This document discusses different types of optical anomalies of the eye including hypermetropia and astigmatism. It defines hypermetropia as a refractive error where light focuses behind the retina. The causes of hypermetropia include axial shortening of the eyeball or increased curvature of the refractive surfaces. Astigmatism is defined as a refractive error where refraction varies in different meridians, causing blurred vision. Regular astigmatism can be with-the-rule, against-the-rule or oblique, while irregular astigmatism results from corneal scarring. Treatment options discussed include refractive correction with glasses or contacts as well as refractive surgery.
Aniseikonia [ophthalmology description for medical students ]Madhuri Kureti
concise description of aniseikonia which is a condition wherein the images projected to the visual cortex from the two retinae are abnormally unequal in size and /or shape
Nearsightedness (myopia) is a common vision condition in which near objects appear clear, but objects farther away look blurry. It occurs when the shape of the eye — or the shape of certain parts of the eye — causes light rays to bend (refract) inaccurately. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye (retina) are focused in front of the retina.
Nearsightedness usually develops during childhood and adolescence, and it usually becomes more stable between the ages of 20 and 40. Myopia tends to run in families.
A basic eye exam can confirm nearsightedness. You can compensate for the blurry vision with eyeglasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery.
Aniseikonia [ophthalmology description for medical students ]Madhuri Kureti
concise description of aniseikonia which is a condition wherein the images projected to the visual cortex from the two retinae are abnormally unequal in size and /or shape
Nearsightedness (myopia) is a common vision condition in which near objects appear clear, but objects farther away look blurry. It occurs when the shape of the eye — or the shape of certain parts of the eye — causes light rays to bend (refract) inaccurately. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye (retina) are focused in front of the retina.
Nearsightedness usually develops during childhood and adolescence, and it usually becomes more stable between the ages of 20 and 40. Myopia tends to run in families.
A basic eye exam can confirm nearsightedness. You can compensate for the blurry vision with eyeglasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery.
Hypermetropia also known as Hyperopia or Farsightedness is a common type of r...Khagendra Shrestha
Hypermetropia also known as "Hyperopia' or "Farsightedness" is a common type of refractive error where distant objects may be seen more clearly than objects that are near.
Correction of Ametropia is very basic topic in Optometry background. Hope the SlideShare may help you. This PPT will help Bachelor students (B.optoms).
hypermetropia (hyperopia) is also known as long sightedness. it is condition in which parallel rays of light coming from infinity are focused behind of retina with accommodation being at rest
The pupil is an opening located in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the retina. • Its function is to control the amount of light entering the eye and it does this via contraction (miosis) and dilation (mydriasis) under the influence of the autonomic nervous system
3. • The iris is a contractile structure, consisting mainly of smooth muscle, surrounding the pupil. Light enters the eye through the pupil, and the iris regulates the amount of light by controlling the size of the pupil.
4. The iris contains two groups of smooth muscles: a circular group called the sphincter pupillae. and a radial group called the dilator pupillae.
5. Parasympathetic pathway • First Order – Retina to Pretectal Nucleus in B/S (at level of Superior colliculus) Second Order – Pretectal nucleus to E/W nucleus (bilateral innervation!) Third Order – E/W nucleus to Ciliary Ganglion Fourth Order – Ciliary Ganglion to Sphincter pupillae (via short ciliary nerves) • • •
Hypermetropia also known as Hyperopia or Farsightedness is a common type of r...Khagendra Shrestha
Hypermetropia also known as "Hyperopia' or "Farsightedness" is a common type of refractive error where distant objects may be seen more clearly than objects that are near.
Correction of Ametropia is very basic topic in Optometry background. Hope the SlideShare may help you. This PPT will help Bachelor students (B.optoms).
hypermetropia (hyperopia) is also known as long sightedness. it is condition in which parallel rays of light coming from infinity are focused behind of retina with accommodation being at rest
The pupil is an opening located in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the retina. • Its function is to control the amount of light entering the eye and it does this via contraction (miosis) and dilation (mydriasis) under the influence of the autonomic nervous system
3. • The iris is a contractile structure, consisting mainly of smooth muscle, surrounding the pupil. Light enters the eye through the pupil, and the iris regulates the amount of light by controlling the size of the pupil.
4. The iris contains two groups of smooth muscles: a circular group called the sphincter pupillae. and a radial group called the dilator pupillae.
5. Parasympathetic pathway • First Order – Retina to Pretectal Nucleus in B/S (at level of Superior colliculus) Second Order – Pretectal nucleus to E/W nucleus (bilateral innervation!) Third Order – E/W nucleus to Ciliary Ganglion Fourth Order – Ciliary Ganglion to Sphincter pupillae (via short ciliary nerves) • • •
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Anomalies of the optical state of the eye
• Hypermetropia
• Astigmatism
2
3. Hypermetropia
• Refractive state of eye wherein incident parallel
rays of light coming from infinity are focused
behind the retina with accommodation being at
rest.
• Longsightedness
3
5. • Near images can be blurred unless there is
sufficient accommodation, as in a child.
• They have blurred images for distant objects also
• Most children are born about +3 D hyperopic,
but this usually resolves by age 12 years.
5
6. Types
|
| | | | |
Axial Curvature Index Positional Absence of lens
• Axial is the commonest form.
• In this condition the total refractive power of eye is
normal but there is axial shortening of eye ball.
6
7. Axial
• Each millimeter of shortening represents approximately
3D of refractive change and thus a hypermetropia of over
6D is uncommon.
• Physiological: Infant, child.
• Pathological: Orbital tumour,micro-
ophthalmos,nanophthalmos or inflammatory mass may
indent the posterior pole of the eye and flatten it
7
8. • Curvature Hypermetropia : When the radius of
curvature of any of the refracting surfaces is increased,
• congenitally (cornea plana) or as a result of trauma
• Increase of 1 mm produces a hypermetropia of 6 D.
8
9. • Index Hypermetropia : Usually manifests
itself as a decrease in the effective refractivity of
the lens and is responsible for the
hypermetropia which occurs physiologically in
old age d/t cortical sclerosis and pathologically
9
10. • Positional Hypermetropia : Posterior placed lens
also produced hypermetropia whether it occurs as a
congenital anomaly or as a result of trauma and disease.
• Aphakia : Surgical, posterior dislocation of lens
10
11. Clinical Types:
• Simple Hypermetropia : Commonest form.
• It results from normal biological variations in the
development of eye e.g., axial and curvatural.
• Pathological Hypermetropia : Either congenital or
acquired conditions of eyeball which are outside the normal
biological variation of development
• Example: index , positional (Aphakia).
• Functional Hypermetropia : Results from paralysis of
accommodation as seen in patients with third nerve palsy
and internal ophthalmoplegia.
11
12. Components of hypermetropia
Total hypermetropia = Latent+manifest
(facultative + absolute)
Accommodation in Hypermetropia
• Contraction of ciliary muscle in the act of
accommodation increases the refractive power
of the lens so that it corrects a certain amount of
hypermetropia.
12
13. Latent hypermetropia
• Normally there is an appreciable amount corrected by
contraction involved in physiological tone of ciliary muscle.
• Consequently the full degree of hypermetropia is revealed
only when this muscle is paralysed by the use of a drug such
as atropine.
• This is called latent hypermetropia, normally 1D.
13
14. Manifest Hypermetropia consists of:
• Facultative Hypermetropia: Corrected by effort of
accomodation
• Absolute Hypermetropia: Cannot be overcome by
effort of accomodation
• As tone of ciliary muscle decreases with age, some latent
hypermetropia becomes manifest
• As range of accomodation reduces with age, more
facultative hypermetropia becomes absolute, all of it
after age 60.
14
15. Symptoms
• Asymptomatic
• Vary with degree of hypermetropia and accomodative effort
• Blurred vision: near>distant
• Accomodative asthenopia
• Convergent squint due to continuous effort of accomodation,
excess of convergence leads to dissociation of muscle balance
• Early onset of presbyopia
15
16. Signs
• Small eyeball
• Smaller cornea
• Shallow anterior chamber predisposes to angle closure
glaucoma since size of lens is normal
• Apparent divergent squint
• A-scan-short AP length of the eyeball
16
17. Fundus
• Retina : Has peculiar sheen : a reflex effect so
called “shot silk retina” on ophthalmoscopy.
• Optic disc : small,Characteristic appearance
which may resemble optic neuritis
(Pseudopapillitis).
17
21. Treatment
• In young children below the age of 6-7 years:
some degree of hypermetropia is physiological
and a correction need be given only if the error is
high or if strabismus is present.
• In those between 6 and 16 years:
smaller error may require correction.
21
22. • Refractive correction is required
• in middle aged patients
• in high hypermetropia
• and if patient is symptomatic
• Optical:
▫ Glasses
▫ Contact lens
22
23. • Convex lenses prescribed after full cycloplegic
refraction, particularly in children
• Child with convergent squint may need “full
atropine correction”
• Contact lens power is a little more than spectacle
power
23
25. Refractive surgery
Cornea based procedure Lens based procedure
• Thermal laser keratoplasty
• Hyperopic PRK
• Hyperopic LASIK
• Conductive keratoplasty(CK)
• Phakic refractive lens (PRL) or
implantable contact lens (ICL)
• Refractive lens exchange(RLE)
25
26. Thermal laser keratoplasty
• For low degree of hyperopia
• 8 laser spots are applied in a ring at the
periphery
• Produces central steepening with
thallium-holmium-chromium (THC):YAG
laser
• Disadv-regression effect,induced
astigmatism
26
29. Astigmatism
|
| |
Regular Irregular
Astigmatism
• Astigmatism is a type of refractive error wherein
the refraction varies in different meridia.
• Consequently rays of light entering the eye
cannot converge to a point focus, but form focal
lines.
29
31. Regular Astigmatism
• Light rays passing through a steep meridian are
deflected more than those passing through a
flatter meridian.
31
32. 1. Corneal Astigmatism e.g. keratoconus
2. Lenticular Astigmatism
(i) Curvatural – e.g. lenticonus
(ii) Positional – subluxation
(iii) Index – cataract
3. Retinal astigmatism – due to oblique placement of macula.
32
33. Types of Regular Astigmatism
1. With the rule astigmatism(WTR) : The two principal
meridia are placed at right angles to one another but the
vertical meridian is more curved than horizontal meridian
(most common type)
2. Against the rule astigmatism(ATR) : Horizontal
meridian is more curved than the vertical meridian.
3. Oblique astigmatism : Is a type of regular astigmatism
where the two principal meridia are not horizontal and
vertical , though they are at right angles to one another (45
and 135 deg)
33
35. Oblique astigmatism :
(i) Symmetrical : Cylindrical lens required at same axis
in both eyes.
(ii) Complementary : Cylindrical lens required at 30o in
one eye and at 150o in the other eye.
4. Bi-oblique astigmatism : In this type of regular
astigmatism the two principal meridia are not at
right angles to each other, one eye at 30o and other
at 100o.
35
36. • Optics of regular astigmatism : In regular
astigmatism the parallel rays of light are not focused on a
point but form two focal lines – Sturm’s conoid
36
37. Refractive types of Regular astigmatism
• Depending upon the position of
two focal lines in relation to retina,
regular astigmatism is further
classified
• Simple : Where one focus falls
upon retina, the other focus may
fall in front of or behind, so that
one meridian is emmetropic the
other is either hypermetropic or
myopic.
37
38. Compound : Where neither of two
foci lie upon retina but both are
placed in front or behind it.
The state of the refraction is then
entirely hypermetropic or entirely
myopic. The former is known as
compound hypermetropic, the latter
as compound myopic astigmatism.
38
39. 3. Mixed : Where one focus is in front of and other behind
retina so that the refraction is hypermetropic in one
direction and myopic in the other.
39
41. Signs
• Half closure of the lid
• Head tilt
• Oval or tilted optic disc
• Different power in two meridians on retinoscopy
or autorefractometry
41
42. Investigations
• Retinoscopy –two power
in two different axes
• Keratometry-different
corneal curvature in two
different meridians in
corneal astigmatism
• Astigmatic fan test
• Jackson’s cross cylinder
test
42