The document summarizes the axial skeleton, which includes the skull and vertebrae. It describes the skull's bones including the cranium containing the brain and facial bones containing the upper jaw and nose. It also details the skull's sutures which join cranial bones. Additionally, it outlines the vertebral column's typical structure with 33 vertebrae divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal sections. It provides details on the distinctive features of cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.

1. HUMAN SKULL AND VERTEBRAE
As we all know our endoskeleton is divided into two principal divisions
AXIAL SKELETON and APPENDICULAR SKELETON. Skull and vertebrae are
a part of AXIAL SKELETON

2. ENDOSKELETON (206)
APPENDICULAR SKELETON (126) AXIAL SKELETON (80)

3. The Skull
• Skull, skeletal framework of the head of vertebrates,
composed of bones or cartilage, which form a unit
that protects the brain and some sense organs.
• The upper jaw, but not the lower, is part of the skull.
The human cranium, the part that contains the brain,
is globular and relatively large in comparison with
the face.
• In most other animals the facial portion of the skull,
including the upper teeth and the nose, is larger
than the cranium.
• In humans the skull is supported by the highest
vertebra, called the atlas, permitting nodding
motion. The atlas turns on the next-lower vertebra,
the axis, to allow for side-to-side motion.

4. The Skull includes:-
• CRANIUM (8)
• FACIAL BONES (14)
• EAR OSSICLES (6)
• HYOID BONE (1)

5. CRANIUM (8) FACIAL BONES (14)
• FRONTAL (1)
• PARIETAL (2)
• TEMPORAL (2)
• OCCIPITAL (1)
• SPHENOID (1)
• ETHMOID (1)
• NASAL (2)
• MAXILLA(2)
• MANDIBLE (1)
• ZYGOMATIC (2)
• LACRIMAL (2)
• PALANTINE (2)
• INFERIOR NASAL CHONCHAE (2)
• VOMER (1)

7. SUTURES
• IT IS A FIBROUS JOINT (SYNARTHROSIS) BETWEEN
THE CRANIAL BONES
• THE CRANIAL BONES HAVE A SERRATED MARGIN TO
HAVE FIXED JOINT

8. There are 4 types of Sutures:-
1. CORONAL SUTURE
2. SAGITTAL SUTURE
3. LAMBDOIDAL SUTURE
4. LATERAL SUTURE

9. EAR OSSICLES (6)
• MALLEUS ( HAMMER SHAPED )
• INCUS ( ANVIL SHAPED )
• STAPES ( STIRRUP SHAPED )

10. HYOID BONE
• IT IS A U-SHAPED BONE
PRESENT AT THE BASE
OF THE BUCCAL CAVITY
• THE HYOID BONE
ALONG WITH THE
TONGUE FORMS THE
HYOID APPARATUS
• IT IS THE ONLY BONE
WHICH DOES NOT
ARTICULATE WITH ANY
OTHER BONE

11. The Vertebrae
• Vertebrae are the 33 individual, interlocking bones
that form the spinal column.
• Each vertebra has three main functional
components:
The vertebral body for load-bearing, the vertebral
arch to protect the spinal cord, and transverse
processes for ligament attachment
• The vertebral column usually consists of
33 vertebrae: 24 presacral vertebrae (7 cervical,
12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar) followed by the sacrum
(5 fused sacral vertebrae) and the coccyx (4
frequently fused coccygeal vertebrae).
• The 24 presacral vertebrae allow movement and
hence render the vertebral column flexible.
• VERTEBRAL FORMULA- C7 T12 L5 S5 C4

12. • BETWEEN 2 ADJACENT
VERTEBRAE, A DISC OR
A PAD OF FIBROUS
CARTILAGE IS PRESENT
WHICH ACTS AS A
SHOCK ABSORBER AND
PROVIDES FLEXIBILITY
TO THE VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
• THESE DISCS ARE
CALLED
INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

13. TYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (C3-C6)
• SMALL, WIDE BODY
• LARGE, TRIANGULAR
VERTEBRAL FORAMEN
• TRANSVERSE PROCESS
WITH FORAMEN
TRANSVERSARIUM
• SPINOUS PROCESS
THAT ARE SHORT AND
BIFID

14. ATYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
1. C1 (ATLAS)
• SUPPORTS THE HEAD
• IT IS COMPLETE RING OF A BONE
• IT HAS KIDNEY SHAPED FACETS
FOR ARTICULATION WITH THE
OCCIPITAL CONDYDLES
2. C2 (AXIS)
• FROM THE BODY OF THE AXIS
ARISESA PROCESS CALLED AS
ODONTOID PEG
• THE ATLAS MOVES AROUND THE
ODONTOID PROCESS OF AXIS
FORMING A PIVOT JOINT AT
WHICH HEAD ROTATES

15. C7 (VERTEBRAE PROMINENCE)
• HAS UNDIVIDED
SPINOUS PROCESS
• ITS LONG SPINOUS
PROCESS FORMS A
DISTINCT PROJECTION
IN THE NECK
• BECAUSE OF THIS IT IS
CALLED AS VERTEBRAE
PROMINENCE

16. THORACIC VERTEBRAE
• BODY IS LARGER THAN
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
• LOCATED IN THE CHEST
• IT CONTAIN SITES FOR
ATTACHMENT OF RIBS
WHICH PROTECT THE
HEART AND LUNGS
• THICK , STRONG
TRANSVERSE PROCESS

17. LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
• THESE ARE THE
STRONGEST, THICKEST AND
LARGEST VERTEBRAE
PRESENT IN THE
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• THESE BEAR THE WEIGHT
OF THE TRUNK
• IT HAS A KIDNEY SHAPED
BODY
• SPINOUS PROCESS IS
BROAD
• TRANSVERSE PROCESS ARE
LONG AND SLENDER

18. SACRUM:-
• THE 5 SACRAL VERTEBRAE
FUSE TO FORM A
TRIANGULAR COMPLEX
• IT IS PRESENT IN THE
PELVIC REGION
• THE FEMALE SACRUM IS
WIDER AND SHORTER
THAN MALE SACRUM
COCCYX:-
• THE 4 COCCYGEAL BONES
UNITE TOGETHER TO FORM
A SMALL VESTIGIAL TAIL
BNE CALLD COCCYX.

19. THANK YOUUU!