In this study, heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu) concentrations in soil within the vicinity of six diferent industries (International Textile, Chikki holdent Industries, Pz Cusson, 7up bottling company, Clay Industries and Chemstar industry) in Lagos State were used to investigate their influence on human health risk through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure pathways. The result revealed that the extent of human health risk varied with exposure pathways, Metal species and industry type. The Hazard Quotient derived from the inhalation are much higher than the US environmental protection agency guide lines value. The values of health index for various heavy metals and the multiple exposure pathway for all the industries were higher than the thresh value of 1. The ingestion pathway, which account for 65.41% and 97.18% health index for adult and children respectively was the dominant exposure route for all the metals to local residents. The cancer risk index falls within the acceptable limit with the exception of Cd for adult as well as Pb for both adult and children through inhalation. The dermal exposure pathway which account for 99.9% total cancer risk index for both adult and children was the dominant exposure route. The range of cancer risk was calculated and the results showed higher risk than an acceptable value of US environmental protection agency (1E-06 – 1E-04) indicating some concern about building houses, markets and farms near the industries.
Risk Assessment of Human Health by Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities along...Premier Publishers
In this study, heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni) concentrations were determined in soil samples taken from Pilafu, Shiwa, Fadama-rake and Damdrai along Hong major road using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The determined concentrations were used to investigate their influence on human health risk through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure path ways. The result revealed that the extent of human health risk varied with exposure path ways, Metal species and sample area. The target hazard quotient for all the elements through each exposure path way were observed to be >1, except Zn in ingestion for adults and in dermal for children and also Cu for children in dermal. However, the health index values for adults were observed to be much higher than the children for THQinh and THQdermal. But for THQing the HI values for children were observed to be higher than the adults. While in inhalation exposure path way all the cancer risk index values were observed to be higher in adults than in children except Ni which is higher in children than in adults. The combine effect for each exposure path way shows high possibility of carcinogenic risk by inhalation route. Indicating some concern about the expansion of unregulated settlements along heavy traffic highways.
POTENTIAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR SOIL AND AIR HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION I...IAEME Publication
This paper was submitted an Environmental Risk Assessment process which is based on
four steps defined by both National Academy of Science and the EPA. These are: Hazard
Identification, Exposure Assessment, Toxicity Assessment, and Risk Characterization. It was
taken into account two environmental media (Soil and Air). At first the concentration of some
heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Zn, Ni and Pb) was collected from previous studied conducted in soil
media at three locations (Residential area, Industrial area and Commercial area)in Urban Soil
within Baghdad City. For air media the lead concentration was taken from previous studied
conducted at two locations (Residential area, Industrial area) in Baghdad city. Also It was
taken into account one environmental soil media. The average concentration of heavy metal
(Cd, Ni and Pb) was collected from previous studied conducted in Baghdad soil media and
different towns samples of environmental soil media. Based on these test results and data
gathered, the potential human health risk assessment based on EPA model was used to
calculate different types of Intake through (ingestion, dermal) for soil media and (ingestion,
dermal and inhalation) for air media, noncarcinogen Hazard Index (HI) and carcinogen Risk
(R) resulted from these exposure routes was also calculated.
The results of the risk assessment indicated that the highest risks for individual element for
both adults and children. Cumulative hazard quotient index (THI) for the study area showed
that the adults and children population were seriously at the risk of chronic non-carcinogenic
health problem.
Need of sustainable development and related issues pertaining to process indu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Risk Assessment of Human Health by Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities along...Premier Publishers
In this study, heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni) concentrations were determined in soil samples taken from Pilafu, Shiwa, Fadama-rake and Damdrai along Hong major road using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The determined concentrations were used to investigate their influence on human health risk through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure path ways. The result revealed that the extent of human health risk varied with exposure path ways, Metal species and sample area. The target hazard quotient for all the elements through each exposure path way were observed to be >1, except Zn in ingestion for adults and in dermal for children and also Cu for children in dermal. However, the health index values for adults were observed to be much higher than the children for THQinh and THQdermal. But for THQing the HI values for children were observed to be higher than the adults. While in inhalation exposure path way all the cancer risk index values were observed to be higher in adults than in children except Ni which is higher in children than in adults. The combine effect for each exposure path way shows high possibility of carcinogenic risk by inhalation route. Indicating some concern about the expansion of unregulated settlements along heavy traffic highways.
POTENTIAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR SOIL AND AIR HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION I...IAEME Publication
This paper was submitted an Environmental Risk Assessment process which is based on
four steps defined by both National Academy of Science and the EPA. These are: Hazard
Identification, Exposure Assessment, Toxicity Assessment, and Risk Characterization. It was
taken into account two environmental media (Soil and Air). At first the concentration of some
heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Zn, Ni and Pb) was collected from previous studied conducted in soil
media at three locations (Residential area, Industrial area and Commercial area)in Urban Soil
within Baghdad City. For air media the lead concentration was taken from previous studied
conducted at two locations (Residential area, Industrial area) in Baghdad city. Also It was
taken into account one environmental soil media. The average concentration of heavy metal
(Cd, Ni and Pb) was collected from previous studied conducted in Baghdad soil media and
different towns samples of environmental soil media. Based on these test results and data
gathered, the potential human health risk assessment based on EPA model was used to
calculate different types of Intake through (ingestion, dermal) for soil media and (ingestion,
dermal and inhalation) for air media, noncarcinogen Hazard Index (HI) and carcinogen Risk
(R) resulted from these exposure routes was also calculated.
The results of the risk assessment indicated that the highest risks for individual element for
both adults and children. Cumulative hazard quotient index (THI) for the study area showed
that the adults and children population were seriously at the risk of chronic non-carcinogenic
health problem.
Need of sustainable development and related issues pertaining to process indu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ndustries, households, cars and trucks emit complex mixtures of air pollutants, many of which are harmful to health. Of all of these pollutants, fine particulate matter has the greatest effect on human health. Most fine particulate matter comes from fuel combustion, both from mobile sources such as vehicles and from stationary sources such as power plants, industry, households or biomass burning.
Ambient air pollution: A global assessment of exposure and burden of diseaseGhislain Delabie
This report presents a summary of methods and results of the latest World Health Organi- zation (WHO) global assessment of ambient air pollution exposure and the resulting burden of disease.
Air pollution has become a growing concern in the past few years, with an increasing number of acute air pollution episodes in many cities worldwide. As a result, data on air quality is becoming increasingly available and the science underlying the related health impacts is also evolving rapidly.
To date, air pollution – both ambient (outdoor) and household (indoor) – is the biggest envi- ronmental risk to health, carrying responsibility for about one in every nine deaths annually. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution alone kills around 3 million people each year, mainly from noncommunicable diseases. Only one person in ten lives in a city that complies with the WHO Air quality guidelines. Air pollution continues to rise at an alarming rate, and affects econo- mies and people’s quality of life; it is a public health emergency.
Interventions and policies for tackling air pollu- tion issues exist and have been proven to be effective. The implementation of WHO resolution WHA68.8, which maps out a road map for en- hanced global responses to the adverse effects of air pollution, provides an essential framework for decision-makers to choose and implement the most ef cient policies.
Air pollution has also been identi ed as a global health priority in the sustainable development agenda. WHO has responsibility for stewarding three air pollution-related indicators for monito- ring progress against the Sustainable Develop- ment Goals (SDGs): in health (Goal 3), in cities (Goal 11) and in energy (Goal 7).
Air pollution affects practically all countries in the world and all parts of society.
The role of the health sector is crucial, and there is a need to engage with other sectors to maxi- mize the co-bene ts of health, climate, environ- ment, social and development. Saving people’s lives is the overarching aim to implement policies aiming at tackling air pollution in the health, trans- port, energy, and urban development sectors.
Green Infrastructure (GI) facilities have capacity to enhance health and mitigate Environmental Sustainability Challenges (ESC). However, the extent of the mitigation and health benefits is unclear in developing countries. This study examined the impact of GI on ESC and Perceived Health (PH) of urban residents in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 1858 residents of Lagos Metropolis who completed semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to explore data distributions and assess association of the availability of GI with resident’s PH and ESC. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (OR;95%CI) were estimated for good health and ESC mitigation. Participants were mostly men (58.9%) and younger than 50 years old (86.3%). Good health (20.5%) and high mitigation of ESC (collection and disposal of waste-52.7% and official development assistance-63.9%) were reported where GI is mostly available. Participants were more likely to report good health (OR:1.40; 95%CI:1.02-1.92) and high mitigation of ESC [water quality (OR:1.42; 95%CI:1.12-1.81) passenger transport mode (OR:1.41; 95%CI:1.06-1.89)] where GI are mostly available. Availability of Green infrastructure is supporting health and mitigating environmental sustainability challenges in the study area. Green infrastructure should be provided in urban areas where environmental sustainability is under threat.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(1), 33-46.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n1-4
Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contaminated Site: Case study of Rania ...theijes
This paper emphasizes on the Health Risk Assessment of heavy metal contaminated soil at Rania Industrial belt, Kanpur Dehat, India. Study was conducted to determine the Hazard Index and Cancer risk for receptors (Child, Adult and Industrial worker) through different pathways (Ingestion, Inhalation and Dermal contact) based on the mean and maximum concentration of heavy metals in soils. Further this study also addresses Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic health risks due to exposure to heavy metal to each of the receptors. Study shows that Ingestion is the dominant pathway of exposure to all the receptors for the health risk. The non-Carcinogenic risk to the children at Rania industrial belt has been obtained as HI=1.40 and 4.97 based on the mean and maximum concentration of heavy metals, respectively. The maximum Hazard Quotient was found for Pb (HQ = 0.55) followed by Fe (HQ = 0.52) in the Non-Carcinogenic Risk assessment. The exposure of the children to the site may cause various adverse health effects on them. Carcinogenic Risk due to Cr(VI) and Pb were found to be more than 1x10-6 for all the considered receptor. Exposure to the site by any of the receptors can cause the cancer risk. It was found that Non Carcinogenic and Carcinogenic risk for child is about 8.5 times more than that for adult.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Physicochemical Analysis, Heavy Metals Contaminants and Health Risks Assessme...PriyankaKilaniya
The increasing exposure of humans to Harmattan dust is becoming a growing concern, especially in Northern Nigeria. This study aimed to identify the heavy metal contaminants, assess the associated health risks, and evaluate the physicochemical properties of the Harmattan dust. During the sample collection period, which took place from December 2023 to February 2024, Harmattan dust samples were collected from 20 different locations, 4.5 cm above the ground, using cleaned Petri dishes. The composite samples from each month were analyzed using standard analytical techniques and AAS to examine the physicochemical properties and heavy metal contamination, respectively. The results of the physicochemical examination, which included pH, organic matter, organic carbon, electrical conductivity, and moisture content, showed a significant difference (p ≥ 0.05), using statistical tools. However, there was no significant difference in the concentration of heavy metals such as pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Cr among the samples collected in December, January, and February. The concentration of pb and Ni was high in December and January, at 78 mg/kg and 73 mg/kg, respectively, while Ni was at 108 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg for December and January, respectively. The health risk assessment, using the model developed by EPA for children and adults, showed that Cu, Ni, and pb had a hazard index of 1.305, 1.098, and 1.205, and 1.050, respectively. Therefore, Cu and Ni pose health risks for children, while pb poses health risks for both children and adults. Protective measures, such as face masks, during the Harmattan period may help protect people from direct exposure to these heavy metals.
The Effects of Cement Dust on Haematological Parameters of Cement Workers in ...iosrjce
The effect of cement dust on exposed workers was conducted in Asaba Delta state Nigeria, to
delineate the occupational hazards posed by cement dust on haematological parameters. The assessment of
haematological parameters was performed in forty workers occupationally exposed to cement dust and forty
matched unexposed control. The accepted level of significance was p< 0.05. The results show that the
erythrocyte sedimentation count, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume were not significantly
different between the exposed and the control (p> 0.05). There was a significantly lower platelet count,
lymphocytes and total white blood cell count in the exposed workers relative to the control (p< 0.05). Apart from
the white blood cell count, the number of years of exposure did not significantly affect the other parameters.
The results from this study has shown that occupational exposure to cement dust has significant effects on some
haematological parameters while years of exposure was not a significant factor on the haematological
parameters of cement depot workers
Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenyaijtsrd
Industrialization, economic growth, urbanization and population growth have been responsible for air pollution in developing countries. The discharge of harmful chemicals and increased combustion of fossil fuels, affect both the physical environment and the public health. Air pollution effects are both acute and chronic on human health, ranging from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults. A study was conducted to assess the effect of sulfur dioxide on air quality at three sites in Athi River town, Kenya which included one non-industrial site. The air samples were collected by scrubbing them through appropriate trapping solutions and subsequently analyzed in the laboratory using colorimetric method. The meteorological parameters namely; temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction were also measured during the sampling exercise. The mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide at the various sampling sites during rainy season were: Shalom Hospital (602 -µg/m3); Vannilaz Restaurant (793 -µg/m3); Redeemed Gospel Church (861 -µg/m3) and Sabaki residential Estate (370 -µg/m3). The levels exceeded the guidelines recommended by WHO which has set a maximum of 500 -µg/m3, for 10 minutes exposure, however the levels at Sabaki residential Estate were low. Mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide during the dry season for Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant, Redeemed Gospel church and Sabaki residential Estate were 863, 875,862 and 664 -µg/m3 respectively. The elevated levels of SO2 was associated with heavy vehicular traffic and the various industrial activities mainly cement manufacturing plants. Sulphur dioxide may also be emitted from diesel-powered vehicles and coal burning in the industries. The study revealed that Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant and Redeemed Gospel Church were polluted with sulphur dioxide during the rainy season except Sabaki residential Estate but during the dry season all the sites were polluted with sulphur dioxide. Birgen J. | Wafula G. | Yusuf A. | Onyatta J."Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2320.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/2320/assessment-of-sulphur-dioxide-levels-in--selected-sites-in-athi-river-kenya/birgen-j
We all know there is no such thing as zero risk. People are exposed to risks at every corner of their lives.
Even the simplest activities we do on a daily basis involve taking risk, for example going out, crossing
the street, driving a car, riding a bike, etc. All these may be considered minimal risks, so we must agree
in this: risk is an inevitable part of our lives.
ndustries, households, cars and trucks emit complex mixtures of air pollutants, many of which are harmful to health. Of all of these pollutants, fine particulate matter has the greatest effect on human health. Most fine particulate matter comes from fuel combustion, both from mobile sources such as vehicles and from stationary sources such as power plants, industry, households or biomass burning.
Ambient air pollution: A global assessment of exposure and burden of diseaseGhislain Delabie
This report presents a summary of methods and results of the latest World Health Organi- zation (WHO) global assessment of ambient air pollution exposure and the resulting burden of disease.
Air pollution has become a growing concern in the past few years, with an increasing number of acute air pollution episodes in many cities worldwide. As a result, data on air quality is becoming increasingly available and the science underlying the related health impacts is also evolving rapidly.
To date, air pollution – both ambient (outdoor) and household (indoor) – is the biggest envi- ronmental risk to health, carrying responsibility for about one in every nine deaths annually. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution alone kills around 3 million people each year, mainly from noncommunicable diseases. Only one person in ten lives in a city that complies with the WHO Air quality guidelines. Air pollution continues to rise at an alarming rate, and affects econo- mies and people’s quality of life; it is a public health emergency.
Interventions and policies for tackling air pollu- tion issues exist and have been proven to be effective. The implementation of WHO resolution WHA68.8, which maps out a road map for en- hanced global responses to the adverse effects of air pollution, provides an essential framework for decision-makers to choose and implement the most ef cient policies.
Air pollution has also been identi ed as a global health priority in the sustainable development agenda. WHO has responsibility for stewarding three air pollution-related indicators for monito- ring progress against the Sustainable Develop- ment Goals (SDGs): in health (Goal 3), in cities (Goal 11) and in energy (Goal 7).
Air pollution affects practically all countries in the world and all parts of society.
The role of the health sector is crucial, and there is a need to engage with other sectors to maxi- mize the co-bene ts of health, climate, environ- ment, social and development. Saving people’s lives is the overarching aim to implement policies aiming at tackling air pollution in the health, trans- port, energy, and urban development sectors.
Green Infrastructure (GI) facilities have capacity to enhance health and mitigate Environmental Sustainability Challenges (ESC). However, the extent of the mitigation and health benefits is unclear in developing countries. This study examined the impact of GI on ESC and Perceived Health (PH) of urban residents in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 1858 residents of Lagos Metropolis who completed semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to explore data distributions and assess association of the availability of GI with resident’s PH and ESC. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (OR;95%CI) were estimated for good health and ESC mitigation. Participants were mostly men (58.9%) and younger than 50 years old (86.3%). Good health (20.5%) and high mitigation of ESC (collection and disposal of waste-52.7% and official development assistance-63.9%) were reported where GI is mostly available. Participants were more likely to report good health (OR:1.40; 95%CI:1.02-1.92) and high mitigation of ESC [water quality (OR:1.42; 95%CI:1.12-1.81) passenger transport mode (OR:1.41; 95%CI:1.06-1.89)] where GI are mostly available. Availability of Green infrastructure is supporting health and mitigating environmental sustainability challenges in the study area. Green infrastructure should be provided in urban areas where environmental sustainability is under threat.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(1), 33-46.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n1-4
Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contaminated Site: Case study of Rania ...theijes
This paper emphasizes on the Health Risk Assessment of heavy metal contaminated soil at Rania Industrial belt, Kanpur Dehat, India. Study was conducted to determine the Hazard Index and Cancer risk for receptors (Child, Adult and Industrial worker) through different pathways (Ingestion, Inhalation and Dermal contact) based on the mean and maximum concentration of heavy metals in soils. Further this study also addresses Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic health risks due to exposure to heavy metal to each of the receptors. Study shows that Ingestion is the dominant pathway of exposure to all the receptors for the health risk. The non-Carcinogenic risk to the children at Rania industrial belt has been obtained as HI=1.40 and 4.97 based on the mean and maximum concentration of heavy metals, respectively. The maximum Hazard Quotient was found for Pb (HQ = 0.55) followed by Fe (HQ = 0.52) in the Non-Carcinogenic Risk assessment. The exposure of the children to the site may cause various adverse health effects on them. Carcinogenic Risk due to Cr(VI) and Pb were found to be more than 1x10-6 for all the considered receptor. Exposure to the site by any of the receptors can cause the cancer risk. It was found that Non Carcinogenic and Carcinogenic risk for child is about 8.5 times more than that for adult.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Physicochemical Analysis, Heavy Metals Contaminants and Health Risks Assessme...PriyankaKilaniya
The increasing exposure of humans to Harmattan dust is becoming a growing concern, especially in Northern Nigeria. This study aimed to identify the heavy metal contaminants, assess the associated health risks, and evaluate the physicochemical properties of the Harmattan dust. During the sample collection period, which took place from December 2023 to February 2024, Harmattan dust samples were collected from 20 different locations, 4.5 cm above the ground, using cleaned Petri dishes. The composite samples from each month were analyzed using standard analytical techniques and AAS to examine the physicochemical properties and heavy metal contamination, respectively. The results of the physicochemical examination, which included pH, organic matter, organic carbon, electrical conductivity, and moisture content, showed a significant difference (p ≥ 0.05), using statistical tools. However, there was no significant difference in the concentration of heavy metals such as pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Cr among the samples collected in December, January, and February. The concentration of pb and Ni was high in December and January, at 78 mg/kg and 73 mg/kg, respectively, while Ni was at 108 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg for December and January, respectively. The health risk assessment, using the model developed by EPA for children and adults, showed that Cu, Ni, and pb had a hazard index of 1.305, 1.098, and 1.205, and 1.050, respectively. Therefore, Cu and Ni pose health risks for children, while pb poses health risks for both children and adults. Protective measures, such as face masks, during the Harmattan period may help protect people from direct exposure to these heavy metals.
The Effects of Cement Dust on Haematological Parameters of Cement Workers in ...iosrjce
The effect of cement dust on exposed workers was conducted in Asaba Delta state Nigeria, to
delineate the occupational hazards posed by cement dust on haematological parameters. The assessment of
haematological parameters was performed in forty workers occupationally exposed to cement dust and forty
matched unexposed control. The accepted level of significance was p< 0.05. The results show that the
erythrocyte sedimentation count, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume were not significantly
different between the exposed and the control (p> 0.05). There was a significantly lower platelet count,
lymphocytes and total white blood cell count in the exposed workers relative to the control (p< 0.05). Apart from
the white blood cell count, the number of years of exposure did not significantly affect the other parameters.
The results from this study has shown that occupational exposure to cement dust has significant effects on some
haematological parameters while years of exposure was not a significant factor on the haematological
parameters of cement depot workers
Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenyaijtsrd
Industrialization, economic growth, urbanization and population growth have been responsible for air pollution in developing countries. The discharge of harmful chemicals and increased combustion of fossil fuels, affect both the physical environment and the public health. Air pollution effects are both acute and chronic on human health, ranging from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults. A study was conducted to assess the effect of sulfur dioxide on air quality at three sites in Athi River town, Kenya which included one non-industrial site. The air samples were collected by scrubbing them through appropriate trapping solutions and subsequently analyzed in the laboratory using colorimetric method. The meteorological parameters namely; temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction were also measured during the sampling exercise. The mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide at the various sampling sites during rainy season were: Shalom Hospital (602 -µg/m3); Vannilaz Restaurant (793 -µg/m3); Redeemed Gospel Church (861 -µg/m3) and Sabaki residential Estate (370 -µg/m3). The levels exceeded the guidelines recommended by WHO which has set a maximum of 500 -µg/m3, for 10 minutes exposure, however the levels at Sabaki residential Estate were low. Mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide during the dry season for Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant, Redeemed Gospel church and Sabaki residential Estate were 863, 875,862 and 664 -µg/m3 respectively. The elevated levels of SO2 was associated with heavy vehicular traffic and the various industrial activities mainly cement manufacturing plants. Sulphur dioxide may also be emitted from diesel-powered vehicles and coal burning in the industries. The study revealed that Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant and Redeemed Gospel Church were polluted with sulphur dioxide during the rainy season except Sabaki residential Estate but during the dry season all the sites were polluted with sulphur dioxide. Birgen J. | Wafula G. | Yusuf A. | Onyatta J."Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2320.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/2320/assessment-of-sulphur-dioxide-levels-in--selected-sites-in-athi-river-kenya/birgen-j
We all know there is no such thing as zero risk. People are exposed to risks at every corner of their lives.
Even the simplest activities we do on a daily basis involve taking risk, for example going out, crossing
the street, driving a car, riding a bike, etc. All these may be considered minimal risks, so we must agree
in this: risk is an inevitable part of our lives.
ORIGINAL PAPERRisk assessment of atmospheric heavy metals .docxgerardkortney
ORIGINAL PAPER
Risk assessment of atmospheric heavy metals exposure
in Baotou, a typical industrial city in northern China
Kexin Li . Tao Liang . Lingqing Wang
Received: 11 March 2015 / Accepted: 1 September 2015 / Published online: 8 September 2015
! Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
Abstract Industrial activities have led to serious air
pollution and the potentially toxic elements in atmo-
spheric particles can cause various health problems to
humans. In this study, inhalable particulate matter
(PM10) and fine particles (PM2.5) were collected from
four typical sites in Baotou, an industrial city in
northern China. We investigated both the mass
concentrations of particulate matter and the concen-
trations of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cu, Mn, Co,
and Zn) in the collected samples. We assessed the
public health risks associated with atmospheric heavy
metal exposure. The results showed that the mass
concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 as well as these
heavy metal concentrations varied notably influenced
by the prevailing wind directions. Among the studied
metals, Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cr were the main metal
pollutants in both PM10 and PM2.5. The results of the
health assessment showed that the eight heavy metals
studied pose significant non-carcinogenic risks and Cr,
Cd, and Co pose lifetime lung cancer risks to local
residents, especially to children.
Keywords PM10 ! PM2.5 ! Heavy metals !
Health risk ! Baotou
Introduction
Mining activities are notorious for adverse environ-
mental impacts, including pollution, habitat loss, soil
erosion, and geological disasters (Salomons 1995;
Klukanová and Rapant 1999; Aguilar et al. 2004; Luı́s
et al. 2011). Among these environmental problems
caused by mining activities, the production and
dispersion of atmospheric particles has become a
great concern in recent years (Kaonga and Kgabi
2011; Chen et al. 2013; Serbula et al. 2014). Atmo-
spheric particulates are generated from numerous
sources, both natural and anthropogenic, but in areas
near mining, mining operations are considered the
largest contributor. The processes of mining, such as
crushing, grinding, excavating, smelting, and refining,
can produce large quantities of particulate matter
(PM), containing dangerously high levels of heavy
metals (Csavina et al. 2012).
Inhalable particulate matter (PM10), particularly
fine particles (PM2.5), have been shown to cause
adverse effects on human health, including asthma,
lung cancer, and cardiovascular diseases (Pope et al.
2002; Sanchez et al. 2009). Lung and other organ
injuries from atmospheric heavy metal exposure have
also been well-documented (Espinosa et al. 2001;
Cancio et al. 2008; Leili et al. 2008).
K. Li ! T. Liang (&) ! L. Wang (&)
Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation,
Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources
Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,
China
e-mail: [email protected]
L. Wang
e-mail: [email p.
contaminated land area due to industrial hazardous waste generation and its r...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The rapid growth of industrialization, urbanization and use of pesticides in agricultural fields in India has contributed to the generation of contaminated land. The uncontrolled and non-engineered waste disposal is one of the major causes of ground water contamination, air contamination and land contamination leading to health risks of human beings, animals and ecosystems. This paper is mainly focused on estimating contaminated land area to industrial hazardous waste generation and disposal practices. Presently in India, there is reported 7.2 million tonne hazardous waste generation from more than 40,000 registered industries according to Controller and Auditor General’s report(CAG-2012). This study also summaries the advantages and disadvantages of different methods which are useful to manage a contaminated site by a geo–environmental engineer. For a specific superfund site, there is not only one remediation technique is applicable but also more than one techniques are applicable on the basis of different criteria.
Experts profiling on a healthier built environment: Lowering the threat of cl...AgboolaPaul3
There are indications that climate change and its
consequences are already creating threats to the built environment in Nigeria. These
environmental threats have negative implications for healthy, well-being, and urban
sustainability. This empirical study aim to identify how climate change has influenced the
built environment in Nigeria’s South-Western region, considering the following objectives:
to explore the reasons for climate change in South-western, Nigeria, to determine the
consequences of environmental issues on inhabitant health in South-western, Nigeria; and
to critically determine the key measures of climate change mitigation and adaptation to
enhance the environmental sustainability of the Southwestern region of Nigeria.
Similar to Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State, Nigeria (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State Nigeria
Nachana’a T. 063
Mireles et al.,2012; Du et al.,2013). Due to the disturbance
and acceleration of nature’s slowly occurring geochemical
cycle of metals by man, most soils of rural and urban
environments may accumulate one or more of the heavy
metals above defined background values high enough to
cause risks to human health, plants, animals and
ecosystems, (Amore et al., 2005; Gupta et al., 2009;
Sharma et al., 2014; Etim,2016; Bwatanglang et al.,
2019).
The radial distribution of the heavy metals from industries
is major health risk factor to communities around industries
exposing the populations to lifetime non-carcinogenic and
carcinogenic health risk (Mishra et al., 2010; Mudgal et al.,
2010; Njoku et al., 2013; Liu et al.,2013; Chen et al., 2015;
Singh et al., 2018).
The measurement of the environmental cost contributed
by industrial activities is one thing and understanding its
multidimensional impacts to health and the entire
ecosystems is another (Winther and Slentø, 2010; Fan et
al., 2012; Patrik and Chioma, 2017 Singh et al., 2017;
Bwatanglang et al., 2019). There is little or no coherent
documented information on human health risk of the
industry derived heavy metals in Lagos. For these
reasons, this study aims to investigate the influence of
heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu) concentration in soil
within the vicinity of six different industries in Lagos State
on human health risk through different exposure pathways.
The outcome from the study could be used as guide in
making policy toward regulating settlements around
industries.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
Lagos state is located at the South western geopolitical
zone of Nigeria. Its coordinate is 6°35′N 3°45′E. It is
bounded on the north and east by Ogun State. In the west
it shares boundaries with the Republic of Benin. Behind its
southern borders lies the Atlantic Ocean. 22% of its 3,577
km2 are lagoons and creeks (Figure 1). It is Nigeria’s
largest city, chief port, and principal economic, cultural and
industrial center (Adesuyi et al., 2015).
Figure 1: Map of Lagos showing the Industries
3. Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State Nigeria
Int. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 064
Data
The data on heavy metal concentrations in soil around six
industries (International Textile, Chikki holdent Industries,
Pz Cusson, 7up bottling company, Clay Industries and
Chemstar industry) (Table 1) used in this study to
investigate the human health risk were obtained from
Adesuyi et al., (2015); while exposure factors used for the
health risk assessment through different exposure
pathways for soil (Table 2) and Reference doses (RfD) in
(mg/kg-day) and Cancer Slope Factors (CSF) for the
individual heavy metals per exposure pathways (Table 3)
from Bwatanglang et al., (2019).
Health Risk Characterization
To predict the possible carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic
risks that may prompt up following the exposure of the
heavy metals in the soil to both the adults and children
residing around the Industries, risk assessment processes
were carried out. This was achieved by integrating
possible exposure pathways to quantitatively estimate the
likelihood of health hazard.
The risk exposure pathways involve taking the average
daily intake (ADI) of the toxic metals (mg/kg day) following
oral ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact route using
the methods described in equations 1-3 (Sun and Chen,
2018; Bwantanglang et al.,2019).
ADIing= 10-6× Csoil× (IngR × EF × ED)/ (BW × AT) …... (1)
ADIinh= Csoil× (InhR × EF × ED)/ (PEF × BW × AT) …. (2)
ADIdermal= 10-6× Csoil× (SA × AF × ABS × EF × ED)/ (BW
× AT) …… (3)
The ADIing, ADIinh, and ADIdermal stand for average
daily intake (ADI) for ingestion, inhalation and dermal
exposure pathways respectively and Csoil is the heavy
metal concentration in the soils around each industry.
Other parameters and their corresponding functions are
described in Table 3 (USEPA, 2004; DEA, 2010;
Bwatanglang et al., 2019).
Hazard Quotient (HQ) was used to analyze the potential
non-carcinogenic effect of the metals in the soils by
relating the estimated ADI of each elements with their
reference dose (RfD) for each exposure pathway as
shown in equation 4 (Liu et al., 2013).
To describe the cumulative non-carcinogenic effect in the
study, the health index (HI), expressed as the sum of the
HQ as described in equation 5 was used (Kamunda et al.,
2016; USEPA, 1997). The RfD for each metal and for each
exposure pathway were presented in Table 3 (USEPA,
2016; Huang et al., 2017; Bwatanglang et al., 2019)
The probability of developing any type of cancer over a
lifetime was represented by the cancer risk index (CRI)
calculated by integrating the ADI with the respective
cancer slope factors (CSF) for each metal as shown in
equation 6 (Sun and Chen, 2018).
HQ = ADIi/RfDi ………………………………………. (4)
HI=∑HQi ………………………………………………. (5)
CRI= ADIi x CSFi …………………………………….... (6)
in which i stands for each metal.
A HQ < 1 or HI < 1 signify no associated risk, meaning the
exposed population is not likely to experience any adverse
health hazard. However, a level of concerns exist, if the
HQ or HI >1 (Bwatanglang et al., 2019). Also CRI is
considered negligible if the CRI < 10-6, tolerable if CRI is
10-6<CRI <10-4 and considered high if the CRI > 10-4. The
complete picture of the cancer risk for an individual
following the combination of all the metals over a lifetime
for all the exposure pathways are described in equation 7.
TCRI= CRI (ing) + CRI (inh) + CRI (dermal) …… (7)
Where, TCRI is total cancer risk index, while CRI (ing), CRI
(inh), and CRI (dermal) are risks contributions through
ingestion, inhalation and dermal pathways respectively
(Kamunda et al., 2016)
Table 1: Heavy metal concentration in soils (mg/kg)
around the six different Industries in Lagos (Adesuyi1 et
al., 2015).
Industry Zn Cd Pb Cu
International Textile 19.58 0.27 32.58 40.20
Chikki Holdent
Industries
14.32 0.19 9.98 0.93
Pz Cusson 49.21 0.02 18.10 18.21
7up bottling company 17.46 ND 1.60 9.09
Clay Industries 0.23 ND 1.12 22.08
Chemstar 54.11 0.15 29.27 31.11
EU threshold value 300 3.0 300 130-140
USEPA threshold
value
300 3.0 300 80-200
UK threshold value 100-200 1.4 70 63
USEPA – US environmental protection agency.
Table 2: Exposure factors used for the health risk
assessment through different exposure pathways for soil
Factor Unit Children Adult
Body weight (BW) kg 15 60
Exposure frequency (EF) days/year 350 350
Exposure duration (ED) years 6 30
Ingestion rate (IngR) mg/day 200 100
Inhalation rate (InhRair) m3/day 10 20
Skin surface area (SA) m2 2100 5800
Soil adherence factor
(AF)
mg/cm2 0.2 0.7
Dermal Absorption factor
(ABS)
0.1 0.1
Particulate emission
factor (PEF)
m3/k 1.3 x 109 1.3 x 109
Conversion factor (CF) kg/mg 10-6 10-6
Average time (AT) days
For carcinogen 365 x 70 365 x 70
For non-carcinogens 365 x ED 365 x ED
(Bwatanglang et al., 2019)
4. Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State Nigeria
Nachana’a T. 065
Table 3: Reference doses (RfD) in (mg/kg-day) and Cancer Slope Factors (CSF) for the individual heavy metals per
exposure pathways
Elements RfDing RfDdermal RfDinh CSFing CSFdermal CSFinh
Cd 5.60E-04 5.00E-04 5.7E-05 3.80E-01 - 6.30E+00
Pb 3.60E-03 5.25E-04 3.52E-03 8.50E-03 - 4.20E-02
Cu 3.70E-02 2.40E-02 4.02E-02 - - -
Zn 3.00E-01 7.50E-02 3.00E-01 - - -
(Bwatanglang et al., 2019)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The non-carcinogenic and cancer risk posed by the
presence of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in soils around six
industries (International Textile, Chikki holdent Industries,
Pz Cusson, 7up bottling company, Clay Industries and
Chemstar industry) in Lagos state through different
exposure pathways (ingestion, inhalation and dermal
contact ) are presented in Tables 5 and 6 respectively.
Based on the exposure factors listed in Table 2, the
calculated ADIi values for each element and for each
exposure pathway as presented in Table 4 for both the
adults and children were observed to fall in this order
Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd. However, these values were observed to
be higher than their RfD values as listed in Table 3 except
for inhalation exposure pathway. From the result, the
average exposure dose of the three exposure pathways
for both adult and children are observed to increase in the
order of ADIinh< ADIdermal<ADIing. The overall result
showed that adults are more susceptible to higher level of
exposure dose compared to the children.
The hazard quotient (HQ) described in Table 5 for all the
elements following each exposure pathway were observed
to be < 1. The HQing and the HQinh values for both the
adults and children were observed to follow the order Cd<
Pb< Cu < Zn. While the exposure through the dermal route
was observed to follow the ranking, Cd < Pb < Zn < Cu for
both adults and children. More attention should be given
to Zn and Cu pollution. The HQ<1 recorded for all the
elements further suggest no associated risk following the
ingestion, inhalation or dermal exposure for both the adults
and children.
The non-carcinogenic risks posed by combining the
respective HQ values for each exposure pathway were
observed to leads to human health index (HI) values < 1,
which means no associated risks for both the adults and
children. However, the HI values for adult were observed
to be much higher than the children in HIinh and HIdermal
suggesting that, at relatively high levels of exposure,
adults will be more likely at risk than the children. Although
in HIing the value for children was higher. The HI were
observed to fall in this order HIing> HIdermal > HIinh.
The result was observed to fall in similar group with the
findings conducted on the road side soil along Mubi – Yola
highway (Bwatangla et al., 2019), dust in urban parks of
Beijing (Du et al., 2013) and the road dust sample in the
city of Duzce, Turkey (Taspinar and Bozkurt, 2018).
The ingestion pathway, which accounted for 65.41% and
97.18% HI for adult and children respectively, was the
dominant exposure route of all the metal to local residents.
Therefore, for the non-carcinogenic risk, we can fastly
reduce their hazards from ingestion.
The non-carcinogenic risk of all the heavy metals through
different exposure route for each industry were determined
(Figure 2). In this study area the main portion of non-
carcinogenic risk resulted from inhalation. The HQ of
International Textile, Chikki Holdent Industry, Pz
Cusson, 7up bottling Company, Clay Industries and
Chemstar derived from the inhalation are much higher
than the US environmental protection agency guide lines
value Showing that the above mentioned industries are
unsafe for local residence. Another prime non
carcinogenic risk stems from ingestion of soil, with dermal
absorption soil relatively low hazards.
Figure 3 summarizes the separate non carcinogenic risk of
four metal pollutants. Among the metals Cu and Zn
showed relatively higher potential health risk followed by
Cd and Pb. It is notable that Cu presented higher non
carcinogenic risk in soils from International Textile, Pz
Cusson, 7up bottling Company, Clay Industry and
Chemstar than in the Chikki holden industry. Cadmium
concentration can be considered to be saved for people
living around 7up bottling Company and Clay industry due
to their low non-carcinogenic risk. Thus we can even
ignore the effect of Cd on human health. Also heavy metal
(Pb) risk from Chikki holden industry and clay industry
were far less than the toxic threshed hold by US
environmental protection agency.
The total non-carcinogenic indices (HI) for various heavy
metals and the multiple exposure pathway for each
industry was summarized in Table 7. The risk from all the
industries were higher than the thresh value of 1. The
heavy metals in soils around all the industries will cause a
problem as a result of high HI value. Therefore, local
residents should not settle near the industries in order to
reduce the toxicity.
The lifetime cancer risk (CRI) for the adults and children
are presented in Table 6. The cancer risk was analyzed
only for Cd and Pb (because the result for Zn and Cu were
not available) for the ingestion, inhalation and dermal
exposure pathways. For regulatory purposes, a cancer risk
in the range of 10-6 to 10-4 is considered acceptable (Sun
and Chen, 2018). From the results presented in Table 6,
the CRI fall within the acceptable limit with the exception
5. Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State Nigeria
Int. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 066
of Cd for adult as well as Pb for both adult and children
through inhalation. Dermal exposure pathway was found
to be within the range that pose cancer risk (>10-4). The
CRI for all the exposure pathways for both age categories
were observed to be in the order of Pb>Cd (Table 6).
The CRI for both inhalation and dermal exposure
pathways were observed to be higher in adults than the
children. However, in ingestion exposure pathway in
children was higher than adults. The dermal pathway
which account for 99.9% TCRI for both adult and children
was the dominant exposure route of all the metal to local
residents as compared to ingestion and inhalation
exposure route. The proportions of different exposure
routes for each industry as indicated from the potential
cancer risk assessment are shown in Figure 4. The risk
level exposure pathways in all the industries are in the
order inhalation > ingestion > dermal. Hence as with the
non-carcinogenic risk inhalation was the dominant
exposure pathway causing cancer risk when compared to
the other routes
Figure 5 shows the result of the cancer risk for individual
element. Compared to the other three metals, (Zn, Cd and
Cu) Pb seems to be predominant contaminant that created
a relatively high risk followed by Zn, Cu and Cd. The
cancer risk exited in all the soils which varied from the
minimum value of 0.01 For Cd to the maximum value of
1.8 for Pb in Pz cusson soil.
The comprehensive assessment result of cancer risk in
soils from different industries are shown in Table 8. The
wide range of cancer risk was calculated from 5.01E13 –
5.42E14 in clay industry and chikki Holden industry
respectively .By the US environmental protection agency,
our results showed higher risk than an acceptable value of
1E-06 – 1E-04. The total combined risk for residents show
the following decreasing order Chikki Holden industry >
Chemstar > International textile > Pz cusson > 7up Bottling
company > Clay industry for 5.42E14, 2.45E14, 1.98E14,
1.83E14, 6.02E13 and 5.01E13 respectively.
The result should be considered in urban planning
procedures such as land use structure adjustment, for
example polluted soils could be used for roads and other
construction purposes. Soil remediation approaches could
also be applied .The most important first step is to control
the pollutant from the source to prevent the pollution from
entering into the soils around the industries. This would
provide a powerful balance between environmental
protection and health risk reducing (Howared and Sammy,
2012; Peter et al., 2012; Adesuyi et al., 2015; Gupta et al.,
2015).
Table 4: Average daily intake (ADI) values in mg/kg/day for adults and children in soils around the industries in Lagos
Elements ADIing ADIinh ADIdemal
Adult Children Adult Children Adult Children
Zn 4.50E-01 7.23E-01 6.95E-04 2.78E-07 1.83E-01 1.53E-01
Cd 1.84E-03 2.24E-03 2.83E-07 1.13E-09 7.46E-03 6.17E-04
Pb 2.70E-01 4.32E-01 4.14E-06 1.66E-08 1.10E-01 9.08E-02
Cu 3.55E-01 5.68E-01 5.46E-05 2.18E-07 1.44E-01 1.19E-01
Average 2.69E-01 4.31E-01 1.80E-04 1.28E-07 1.11E-01 9.09E-02
Table 5: Hazard quotient (HQ) values for heavy metals in adults and children of soils around the industries in Lagos
Elements HQing HQinh HQdemal
Adult Children Adult Children Adult Children
Zn 1.50E-02 2.41E-02 2.32E-14 9.27E-15 2.44E-03 2.04E-04
Cd 3.28E-08 4.00E-08 4.96E-17 1.98E-17 1.49E-07 1.23E-08
Pb 8.82E-05 4.32E-08 1.18E-16 4.72E-17 2.20E-05 1.73E-06
Cu 9.59E-04 1.54E-05 1.36E-15 5.42E-16 6.00E-03 4.96E-04
HI 1.60E-02 2.41E-02 2.47E-14 9.88E-15 8.46E-03 7.02E-04
Contribution% 5.41% 97.18% 1.01E-10% 3.98E-11% 34.58% 2.83%
HI – health index
Table 6: Cancer risk (CRI) values for heavy metals in adults and children through the three exposure pathways of soils
around the industries in Lagos
Elements HQing HQinh HQdemal
Adult Children Adult Children Adult Children
Zn - - - - - -
Cd 6.99E-04 6.90E-04 2.83E-03 2.34E-04 1.08E11 4.29E10
Pb 2.30E-03 3.67E-03 9.35E-03 7.72E-04 3.52E-01 1.41E11
Cu - - - - - -
TCRI 3.00E-03 4.36E-03 1.22E-02 1.01E-03 1.08E11 1.84E11
Contribution% 2.77E-12% 2.37E-12% 1.13E-11% 5.49E-15% 99.99% 99.99%
TCRI – Total cancer risk Index
6. Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State Nigeria
Nachana’a T. 067
Table 7: Non-carcinogenic hazard indexes (HI) for the four heavy metals and the three exposures pathways for the
industries in Lagos.
International
Textile
Chikki Holdent
Industry
Pz-
Cusson
7up bottling
Company
Clay
Industries
Chemstar
Total Non- Carcinogenic Risk 6.93E14 1.90E14 6.40E14 2.11E14 1.76E14 8.58E14
Table 8: Cancer risks for the four heavy metals and the three exposure pathways for the industries in Lagos.
International
Textile
Chikki Holdent
Industry
Pz- Cusson
7up bottling
Company
Clay
Industries
Chemstar
Total Cancer Risk 1.98E14 5.42E14 1.83E14 6.02E13 5.01E13 2.45E14
Figure 2: Non carcinogenic risks through the three main
exposure pathways
Figure 3: Non carcinogenic risks of the four heavy metals
Figure 4: Cancer risk through the three main exposure
pathways
Figure 5: Cancer risks of the four heavy metals
CONCLUSION
The influence of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu)
concentration in soils within the vicinity of six different
industries in Lagos State on human health risk through
different exposure pathways was investigated. The result
revealed that the extent of human health risk varied with
exposure pathway, metal species and industry type. The
HQ for the non-carcinogenic risk were all <1 for all the
metals and for the exposure pathways. Similar trend were
observed for the HI for both the adults and children. The
HQ of International textile, Chikki Holdent industry, Pz
Cusson, 7up bottling Company, Clay industries and
Chemstar derived from the inhalation are much higher
than the USEPA guide lines value. The CRI fall within the
acceptable limit with the exception of Cd for adult as well
as Pb through inhalation for both adult and children. The
dermal exposure pathway which accounted for 99.9%
TCRI for both adult and children was the dominant
exposure route of all the metals to local residents. It was
found to be within the range that can cause cancer risk
(>10-4). The total combined risk for the residents show the
following decreasing order Chikki Holden industry >
Chemstar > International textile > Pz Cusson > 7up bottling
company > Clay industry for 5.42E14, 2.45E14, 1.98E14,
1.83E14, 6.02E13 and 5.01E13 respectively. This finding
can serve as a guide for settlement around the industries.
7. Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State Nigeria
Int. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 068
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