This document provides information on hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and compares it to hyperthyroidism. HPT occurs when the parathyroid glands produce excess amounts of parathyroid hormone, causing calcium levels in the blood to rise. The main types are primary and secondary HPT. Symptoms can include joint pain, weakness, and fatigue. Hyperthyroidism affects the thyroid gland, causing it to produce excess hormones and lead to a rapid heartbeat and weight loss. Both conditions are diagnosed through blood tests and imaging tests. Treatments for HPT include surgery to remove the abnormal gland, while treatments for hyperthyroidism include medication, radioiodine therapy, or surgery. It is rare to have both

1. PREPARED BY | MARTIN SHAJI | PHARM D
HYPERPARTHYROIDISM [HPT]
V/S HYPERTHYROIDISM –
a brief medical study

2. ▪ ‼NOTE
▪ Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and hyperthyroidism sound
similar, but there are many differences between these
medical conditions.
To better understand
HPT and
hyperthyroidism, let’s
examine both conditions
in detail.

3. ⁉️What Is Hyperparathyroidism?
▪ HPT affects one or more of the parathyroid glands, which help the
body manage its calcium levels. The parathyroid glands produce
parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium in the blood.
If a person is dealing with HPT, the parathyroid glands produce
excess amounts of PTH; this causes calcium levels in the blood to
rise and can result in mild to severe side effects.

4. ▪ The two types of HPT are primary and secondary. Primary HPT
occurs when the body produces an excess amount of PTH due
to hyperactivity of one or more of the parathyroid glands, while
secondary HPT occurs when a disease outside of the
parathyroid glands causes the parathyroid glands to become
hyperactive.
▪ There is no surefire cause of primary HPT. In many instances,
HPT occurs due to a tumor that forms on one or more
parathyroid glands and causes hyperactivity.

5. ▪⁉️What Are the Symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism?
▪ The symptoms of HPT vary, and they are commonly associated with
a wide range of diseases. If a person is dealing with mild HPT, he or
she may experience a variety of symptoms, including:
▪ 📍Joint pain
▪ 📍Muscle weakness
▪ 📍Fatigue
📍Brain fog
📍Memory loss
📍Anxiety
📍Depression
📍Heartburn
📍Constipation

6. ▪ If a person is dealing with severe HPT, he or she may be susceptible
to nausea, vomiting, confusion, and an increased thirst and urge to
urinate. In addition to the aforementioned severe symptoms of HPT,
people dealing with HPT may experience kidney stones and
osteoporosis (a condition that causes the bones to become weak and
brittle).
▪ 📌In some instances, people display no symptoms of HPT, despite the
fact that they are dealing with one or more hyperactive parathyroid
glands.
▪ For those who experience one or more HPT symptoms, seeking
medical support is crucial. The symptoms of HPT may be linked to
different medical disorders. By meeting with a doctor, an individual
can receive prompt testing and diagnosis and explore ways to treat
his or her symptoms.

8. ⁉️How Is HPT Diagnosed and Treated?
Lab tests are often used to diagnose HPT. For instance, a blood test
enables a doctor to analyze a patient’s blood and find out if he or she is
dealing with elevated calcium levels. Other tests used to diagnose HPT
include:
📍Calcium
📍Calcium ionized
📍PTH intact
📍Vitamin D
📍24 hour urine calcium level
Once the diagnosis is made, the next priority is to locate the abnormal
parathyroid:

9. ⁉️Localization Studies:
Help a doctor identify the precise location of one or more
abnormal parathyroid glands. Common localization studies that
doctors use to locate the abnormal parathyroid include
ultrasound, 4D parathyroid CT scan, sestamibi/SPECT (single-
photon emission computed tomography) scan.

10. ⁉️Treatment is surgery to remove the abnormal gland or
glands.
📌Medications like calcimimetics and bisphosphonates and hormone
replacement therapy are sometimes used to treat HPT.
Calcimimetics attach to parathyroid cells and help them respond to high
blood calcium levels. The result: calcimimetics help parathyroid cells
produce less PTH to minimize an individual’s risk of HPT.
📌Bisphosphonates are commonly used to treat osteoporosis. They
disable the bone cell that causes bone breakdown linked to HPT.
Although bisphosphonates won’t cure HPT, they may help patients
reduce bone density loss caused by the condition.

11. 📌Hormone replacement therapy involves estrogen, a group of steroid
hormones that is often used to treat menopausal and menstrual
disorders. The therapy works in a similar fashion to bisphosphonates,
as estrogen disables the bone cell that leads to bone breakdown and
limits the risk of bone density loss. It may also help HPT patients
increase bone mineral density.
📌Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) surgery has been
shown to help HPT patients address their symptoms. The procedure
has a high success rate and low risk of complications, but the success
rate of MIP depends on the surgeon performing the procedure. By
selecting a surgeon who possesses comprehensive head and neck
tumor surgery expertise, an individual can maximize his or her MIP
results.

12. ⁉️What Is Hyperthyroidism?
Hyperthyroidism affects the thyroid, a butterfly-shaped gland in the
neck. The thyroid produces hormones that the body uses to manage
metabolism, heart rate, and other vital functions; however, if the
thyroid becomes hyperactive, it produces excess amounts of
hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism.
Research indicates that women are more prone than men to
hyperthyroidism. symptoms of hyperthyroidism are identical in women
and men.

13. ⁉️What Are the Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?
✅Hyperthyroidism symptoms vary, and they can mimic the symptoms
associated with different health problems. Common hyperthyroidism
symptoms include:
📌Rapid or irregular heartbeat
📌Weight loss
📌Increased appetite
📌Anxiety

14. ❇In rare instances, Graves’ ophthalmopathy affects hyperthyroidism
patients. Graves’ ophthalmopathy, also referred to as thyroid eye
disease (TED), causes muscles behind the eyes to swell and makes
the eyeballs protrude. TED causes swelling, redness, conjunctivitis,
and other eye problems.
👨⚕️Consulting with a doctor at the first sign of hyperthyroidism
symptoms is paramount. A doctor learns about a patient’s
hyperthyroidism symptoms, as well as conducts assorted tests to
understand these symptoms. He or she can then provide a
personalized treatment designed to deliver long-lasting
hyperthyroidism symptom relief.

15. ⁉️How Is Hyperthyroidism Diagnosed and Treated?
✅👨⚕️A doctor reviews a patient’s symptoms and medical history
and performs a physical examination to provide a
hyperthyroidism diagnosis. At this time, a doctor examines a
patient’s thyroid gland as he or she swallows; this allows a doctor
to see if a patient’s thyroid gland is enlarged. A doctor also
checks a patient’s pulse to see if it is rapid or irregular, as well as
finds out if a patient is dealing with overactive reflexes, eye
changes, and other signs of hyperthyroidism.

16. ✅👨⚕️Blood tests may be used to diagnose hyperthyroidism.
With blood tests, a doctor measures a patient’s thyroxine and
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.
Thyroxine is the hormone that the thyroid gland secretes into
the bloodstream; if a patient’s thyroxine levels are high, he or
she may be dealing with a hyperactive thyroid. TSH regulates
the production of hormones by the thyroid gland; if a patient’s
TSH levels are low, he or she may be dealing with an
hyperactive thyroid.

17. ✅👨⚕️Imaging tests may also be used to confirm a hyperthyroidism
diagnosis. A radioiodine uptake test is a common imaging test
that requires a patient to take a small, oral dose of radioactive
iodine to see how much travels to the thyroid gland. Meanwhile,
other imaging tests for hyperthyroidism include a thyroid scan
and a thyroid ultrasound. A thyroid scan involves the injection of a
radioactive isotope that travels to the thyroid gland, while a
thyroid ultrasound involves the use of high-frequency sound
waves to produce thyroid images.

18. ✅👨⚕️Medication, radioiodine therapy, and surgery are among the most-
common hyperthyroidism treatments. Anti-thyroid medications are the
first line treatments for hyperthyroidism; they prevent the thyroid gland
from producing excess amounts of hormones to reduce
hyperthyroidism symptoms. Comparatively, radioiodine therapy helps
reduce the size of the thyroid gland over the course of several months.
For people who are searching for an alternative to medication,
radioiodine therapy, or other hyperthyroidism treatments, thyroidectomy
surgery may be a safe, effective option. A thyroidectomy involves the
removal of most of the thyroid gland. The procedure must be performed
by a skilled and experienced surgeon; otherwise, a thyroidectomy
patient risks vocal cord and parathyroid gland damage.

19. ⁉️Can You Experience HPT and Hyperthyroidism at the Same
Time?
HPT and hyperthyroidism can occur at the same time. But it is
rare to get both of these conditions at the same time. However,
patients who are treated with radioactive iodine for Grave’s
disease are at a higher risk of developing hyperparathyroidism.

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