it was a case study on hypothyroidism in pediatric patient pharmaceutical care plan ,Diagnostic Technics ,treatment and patient counseling was given to the patient representative.
Myocardial Infarction - Case Presentation and an OverviewAbubakkar Raheel
Case Presented by Final Year MBBS sudents of Frontier Medical College at the 1st Clinico-Pathological Conference for the year 2015.The Presentation is divided into two parts. First part is about a case of an Acute ST Segment elevated Myocardial Infarction with. Its management at the Hospital and the findings. Second part is about the pathophysiology, Cinical signs and symptoms and an effective gold standard treatment of MI.
it was a case study on hypothyroidism in pediatric patient pharmaceutical care plan ,Diagnostic Technics ,treatment and patient counseling was given to the patient representative.
Myocardial Infarction - Case Presentation and an OverviewAbubakkar Raheel
Case Presented by Final Year MBBS sudents of Frontier Medical College at the 1st Clinico-Pathological Conference for the year 2015.The Presentation is divided into two parts. First part is about a case of an Acute ST Segment elevated Myocardial Infarction with. Its management at the Hospital and the findings. Second part is about the pathophysiology, Cinical signs and symptoms and an effective gold standard treatment of MI.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. BACKGROUND
• Hyperthyroidism simply means hyperfunction
or hyperactive state of thyroid gland
• It is associated with thyrotoxicosis i.e. a hyper
metabolic state caused by elevated circulating
levels of free T3 and T4
• Hyperthyroidism might not be the only cause
for thyrotoxicosis
• In hyperthyroidism, there is depressed levels
of TSH due to negative feedback mechanism
3. There are three common causes of
thyrotoxicosis associated with hyperthyroidism:
• Diffuse toxic goiter, Grave’s disease
• Toxic Multinodular goiter
• Toxic adenoma
4. GRAVE’S DISEASE
• Also called as diffuse toxic goiter, is an
autoimmune disease of thyroid and most
common cause of endogenous
hyperthyroidism
• It is characterized by triad of manifestations
– Thyrotoxicosis, caused by diffusely enlarged
hyperfunctional thyroid
– Ophthalmopathy, with resultant exophthalmus
– Dermatopathy
5. PATHOGENESIS
• Autoantibodies are produced against thyroid
antigens, the major one being TSI
• Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI) is
antibody to TSH-R antigen and mimics action of
thyroid hormones i.e. stimulate growth and
biosynthetic activity of thyroid cell
• It results in hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid
follicles
• Opthalmopathy arises due to infiltration of
retroorbital space by T cells, accumulation of ECM
and increased no. adipocytes along with
inflammatory edema and swelling of extraocular
muscles, all leading to protrusion of eyeball
(exopthamos)
8. CLINICAL SYMPTOMS
• Due to thyrotoxicosis,
– Emotion instability, nervousness, fatigue, perspiration,
heat intolerance, fine tremors
– Weight loss despite of good appetite
– Menstrual disturbances
– Cardiac: Tachycardia, Palpitations
– Increased levels of T3 and T4 but depressed levels of
TSH
• Due to ophthalmopathy
– Abnormal protrusion of eyeball
– Wide, starring gaze
9. MANAGEMENT
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH
• Eating well (berries, dairy products, protein, fats)
• Exercise
• Easing stress
• Applying cool compress to eyes
• Use lubricating eye drops
• Elevate head
• Don’t smoke
10. PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH
• Anti thyroid drug therapy: Most useful in
young patients with small glands and mild
disease. e.g. Propylthiouracil, methimazole
• Thyroidectomy: Usually done in case of large
glands or goiter
• Radioactive Iodine: Preferred for patients
above 21 yrs of age
• β blockers (for symptomatic treatment)
11. CASE
A 19 years old women develops secondary
amenorrhoea followed by symptoms of
palpitations, nervousness, heat intolerance and
swelling. There is a strong family history of
autoimmune disease. One examine she appears
anxious and sweaty, her pulse in 120 beats/minute
and there is a smooth goiter with a soft bruit. There
is tremors of outstretched fingers and lid lag is
present. A pregnancy test is positive. Blood was
sent to laboratory for T3, T4 and TSH investigations
12. CASE SUMMARY
• Age: 22 years Sex: Female
• Signs and symptoms:
– Palpitations, nervousness, heat intolerance, amenorrhoea
• Physical examination:
– Smooth goitre with soft bruit
– Lid lag present
– Pulse rate: 120 beats/minute
• Laboratory Investigations:
Obtained value Normal value Inference
T3 210 ng/dl 60-181 ng/dl Elevated
T4 15.6 μg/dl 4.8-10.4 μg/dl Elevated
TSH 0.8 μIU/ml 0.4-4 μIU/ml Low
TSI 145% <125%) Elevated
• Diagnosis: Grave’s Disease
• Treatment: Propylthiouracil
13. PROPYLTHIOURACIL
• It is an antithyroid drug that inhibits the
hormonal synthesis
• It is widely used in Grave’s disease and other
conditions of hyperthyroidism
14. MECHANISM OF ACTION
• It binds to the thyroid peroxidase and prevent
oxidation of iodide/iodotyrosyl residues,
thereby:
– Inhibit iodination of tyrosine residues in
thyroglobulin
– Inhibit coupling of iodotyrosine residues in form of
T3 and T4
15.
16.
17. PHARMACOKINETICS
• Absorption: 75% orally
• Distribution: 80-855 protein bound
• Metabolism: Liver via glucuronide conjugation
• Excretion: Via urine (t1/2 1-2 hrs and Duration
of action is 4-8 hrs)
18. INDICATION
• Grave’s Disease
• Toxic Nodular Goiter
• Thyrotoxic Crisis
• It is reserves for those cases unable to tolerate
other treatments
• Treatment of choice during and just before the
first trimester of pregnancy
19. DOSE
• Grave’s Disease
– 50-150 mg PO q8hr initially
– Maintenance: 50mg PO q8-12hr for upto 12-18
months; then taper and discontinue if
euthyroidism restored in normal
• Thyrotoxic Crisis
– Initial 200-300 mg/day PO divided q8hr intially
– Maintenance: 100-150 mg/day divided q8hr
20. ADVERSE REACTIONS
• Hypothyroidism and goiter due to overtreatment
• Agranulocytosis
• Aplastic anemia
• Dermatologic reactions
• Hepatitis
• Polyarthritis
• Drowsiness, fever, headache
• Alopecia
• Rashes
• Loss of taste
• Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia
21. CAUTIONS
• Liver disease, Bleeding disorders
• Bone marrow depressions
• Pregnancy: Risk of foetal hypothyroidism and
goiter but low in case of propylthiouracil due
to its greater protein binding and less tranfer
to foetus
23. DRUG INTERACTIONS
• Sodium iodide
– Decrease level or effect of sodium iodide
• Carbamazepine, Clozapine, Methimazole
– Increase toxicity of the other by synergism
(Increased risk of agranulocytosis)
24. REFERENCES
• TRIPATHI, K.D., (2014). Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. 7th Edition.
New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
• SEMBULINGAM, K., (2012). Essentials of Medical Physiology. 6th Edition.
New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
• KATZUNG, B.G., TREVOR, A.J., MASTERS, S.B., (2012). Basic & Clinical
Pharmacology. 12th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
• BRUNTON, L.L., PARKER, K.L., BLUMENTHAL, D.K., BUXTON, I.L.O, (2006).
Goodman and Gilman’s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 11th
Edition. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
• RITTER, J.M. et. al. (2008). A Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and
Therapeutics. 5th Edition. London, UK: Hodder Arnold, part of Hachette
Livre
• KUMAR, V., ABBAS, A.K., ASTER, J.C., (2015). Robbins & Cotran
Pathologic Basis of Disease. Volume II, 9th Edition. New Delhi, India: RELX
India Private Limited