecture i tried to summarize the most important normal morphological features of oocyte \ Follicle( including process of oogenesis and female mammalian meiosis) then i tried to summarize abnormal oocyte morphology
ICSI as it is presently performed is far from an ideal solution because the selection of sperm is based on the judgement of an embryologist, who is looking for the most normal appearing sperm available.
Invited lecture by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta in the Scientific Session on "Embryo Transfer and Beyond " in the AICOG (All India Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology) at Kolkata, 2023
EMBRYO QUALITY ASSESSMENT, WHICH TO SELECT? Rahul Sen
Traditional embryo evaluation systems are simple, non-invasive, cost-effective & mainstay in majority of IVF laboratories. Embryo selection based on combinations of morphology scores at different stages of embryonic development with time may be more effective
in this lecture i tried to summarize the most important normal morphological features of oocyte \ Follicle( including process of oogenesis and female mammalian meiosis) then i tried to summarize abnormal oocyte morphology
This presentation deals tissue processing in histopathology, the detailed of presentation given blow:
Histology, study the organization of tissues at all levels, from the whole organ down to the molecular components of cells that are found in most multicellular plants and animals.
Animal tissues are classified as epithelium, with closely spaced cells and very little intercellular space; connective tissue, with large amounts of intercellular material; muscle, specialized for contraction; and nerve, specialized for conduction of electrical impulses. Blood is also sometimes considered a separate tissue type.
Plants are composed of relatively undifferentiated tissue known as meristematic tissue; storage tissue or parenchyma; vascular tissue; photosynthetic tissue or chlorenchyma and support tissue or sclerenchyma and collenchyma.
adipic acid was synthesized from cyclohexanone and concentrated nitric acid. The HNO3 and cyclohexanone were combined very slowly, since the reaction is very exothermic. Once the reaction was complete, the product was allowed to crystallize and the solvent was removed
A cytological technique to detect the nature of adjacent chromosomal regions by using different staining technique assisted with some pre treatment of metaphase chromosomes prepared on the slides
Each chromosome in the somatic-cell complement can be uniquely identified by following a number of different banding procedures.
The banding patterns are highly characteristic. The International System for Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN) provides schematic representations, or Ideograms, of human chromosomes corresponding to approx. 400, 550, and 850 bands per haploid set (I).
Although under constant revision, its principles rest on a numbering system based on major bands as they appear from the centromere outward along each chromosome arm.
To the cytogeneticist, the appearance of well-prepared, clearly banded chromosomes has an aesthetic appeal that is often difficult for the non-cytogeneticist to comprehend.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
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Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
36. SCD test
• In brief, a tube containing agarose was first heated at 100
C for 5 minutes to allow the agarose to melt.
• After stabilization at 37 C, 25μL semen aliquots were
added to the tube, and a 15μL aliquot of the mixture was
placed onto a pretreated microscope slide.
• A coverslip was placed and the slide was kept in the
refrigerator for 5 minutes in order for the agarose to
solidify.
• The slide was then taken from the refrigerator and the
coverslip removed.
• Thereafter, the slide was immersed in the denaturation
solution and incubated for 7 minutes.
37. • The slide was then transferred to the lysis solution and incubated for
25 minutes.
• Finally, the slide was washed by incubation in a Coupling jar containing
distilled water for 5 minutes, followed by incubation in ethanol
solutions of 70%, 90%, and 100%, each for 2 minutes.
• After air drying at room temperature, slides were stained with Wright's
stain, and analysis was carried out using bright-field microscopy.
• Sperm containing non-damaged DNA were scored as the sperm
showing large or medium-sized haloes of dispersed chromatin
surrounding a compact and well-defined core.
INTERPRETATION & RESULT:
SDF%= 100 X No. of sperm with fragmented DNA
No. of sperm counted
A. ≤30% SDF =EXCELLENT TO GOOD
B. >30% TO < 40% SDF =EXCELLENT TO GOOD
C. >40% TO <50% SDF =FAIR TO POOR
D. ≥50% SDF =VERY POOR
