a brief description about the bones of SKULL AND VERTEBRAE

1. SKULL AND VERTEBRAE
ROLL NO :21-25
BPth 1

2. AXIAL SKELETON

3. WHAT IS THE
SKULL?

4.  The skull is a bony structure in the head of most vertebrates
(in particular, craniates) that supports the structures of
the face and forms a protective cavity for the brain.
Adult human skull
NEUROCRANIUM VISCEROCRANIUM
(brainy case) (facial skeleton)

5.  SUPPORT
 MOVEMENT
 PROTECTION

6. CRANIAL BONES
 8 IN NUMBER.
FACIAL BONES
 14 IN NUMBER.
2. BACKSIDE OF THE HEAD.
3. ALL IMMOVABLE JOINTS.
2. FORMS THE FACE.
3. MAXILLA MOVABLE.

8.  Encloses the brain in the cavity.
 Provide sites of attachment for
head and neck muscles.
 Provides support.

9.  Frontal bone
 Parietal bones(2)
 Occipital bone
 Temporal bone(2)
 Sphenoid bone
 Ethmoid bone

11.  Frontal bone
 Parietal bones(2)
 Occipital bone
 Temporal bone(2)
 Sphenoid bone
 Ethmoid bone

13.  Frontal bone
 Parietal bones(2)
 Occipital bone
 Temporal bone(2)
 Sphenoid bone
 Ethmoid bone

15.  Frontal bone
 Parietal bones(2)
 Occipital bone
 Temporal bone(2)
 Sphenoid bone
 Ethmoid bone

17.  Frontal bone
 Parietal bones(2)
 Occipital bone
 Temporal bone(2)
 Sphenoid bone
 Ethmoid bone

19.  Frontal bone
 Parietal bones(2)
 Occipital bone
 Temporal bone(2)
 Sphenoid bone
 Ethmoid bone

20. Ethimoid

21. Sutures are immovable interlocking joints
that join skull bones together.
FONTANELLES:
 Soft regions of connective tissue holding bones
together at birth
 Permits brain growth and entry into birth canal
 Normally replaced by bone by about 1 year of age.

22.  CORONAL SUTURE
 SQUAMOUSAL SUTURE
 LAMBOIDAL SUTURE
 SAGITTAL SUTURE

23.  Forms the framework of face
 Cavities for special sense organs
of sight, taste and smell
 Openings for air and food
passage
 Sites of attachment for teeth and
muscles of facial expression

24.  Mandible
 Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2)
 Zygomatic bones(2)
 Nasal bones(2)
 Lacrimal bones(2)
 Palatine bones(2)
 Vomer
 Inferior nasal conchae(2)

26.  Mandible
 Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2)
 Zygomatic bones(2)
 Nasal bones(2)
 Lacrimal bones(2)
 Palatine bones(2)
 Vomer
 Inferior nasal conchae(2)

28.  Mandible
 Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2)
 Zygomatic bones(2)
 Nasal bones(2)
 Lacrimal bones(2)
 Palatine bones(2)
 Vomer
 Inferior nasal conchae(2)

30.  Mandible
 Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2)
 Zygomatic bones(2)
 Nasal bones(2)
 Lacrimal bones(2)
 Palatine bones(2)
 Vomer
 Inferior nasal conchae(2)

32.  Mandible
 Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2)
 Zygomatic bones(2)
 Nasal bones(2)
 Lacrimal bones(2)
 Palatine bones(2)
 Vomer
 Inferior nasal conchae(2)

34.  Mandible
 Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2)
 Zygomatic bones(2)
 Nasal bones(2)
 Lacrimal bones(2)
 Palatine bones(2)
 Vomer
 Inferior nasal conchae(2)

36.  Mandible
 Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2)
 Zygomatic bones(2)
 Nasal bones(2)
 Lacrimal bones(2)
 Palatine bones(2)
 Vomer
 Inferior nasal conchae(2)

38.  Mandible
 Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2)
 Zygomatic bones(2)
 Nasal bones(2)
 Lacrimal bones(2)
 Palatine bones(2)
 Vomer
 Inferior nasal conchae(2)

40.  EAR OSSICLES – MALLEUS, INCUS AND THE
STAPES.
 STAPES THE SMALLEST BONE
 AIDES IN HEARING
 ALL MOVABLE
 CONDUCTS VIBRATION

41. • Mucus lined, hollow, air-filled portions of bones
surrounding the nasal cavity
• Mucoase of sinus help to warm and humidify inspired
air
PARANASAL SINUSES

42.  The only bone that does
not articulate with
another bone
 Anchored by narrow
stylohyoid ligaments to
syloid process of
temporal bone.
 Serves as a moveable
base for the tongue
HYOID BONE

44.  The human vertebral column is
the backbone or spine, consisting of twenty-four
articulating vertebrae, and nine fused vertebrae in
the sacrum and the coccyx. The vertebrae in the
column are separated from each other by inter
vertebral discs. It houses and protects the spinal
cord in its spinal canal.
 The human vertebral column has a double ‘s’
shaped curvature to provide shape and support to
the body.

46. CERVICAL COCCYGEAL
THORACIC SACRAL
LUMBAR

49.  Numbered top-to-bottom from C1-C7, atlas (C1) and axis (C2),
are the vertebrae that allow the neck and head so much
movement.
 The atlanto-occipital joint allows the head to nod up and down
on the vertebral column. Hence the yes joint.
 the atlanto-axial jointallows the upper neck to twist left and
right. Hence the no joint.

50.  Clinical significance includes a lot of diseases which are:
1. Spondylolisthesis
2. Kyphosis
3. Lordosis
4. Scoliosis
Cervical headaces which can be effectively treated by
PHYSIOTHERAPY…

51.  Spondylolisthesis is
the forward
displacement of
a vertebra, especially
the fifth lumbar
vertebra, most
commonly occurring
after a break or
fracture. Backward
displacement is
referred to as
retrolisthesis

52.  Kyphosis is an
exaggerated kyphotic
(concave) curvature in
the thoracic region,
also
called hyperkyphosis.T
his produces the so-
called "humpback" or
"dowager's hump", a
condition commonly
resulting
from osteoporosis.

53.  The term lordosis refers
to the normal inward
curvature of
the lumbar and cervical
regions of
the spine.Excessive or
hyperlordosis can
happen and lumbar
hyperlordosis is
commonly referred to
as swayback or saddle
back, a term that
originates from the
similar condition that
arises in some horses.

54.  Scoliosis, lateral
curvature, is the most
common abnormal
curvature, occurring in
0.5% of the population.
It is more common
among females and
may result from
unequal growth of the
two sides of one or
more vertebrae, so that
they do not fuse
properly.

55. An interesting innovation..!!
• In March 2013, for the first time in history,
researchers replaced 75 percent of an
injured patient's skull with a precision 3D-
printed polymer replacement implant.
• In March 2014, it was announced that a
similar skull replacement had been
performed successfully on a Dutch woman
three months ago.

56. Phrenology
Use of metric and non-metric
traits to estimate what the bearer of
the skull looked like..
Remoulding the face with the help
of the skull bones.

57. NIDA SHAIKH
VIPASHA MEHTA HASTI VOHRA
MEGHNA BIYANI SUSAN JOSE