Hydrocele: A common tropical problem.
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Hydrocele is a collection of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum. The document discusses the surgical anatomy of the scrotum, defines hydrocele and discusses its classification and causes. It also covers the clinical examination for hydrocele including inspection, palpation and transillumination of the scrotum. Common investigations like ultrasound and treatments like eversion of the sac are mentioned. Complications of hydrocele surgery are also listed.
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is invariably made at the time of surgery. Resection anastomosis of the adjacent segment of the small bowel with the diverticulum is
a contentious issue. A case of Littre’s hernia is reported. A case of Littre’s hernia in a 17-year-old boy is reported to highlight the
diagnostic and therapeutic issues confronting the attending surgeon. A short segment resection anastomosis of the small bowel along
with the Meckel’s diverticulum was done. A herniorrhaphy was done with no complications. The diagnostic challenges, the dilemma
of selecting the best option for removing Meckel’s diverticulum, and the choice of hernia repair are discussed. Littre’s hernia is
invariably diagnosed intraoperatively. A short segment resection anastomosis of the adjacent small bowel and Meckel’s diverticulum
prevents complications arising due to the diverticulum. A herniorrhaphy for a young patient and the use of an absorbable mesh for
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extremely uncommon surgical condition. Till date 9 cases of unilateral femorocele and
one case of bilateral femorocele have been reported in English literature. Objective: Thus
making the case presented the second case of bilateral femorocele in English literature.
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dilemma to the attending surgeon. Understanding the pathological anatomy of the sliding inguinal hernia is essential
for optimal choice of surgical procedure without causing damage to the involved viscera. A case of sliding inguinal
hernia is presented to highlight the diagnostic and technical challenges for repair of sliding hernia. Majority of sliding
hernias are diagnosed at the time of surgery. Sigmoid colon is a commonest content in a left sided sliding hernia.
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great challenge to the attending surgeon. There are various variants of embryological abnormality of the
processes vaginalis manifesting in different forms. Understanding the embryological development of the
processes vaginalis and the gubernaculum in female is therefore essential for determining the best surgical
option for treating these rare cases.
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sinuses discharging pus. It is commonly seen on the back of immuno-compromised patients. Admission to
hospital with aggressive treatment, both systemic and locally is necessary. Optimisation of co-morbidities
such as diabetes, adequate hydration, and antibiotics and are mainstay of initial treatment. Surgical
intervention in the form of debridement and desloughing followed by wound care is the next line of
management. Patient education at the time of discharge is necessary for prevention of recurrence.
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been documented in literature, yet there is no standard treatment algorithm for the same. A case of Morel-Lavallée lesion following blunt injury to
the thigh is therefore presented to highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in managing such lesions. The aim of presenting the case is
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patients.
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accident is presented. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was done to confirm the diagnosis. A limited open approach for evacuating the fluid
in the lesion was performed followed by irrigation of the cavity with a combination of 3% hypertonic saline and hydrogen peroxide in order to
induce fibrosis to obliterate the dead space. This was followed by continuous negative suction accompanied with a pressure bandage.
Conclusion: A high index of suspicion is necessary especially in cases of severe blunt injuries to the extremities. MRI is essential for early
diagnosis of Morel-Lavallée lesions. A limited open approach is a safe and effective option for treatment. The use of 3% hypertonic saline along
with hydrogen peroxide irrigation of the cavity to induce sclerosis is a novel method for treating the condition.
ABDOMINAL WALL PSEUDOCYST COMPLICATING INCISIONAL HERNIA REPAIR
Background: The development of a pseudocyst after mesh repair of an incisional hernia is a rare complication. Both diagnosis and management pose a great challenge to the attending surgeon. Therefore, the need to report such
an uncommon complication and its management in order to create awareness of this distinct though rare entity. Case
report: A pseudocyst formation following an onlay mesh repair of an incisional hernia is reported. Contrast-enhanced
CT scan was diagnostic. It revealed a well-formed cyst with no communication with the peritoneal cavity. Complete
excision of the cyst was curative. Conclusion: Pseudocyst formation is a rare complication following mesh repair.
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Background: Traumatic lumbar hernia is due to shearing of bony insertions of the muscle
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fixation of the mesh extremely difficult. Hence, the need to develop a new technique. Case
report: A 27-year-old male presented with a recurrent post-traumatic right- sided lumbar
hernia. He had a severe two wheeler accident. Following the accident he had undergone
various surgical interventions for a fractured pelvis with a deglowing injury involving the
right gluteal region and upper thigh. He had also developed a post-traumatic lumbar hernia
for which he had undergone open mesh repair. Subsequently he developed recurrence of
the post traumatic right-sided lumbar hernia. After complete investigation he underwent
open mesh repair for the recurrent post traumatic lumbar hernia. The defect was wide and
was devoid of healthy surrounding muscles. The mesh was fixed to the ileal bone with
bone anchors and to the twelfth rib with trans-osseous fiber sutures passed through holes
drilled in the twelfth rib. Flaps were created from the remnant surrounding attenuated muscles.
They were double-breasted to cover the mesh. Postoperative outcome was excellent
with no recurrence for the last six months. Discussion: The various anatomical and technical
considerations of bone fixation of the mesh for hernia repair are discussed. Conclusion:
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laparoscopic cholecystectomy has changed the treatment approach from conservative to emergency surgical intervention.
As a result, emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy is emerging as the standard of care. Therefore, the needs to
evaluate the various factors that determine the procedure’s safety. Aims: The study aims to evaluate the efficacy and
safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute calculous cholecystitis. Materials and methods: Consecutive patients
who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis over a 2-year-old period were studied
prospectively. Results: 75 patients were evaluated. The mean age was 49.48 years. Majority presented with right
hypochondriac pain. 22 patients had hypertension. 26 had diabetes and 6 patients had both hypertension and diabetes.
In 61 patients the mean duration of surgery was less than 60 minutes. 5 patients needed conversion to an open procedure.
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Giant lipoma over the back
Lipoma is one of the most common soft tissue tumor arising from the mesenchyme. It is slow growing, encapsulated, and usually benign in nature. Tumors over the back, shoulder, and neck region have a high propensity to assume large size thereby getting redefined as a giant lipoma when they exceed 10 cm in width or weigh more than 1000 grams. MRI is the investigation of choice for evaluating giant lipomas. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or frozen section may be pertinent in suspected cases of liposarcoma. Complete surgical incision is the treatment of choice. A case of a giant lipoma on the back of a 64-year-old lady is presented with a view to revisit conceptual understanding of the clinical evaluation, investigation, and management of giant lipomas.
LAPAROSCOPIC VERSUS OPEN APPENDICECTOMY IN ADULTS. (STUDY OF 50 CASES)
Background: Appendicectomy is one of the common procedures performed by a general surgeon. However,
the advent of laparoscopic appendicectomy has reduced the number of open appendicectomies performed. Therefore
there is a need to study the advantages of the laparoscopic approach over the traditional open approach. Aims: The
study aimed to compare laparoscopic appendicectomy with open appendicectomy based on various intraoperative and
postoperative parameters Materials and methods: 50 patients undergoing interval appendicectomy were randomised
into two groups. Group A comprised 25 patients who underwent laparoscopic appendicectomy and group B comprised
25 patients who underwent open appendicectomy. Results: Confirmation of diagnosis and evaluation of intraoperative
findings was easier in group A patients. In addition, early commencement of feeds with early bowel movements, reduced
need for postoperative analgesia due to less pain, lesser complications and shorter duration of hospital stay was observed
in group A patients. Conclusion: Laparoscopic appendicectomy has better outcomes rendering it a preferable procedure
for appendicectomy.
ABDOMINAL TUBERCULOSIS (STUDY OF 50 CASES)
Background: The incidence of abdominal tuberculosis is increasing. Preoperative diagnosis continues to
be the biggest challenge. Diagnosis is established only after histopathological examination. The modes of presentation
and therapeutic options need to be assessed. Objectives: To study the patterns of presentations, the extent of organ
involvement and therapeutic options. Materials and methods: Fifty histopathologically proven cases of abdominal
tuberculosis were studied. In addition, epidemiologic data, clinical patterns of presentation, diagnostic and various
surgical options, including outcomes, were studied. Results: The mortality in the study was 8%. The disease was
commonly seen in 21 to 40 years old and commonly seen in females. HIV positivity, anaemia and hypoproteinaemia
were associated with poor outcomes. Four types of presentations were observed. Diagnostic laparoscopy enabled early
histopathological diagnosis of biopsy specimens. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment Surgery is a significant
adjunct in diagnosing and managing complications. Patients presenting with perforative peritonitis had a poor prognosis
Conclusion: Critical evaluation of chronic abdominal pain is essential. Supportive evidence such as the history of TB or
contact with a patient suffering from TB is highly suggestive of abdominal tuberculosis. Radiological tests are highly
suggestive but not diagnostic. Diagnostic laparoscopy enables tissue diagnosis. Chemotherapy accompanied by surgical
intervention for complications is the mainstay of treatment.
PERFORATIVE PERITONITIS: CONTINUING SURGICAL CHALLENGE.(PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF ...
Background: Perforative peritonitis poses a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the attending
surgeon. Delay in diagnosis followed by sub-optimal treatment may lead to many complications, thereby increasing both
morbidity and mortality. This is by virtue of various factors which affect the prognosis. Hence the need arises to identify
these prognostic factors. Aims and Objectives: To study the various etiological factors of perforative peritonitis and to
identify prognostic factors and comorbid conditions which influence the outcome in perforative peritonitis. Materials
and Methods: 50 patients with an established diagnosis of perforative peritonitis due to various aetiologies confirmed
by clinical and radiological investigations were included in the study and studied prospectively. On admission to the
hospital, various haematological and radiological investigations were conducted to confirm the diagnosis. Patients
subsequently underwent surgical intervention. Postoperative recovery and outcomes assessed. Results were tabulated
and statistically analysed. Results: The mean age of patients in the study was 36.5 ±5 years. Patients who presented
in an advanced stage developed complications. The majority of patients were males. The interval between the onset
of symptoms and operative intervention was directly related to postoperative complications. Pneumoperitoneum was
the most common x-ray finding, followed by dilated bowel loops with free fluid in the peritoneal cavity as the most
common ultrasonography finding. Tachycardia and oliguria, which were markers of the severity of the disease process,
were associated with an increased rate of complications. Peptic ulcer perforation was the most common, followed by
perforations caused by infective aetiology. Perforations caused by infective aetiology had a higher rate of complication.
Primary closure of the perforation was the most commonly performed procedure. Significant abdominal contamination
found intraoperatively contributed to a negative outcome, as were comorbid conditions, which also increased the
complication rate significantly. Conclusion: Delayed intervention after the onset of symptoms, tachycardia, oliguria
and comorbidities are associated with a higher complication rate. Radiological investigations help in confirming the
diagnosis. Infective aetiology of the perforation and extensive peritoneal contamination was associated with higher
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COMPARISON BETWEEN SUTURING AND STAPLE APPROXIMATION OF SKIN IN ABDOMINAL INC...
Background: Skin approximation is a very important step in a surgical operation. The quality of skin
approximation affects the quality of the scar. Traditional skin suturing is associated with quite a few wound complications.
Staple approximation is an innovative alternative with good results. Aim: The aim of the study is to compare
traditional suturing of skin edges versus staple approximation and to evaluate the impact of these techniques on wound
complications such as pain, surgical site infections, scarring and patient satisfaction. Materials and methods: 150 patients
are included in the study and divided into two groups. Group A (skin suturing) and group B (staple approximation).
The effect of the technique on wound healing is evaluated. Results: Patients belonging to group B (staple approximation)
had less pain, shorter skin closure duration, no wound complications, fine scarring and greater patient satisfaction.
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Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a new alternative to the traditional open approach for
treating calculous cholecystitis. It is, therefore, necessary to assess the efficacy of laparoscopic cholecystectomy over the
open cholecystectomy. Objectives: To compare the surgical outcomes of laparoscopic cholecystectomy with those of open
cholecystectomy. Materials and methods: 50 patients diagnosed as symptomatic cholelithiasis proven by radiological
investigations were distributed into two groups of 25 each. Group A patients were subjected to laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and group B patients underwent open cholecystectomy. The surgical outcomes were studied prospectively.
Intraoperative complications and postoperative care parameters were evaluated. Results: Mean age of patients in group
A was 46.68±13.6 years, and in the group, B was 42.64±14.1 years. Majority of patients were in the age group of 41 to 60
years. Patients who had diabetes in group B developed wound infections, whereas diabetic patients in group A did not
develop any infection. Significant bleeding necessitating blood transfusion occurred in one patient belonging to group B.
The duration of postoperative analgesia required was 3.16 days in group A and 5.16 days in group B. The duration of
postoperative antibiotics administered in laparoscopic and open cases was 1.48 and 4.8 days, respectively. One of the
patients in group A developed a postoperative biliary leak, whereas none in group B had any such complication. The
commencement of oral feeds and after that return of bowel movements was earlier in group A than group B. The mean
hospital stay was 4.5 days in group A as compared to 6.3 days in group B. Conclusion: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
is superior to open cholecystectomy regarding reduced postoperative discomfort and pain, antibiotic and analgesic
requirement, early commencement of oral feeds, and shorter duration of hospitalization
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