Environmental Security Of The Mongolian Economy

Environmental Security Of The Mongolian Economy
ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY IN MONGOLIA
"When the last animal dies from famine, when the last creek dries up, when the last tree burns down,
humankind will understand that money can not be eaten".
–Anonymous author from Mongolia
In spite of its wealth of natural resources of the Mongolia, protection of its environment and
resource issue has been considered as serious issue. Since 1996, the government has extensively
been implementing the policy to use wealth of natural resource in order to promote its economy.
Consequently, numerous investments of both national and international actors play foremost role
reinforcing threat to its environmental security, however, one might argue that investments on
national resource promotes the Mongolian economy. As the economy flourishes, the environment
destruction has led to Mongolia's environmental security.
Weak policy from the government to protect its environment and natural resources leads threat to
Mongolia's environmental security.
The most serious issue that leads to environmental destruction is weak policy on mining and water
management policies. In the absence of proactive measurements from all stakeholders, fresh water
resources, such as numerous lakes, rivers, and streams have dried up, resulting in severe water
scarcity and quality crisis. Because Mongolian mining sector is considered to be the most harmful
donor to environmental destruction unless it is correctly managed and controlled.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Environmental Issue Raised By The Mining Industry
The mining industry has seen an explosive growth from the past few decades. It has played an
important role in economic growth, infrastructure development and a raise in the living standard of
the whole world. According to the Australian National Accounting System, the mining sector has
made contributions of 9.8% GDP growth to the Australian economy between 2008 to 2009
(Australia Bureau of Statistics, 2012). However, the mining industry has caused many
environmental issues such as adverse effect to air, land and water quality and continues to affect
global environment as a whole. According to the World Health Organization, it evaluated that 25%
of worldwide death are directly associated with environmental pollution (Blacksmith Institute, n.d).
This essay will outline the environmental issue raised by the mining industry with pinpoint focus on
the effects to air, water and land. It will also provide strategies for mining companies to improve the
environmental conditions.
Surface mining process include the excavation of overburden including the profitable topsoil and
regular vegetation has spread to meet the mineral ores (singh, et al. 2010). These activities are
connected with destructive impact to neighborhood. Proper planning needs to be done in mining
since it is a short term environmental activity with long term hazards. There are several measures
which can be implemented to prevent the harmful effects of mining. Mining exercise are completed
in different stages, each

Evaluation Of The Eia At Buzwagi Goldmine
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Effectiveness was investigated and evaluated by
considering if all the EIA stages were followed appropriately. A review of recent experience world–
wide suggests four necessary ingredients for effective EIA are as follows (Sadler B, 1996): l.
Appropriate timing in initiating the assessment so that the project proposal is reviewed early enough
to scope for development of reasonable alternatives to the project without affecting the environment
and the community around; 2. Clear specific directions in the form of terms of reference or
guidelines covering priority issues of the public involvement, timelines, and opportunities for
information and input at key decision–making stages. 3. Quality information and products fostered
by compliance with procedural guidelines and use of "good practices" of environmental
management and monitoring plan; and 4. Receptivity of decision makers and proponents to the
results of the EIA so that EIA decisions are implemented. All the issues above must be investigated
for the effectiveness of the EIA at Buzwagi Goldmine. Effective EIA aid in decision–making and
achievement of sustainable development of the project without causing negative environmental
outcomes (Glasson et. al.2005). Literature also states that EIA is effective if it achieves its goals for
environmental protection, assesses and mitigates impacts throughout the life of a project (Lee et. al.
1999). Development projects have life cycles, which

AN EMPIRICALANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
FOREIGN...
ABSTRACT
This study attempted to estimate the environmental impact of Foreign Direct Investment in the
mining sector in Nigeria. It is argued that only those countries that have reached a certain income
level can absorb new technologies and benefit from technology diffusion, and thus reap the extra
advantages that FDI can offer. The mining industry in Nigeria is dominated by oil. Indeed, Nigeria is
the largest producer of this commodity in Africa and sixth largest producers in the world. This
research study makes use of secondary data. The variables used are the Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI), gross domestic product (GDP), output of mining industry and per capital flight (KF). This
study covers a period of 31 years that spans between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
FDI within mining sector can therefore have significant impacts, positive, as well as negative.
Positive impacts can include increased employment, better health care, improved infrastructure and
schooling. On the negative side there may be disruption of traditional cultures, environmental
degradation, basic commodity price increases, population displacement, land use conflicts and loss
of livelihood (Danielson and Lagos, 2001).
This is particularly true for the environment. Preliminary evidence suggests that under appropriate
framework conditions, foreign investments in mining frequently have higher environmental
performance compared to domestic operations, due to new technologies and practices they bring
with them. On the other hand, when these framework conditions, such as effective environmental
regulation and transparent public governance, are not in place, there is a risk that serious
environmental and social damage can occur.
The mining industry has in recent years turned its attention to the environmental impacts of its
activities, and in particular is addressing the issue through the Global Mining Initiative
(www.globalmining.com) and the Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Project (MMSD)
which is addressing the issue of the contribution of the mining sector to sustainable development

Environmental Issues of Coal Mining
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF COAL MINING
INTRODUCTION
Coal is the most abundant fuel resource in India. It is the prime source of energy and perhaps the
largest contributor to the industrial growth of the country. It is a crucial and enduring element in a
modern, balanced energy portfolio, providing a bridge to the future as an important low cost and
secure energy solution to sustainability challenges. Some important facts about coal industry in
India are as follows:
India is the third largest producer of coal in the world
Coal is one of the primary sources of energy
India has some of the largest reserves of coal in the world
Indian coal has high ash content (15–45%)and low calorific value
With the present ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is concern that this natural phenomenon is being altered by a greater build up of gases caused
by human activity.
This is known as the enhanced greenhouse effect. The combustion of coal, like that of other fossil
fuels, produces CO2, a gas that is linked to global warming through the greenhouse effect.
The combustion of coal produces gaseous emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrous oxides
(NOx) that are responsible for the production of 'acid rain' and 'ground level ozone'. Acid rain occurs
when SO2 and NOx gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form
acidic compounds. Ground level ozone (O3) is mainly responsible for smog that forms a brown haze
over cities. Ground level ozone is formed when NOx gases react with other chemicals in the
atmosphere and is enhanced by strong sunlight. Emissions of SO2 and NOx are termed trans–
boundary air pollution because the environmental impacts from the production of these gases are not
restricted by geographical boundaries.
(II) Impact of Coal Mine Fires
A number of coal mines in the country are affected by fires leading to steady destruction of precious
energy resource. The reason for mine fires presumably involves the phenomenon of spontaneous
heating through two interrelated processes viz., the oxygen coal interaction or oxidative process and

Mining and The Environment Essay examples
Introduction In our days, mining for resources is inevitable. The resources we need are valuable in
everyday life. Such resources mined up are coal, copper, gold, silver, and sand. However, mining
poses environmental risks that can degrade the quality of soil and water, which can end up effecting
us humans if not taken care of and many of the damages are irreversible once they have occurred.
History and Case Studies of Mining and the Effects on the Environment Mines pose a threat to the
environment. They can degrade soil and water quality if left untreated. The United States
Environmental protection Agency (USEPA)'s Region 9 assessment of state data states that there are
approximately 420,000 abandoned mines in the states of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
These left over tailings create human and ecological health problems that can be caused from
exposure to the dust that are blown from these mine sites since metal toxicants can persist in tailing
particles (arizona.edu, 2008). Another threat to the environment is acid mine drainage (also known
as acid rock drainage). Acid mine drainage is "the outflow of acidic water from a mining site." This
acid is formed by the oxidation of iron sulfide. The oxidation occurs when iron sulfide is exposed to
the air or to dissolved oxygen in the water, which causes the iron to rust and the sulfur reacts with
the water to forum sulfuric acid (Coil, D., McKittrick, E., and Higman, B., 2010). Figure 2
illustrates the sulfuric acid that is formed. Acid mine drainage is most common with hardrock mines
where metal ore is bound together with sulfur. The increased acidity created from acid mine
drainage has a series of negative effects, depending on the severity of change in the pH level. The
acid mine drainage creates inhospitable environments to aquatic life in river systems and former
mine sites, with the exception of "extremophile" bacteria (Coil, D., McKittrick, E., and Higman, B.,
2010). Acid mine drainage can severely degrade the quality of the water, especially if it's a essential
water supply.
Solutions There are two primary methods of preventing acid mine drainage fall. One is preventing
sulfuric acid from forming, and the other is neutralizing the acid after it forms. In

Research Paper On Coal
Coal burning for electrical power is a big industry, but it creates a lot of big problems. Coal is full of
carbon dioxide and burning it releases the CO2 into the atmosphere (Overview of Greenhouse
Gases). The coal mining process creates pollution as well. Rubble and debris can end up in streams
and pollute the water (McQuaid)(Pond et al). However, this pollution can be lessened. Coal mining
and burning is an industry that creates large amounts of air and water pollution, but with proper
regulations such as cap and trade programs and Command and Control government regulations on
mining, the damage created by the industry can be reduced.
Coal is an organic sedimentary rock made mostly of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. It is considered
a fossil ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Command and Control regulations are when the government makes laws and policies that
businesses and individuals must follow (Kear). It is a compulsory method with legal repercussions if
it is not followed. It involves state and federal regulations, guidelines for enforcement of policies,
guidelines for pollution control, firm punishments, and strict timelines (Kear). The Command and
Control regulations I believe should be applied are government regulations on coal mining.
Mountaintop coal removal should be completely banned. It completely destroys mountain peaks and
negatively affects tourism in an area (McQuaid); therefore, it should be completely outlawed.
Another regulation should be land restoration. While coal industries are required to perform some
restoration under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (Surface Mining Control and
Reclamation Act), more restoration should be done, and enforcement should be more closely
monitored. Coal mining causes deforestation (McQuaid), and coal companies should be held
responsible for the trees cut down. Coal mining companies should have to plant one new tree for
every tree cut down during the mining process. Another issue is debris. Rubble from coal mining
operations can completely block streams (McQuaid. This should also be banned entirely. If debris
blocks a stream, operations should be shut down until the stream is cleaned. Coal operations should
also be responsible for treating the water near a mining site if it gets contained, as coal mining can
pollute the water sources around it (Pond et al.) Coal mining operations should be held responsible
for cleaning up the debris and pollutants created by their operations. In the same vein, coal burning
power plants should be required to clean the water they use in their pipes. This

Essay on Mountaintop Mining and Environmental and Energy...
Mountaintop mining has been practiced in the United States since the 1960s, primarily in the
Appalachian Mountains. The process involves removing all tress from the site, then the topsoil, and
then using explosives to remove the remaining soil and rock to reveal coal. The coal is removed and
processed, and then the mountaintop is "reclaimed" with soil or an appropriate substitute, and
sometimes replanted.6 While mountaintop mining in the Appalachians is only a small percentage of
coal produced by the United States, the issues surrounding it are complex and wide–ranging. Some
of the many issues raised with mountaintop mining are: high unemployment (due to the lessened
man power needed to operate the mining machinery), deforestation, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They conduct impact studies, recommend legislation, evaluate regulations and standards, and work
with other branches of the federal government on lawsuits. Recently, they have rejected permits that
would contaminate or destroy water sources, and enacted fines against pollution violators.8,16
Directly in opposition to the EPA's regulation are the coal companies mining in the Appalachians.
Some of the biggest players in the industry are Alpha Natural Resources (formerly known as Massey
Energy), and Consol Energy. Some coal mining companies are more open to higher environmental
standards than others. In West Virginia the non–profit Coal River Mountain Watch is a community
advocate group that work to expose the injustices and hazards of mountaintop mining.6 Also in West
Virginia is the Mountain Party, a political party affiliated with the national Green Party, whose main
platform is to end mountaintop mining.12 A major regulatory player is the West Virginia Department
of Environmental Protection, who issues many of the permits that allow for mountaintop mining and
waste removal practices. The people who live in the Appalachians are a majorly invested group.
They on one hand rely on mining companies for jobs and financial assistance and support (many
bring in medical professionals and other services to communities that otherwise couldn't afford
them), but on the other their very livelihoods are

The Tar Creek Superfund Site
The Tar Creek Superfund site is located in Ottawa Country, in northeastern Oklahoma. This
superfund site covers five municipalities in its boundary, the site covers approximately 40 square
miles. Two towns are situated in the middle of the superfund site, Picher and Cardin, both in
hazardous areas. There is a population of 19,556 people who live in and around the superfund site
(Vincent). The Tar Creek Superfund site was once a large mining operation. The mine started in the
early 1900s and was still in use until as late as the 1970s. The area was mostly minded for zinc ore
and lead (Wilson). Many of the mines at this site had their own mills for the mineral separation
process. Milling the lead and zinc ore created a large amount of waste. This wasted was in the form
of gravel, dust, and debris. The milling process also created another type of waste know as mine
tailings. Mine tailings also known as "chat", are huge piles of pulverized rock that are left over after
the target metals have been extracted from the mineral rocks that they are located in (Wilson). This
separation was largely inefficient, especially in older mining operations. The result after this process
left some of the metal–containing mineral left behind creating large above ground piles or being
filled in pits are tailings ponds. A few of these above ground piles reached a height of 200 feet,
containing high levels of lead and other dangerous substances. When mining came to an end, these
huge piles of

Environmental Dangers Of Mining
The implementation of mining has shaped much of the world today and remains a vital part of
history. Without mining, many technologies would either be in scarce supply or not exist at all. With
mining, humans have been able to collect a plethora of minerals and substances that still have many
uses today. Despite the great things that mining has done for humankind, there are many people that
see mining as a danger to the environment and the economy. Waste products and other pollutants
caused or created from mining can have harmful effects on the surrounding environment. The
economy is also an issue as mining is not as profitable as it once was. Despite these views, many
mining companies still believe that mining can bring profitable results while still keeping the
environment safe. With the recent undertaking of the Back Forty Project, concerns over the issues of
the possible environmental dangers of mining near water sources and the impact (or lack thereof) on
the economy. One of the biggest issues many people have with mining are the environmental
dangers that it can bring. One such group, the Mining Action Group, claims that the Back Forty
Project is hazardous to the nearby Menominee River. The Back Forty Project is a polymetallic
sulfide mine, a type of mine composed of reactive ore and rocks that when exposed to air or water
can form sulfuric acid. This can then "...generate low–quality water containing elevated
concentrations of SO (sub 4), Fe, and associated

Argyle Diamond Mining
1. Aim
This report single–mindedly analyses on the function of mining in society, in addition to its social,
environmental and economic impacts. In Australia the indigenous communities claim to their
ancestral land recognised under the Native Titles Act which establishes channels of negotiation with
mining companies before carrying they are able operations. The environmental toll of mines and the
part it plays in designing the mine's waste management systems and plant designs is also analysed.
Finally the case study of Anvil Hill Coal mine, and the Argyle Diamond Mine are all conducted in
this report, accompanied by recommendation for improvement.
2. Background research
Open cut mining
Open cut mining, or Open pit mining is one of the major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Large excavation machines, Like Bagger 288, helps miners dig tunnels efficiently. However, using
large machines will emit noise pollution, and also creates excessive amount of dust, which is bad for
the human body.
Key consideration for waste management The main purpose to oppose the Hazardous waste Act
1989 is to regulate, ensure that the hazardous waste is disposed safely. The original Act of 1989 only
controlled movements of wastes that lacked financial value, usually destined for final disposal
operations (for example, by incineration or landfill). In 1996, the Act was amended to include
wastes that possess financial value, usually destined for recycling and recovery operations. These
amendments enabled Australia to meet all of its obligations under the Basel Convention. (Australian
Government, since 1989) Hazardous wastes are converted by the act, if it is listed as "hazardous" in
the Basel convention or in the OECD regulations.
To ensure that any organic waste diverted from landfill to land application as compost are safe for
use, Implementing mandatory minimum standards for all recycled organics applied to land,
according to the use for which they are fit. (Environmental Defender's office, August 2007)
5. Key considerations for plant

What is Business Conduct? Essay examples
Business conduct simply refers to the way in which a business regulates themselves socially,
environmentally and importantly in a friendly manner. Business conduct is a must in order to satisfy
the outcome of the business and is crucial in preventing unethical concerns from occurring within
the business. In todays, modern competitive business market, it is essential to note that business
conduct is an uprising concern that holds both advantages and disadvantages in all industries. An
industry where business conduct is seen as a concern is in the mining industry. The mining industry
is an industry that is economically stable and the industry consists of various forms such as coal
mining. The industry is of high demand and encompasses needs ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Cheng, Leu, Cheng,Wu & Lin 2012, p.214).
Furthermore, Human rights have played a vital role in promoting roles and enforcing the strategies
in businesses around the world. The concept of dignity in the mining industry fundamentally
revolves around issues of both 'theoretical and practical perspectives'. The World Trade Organization
(WTO) plays an effective role in measuring voluntary standards in mining industry. They also aim to
regulate international trade. For example, ISO 26000 standard and the United Nations human rights
framework provide direct implications for international trade agreements and trade with China.
(Cragg 2013).
On the other side of the spectrum, Cragg and Greenbaum argue individuals health and safety as well
as their Human Rights may also be affected according to Disagreements in the business occurring.
They state that: 'Disagreements arise not only about the apportionment of costs and benefits among
stakeholders, but about who counts as a stakeholder and about how "costs" and "benefits" are to be
conceived'. (Cragg & Greenbaum 2002, p.319). Furthermore, business conduct in the mining
industry is perceived as unethical as it not only violates the Dignity Principle, but it also makes a
significant impact on the overall rights, responsibilities and status of workers.
Once the Dignity Principle has been considered, businesses in the mining industry must not stop
there; they must constantly look at ways to improve the principle of Citizenship

Analysis Of The Environmental Non Sustainability Of The...
Topic: An Analysis of the Environmental Non–Sustainability of the American Coal Industry
Title of Book: Big Coal: The Dirty Secret Behind America 's Energy Future
Author: James Goodell
Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2006.
James Goodell is a long–time contributing columnist for Rolling Stone Magazine and the New York
Times Magazine. Goodell's main contributions are writing about environmental issues, such as
industrial pollution, and the problem of long–term environmental sustainability. Goodell does
meticulous research through interviews with coal miners, coal industry executives, and other
participants in the chain–linked process of coal production and usage. In Big Coal, the overarching
problem of CO2 emissions from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part 2:Outline of the Book
(150)Section 1: The Dig
In Chapter 1: The Saudi Arabia of Coal, Goodell (2006) defines the coal mining industry as a
foundation for the "life cycle" of coal mining and production in Gillette, Wyoming, the "Saudi
Arabia" of coal production in the United States, 40% of American coal is produced in Wyoming's
Powder River basin (p.4).
In Chapter 2: Coal Colonies, Goodell (2006) describes the poverty, corporate exploitation, and other
difficulties of mining life under the Massey Energy Corporation in West Virginia. These coal mining
"colonies" show the power of corporate dominance over miners, the local ecology, and coal
production.
In Chapter 3: Dogholes and Chapter 4: The Carbon Express, Goodall (2007) defines the "dirty"
methods of coal mining and the environmental danger that coal mining brings to the ecology. More
so, Goodell exposes the glamorous depiction of coal mining by corporate executives and politicians.
Section 2: The Burn
In Chapter 4: Infinite Needs, Goodell (2006) defines the historical rise of Thomas Edison's coal
powered electricity, which defined the demand for American coal mining, production, and usage:
"Edison created a nation of electric junkies" (p.109).

In Chapter 5: The Big Dirty, Goodell (2006) defines the rise of pollution as a historical development
throughout the late 19th century and into the 20th century. CO2 had

An Introduction To Environmental Planning Programme
André Duílio Cruz
1264710
Introduction to Environmental Planning ENVP106–15A
Environmental Planning Programme
FASS
Word Count: 1925
University of Waikato
Field Trip Report
Waihi, Newmont Gold Mine, New Zealand
1. Introduction
Mining is an important activity, as it extracts the source of most objects, tools and items that are
used in many ways in society. There are drawbacks, however, as it brings environmental and social
impacts, like pollution of the waterways, change in the landscape and the concentration of labour
force. In Waihi, the mining plays an important role in sustaining the economy of the city, but it also
brings problems that have to be managed by the Newmont Gold Company. The focus of the field
trip is to locate the potential environmental issues that may be linked to mining by using a natural
and physical resource inventory of the Waikato Region and Bay of Plenty.
2. Resource Inventory
1.1 The Waikato Region
In the Waikato Region, it is possible to see the extensive use of its flat landscape for farming. Most
of the farming activity is composed of livestock, cows being the most abundant animal. There is a
small number of poultry farms. The forestry is mostly restricted to hilly areas, where native
vegetation has been put down. Cropland is abundant. The following table provides an inventory of
the key physical and natural resources of the area.
Area Activity Description of the area Type of Resource
Waikato Plains Used for farming

The Ethical Theory of Utilitarianism
UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism as an ethical theory is seen as 'an act that is morally correct if it results in the greatest
amount of good for the greatest amount of people affected by the act'. (Crane, Matten, Chapt. 3). It
is a principle that concentrates on the outcome of an act and compares the good outcome with the
bad outcome and supports the outcome that brings the greatest amount of good for all stakeholders
involved.
Addressing the Canadian mining industry from an economic angle, one would agree that this
industry has provided employment, revenue, community development and lots more to Canada
especially to its local residents where mining firms are located. (M.A.C, 2014). Mining is amongst
Canada's most essential economic sectors. It contributes enormously to Canada's gross domestic
product. Part of the reasons why this industry has remained a key economic driver is that it has been
able to remain competitive. For the industry to be competitive, they must have access to key market,
a regulatory system that is efficient and a pool of talent to combat the shortage of skills.
Despite all these positive economic impacts, this industry is plagued with contention and conflict.
(Sagebien, 2008) Anti–development effects of mining thought of as the "resource curse" includes
twisted economics, unfavourable social and environmental consequences at the community level,
domestic economic dependence on extraction to the exclusion of other more sustainable industries,
loss of

Coal Mining As Environmental Health Issue
There is a common bond throughout Kentucky that stretches from western to eastern state lines that
unites many Kentuckians. This common thread is coal mining. Window decals proudly proclaiming
"Coal miner's daughter", "friend of coal" license plates, and yard signs declaring "Coal keeps the
lights on" are only a fraction of the coal mining propaganda frequently seen throughout my
community. There is an allure to being a coal miner not only because it is a high paying job that
does not require a college degree, but also because being a coal miner evokes a sense of pride within
people. However due to the occupational hazards and coal's impact on the environment, coal mining
also poses as a very real environmental health issue for not only my community in western
Kentucky but the entire state as well. This research paper aims to describe coal mining as
environmental health issue, explain the potential health risks of working in and living near coal
mines, identifying regulations and laws concerning the issue, describe the industry's response to this
issue, describe my community's response to this issue, and identify needs and nursing interventions
required for affected aggregates.
COAL MINING AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ISSUE:
Coal mining is a relevant and current environmental health issue for not only my community or
state, but the entire United States as well. Emissions from burning coal, water pollution related to
mining coal, and coal ash, a byproduct from coal

The Dangers Of Coal
The Dangers of Coal : The dangers to the miners themselves are only a portion of the problem.
Environmental issues abound as well. Strip mining has caused massive environmental
complications.numerous accidents throughout the years. The danger of black lung disease from
long–time exposure in coal mines is also well documented.They cause environmental issues. Coal
mining carries numerous risks. It is harmful to the planet. It is harmful to people involved in any
aspect . it. Some of the threats are immediate, while some side effects will not appear for a long
time. Reasons for Mining Coal: Coal is the most abundant of the fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural
gas), and the US produces more than a billion tons of it every year. Half

Super Pit: Impacts On The Environment
There are over 404 different mines in Australia. Of that 404, 173 mines are located in Western
Australia. These mines vary in sizes, substance being mined and in many more ways. One of the
many mines in Western Australia is the Super Pit. This specific mine is 600 meters deep and is
located in the Kalgoorlie country town. The town was founded in 1893 during the Yilgarn–
Goldfields gold rush with a population of 31,107 people. The mine is organised and owned by the
company Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines (KCGM).
The Super Pit – Google Images
KCGM Location – Google Images
Impacts on Environment
Although mines like these can be very successful, some did lead to negative impacts on the
environment. Some of these impacts where fracking, sinkholes, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A number of actions and technologies are being made and used by mining productions to make less
environmental impacts of mining, these are talked about below.
Input Reducement
Water
Water is used in varied resources on a mining site. We can reduce the water amount by redirecting
surface water and pumping groundwater. This will change as mining sites can reduce the quantity
and quality of the water that is available downstream for marine ecosystems and different business
water users principally in places with dry climates.
Energy
Energy is a main source used in mining sites. For example the use to grind ore and refine copper,
coal and aluminium. By reducing the usage of electricity in mine sites it will conclude with the
reducement of green house gas emissions. This being done will increase the living of fossil fuel
reserves. Adding onto that it will reduce the cost of

Video Analysis: The Last Mountain
Throughout environmental policy, there will always be some issue that needs resolving otherwise
environmental policy would be obsolete. However, in some cases, environmental policy is worse
than obsolete. It is purposefully made to not be effective when environmental justice involves
corporations and politicians to whom the environmental consequences of their own actions mean
nothing. This is certainly the case within the video, "The Last Mountain", where both an
environment and a community surrounded by the coal industry were suffering adverse effects that
were being paid for at a cost of health and long–term environmental issues with no benefit to the
community itself. Therefore, this video exemplifies several terms that environmental ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the core theme of the video revolves around the Benefit–Cost Analysis for the eventual
fate of Coal Mountain. The analysis within the video shows a great position for a number of
environmental and regulatory issues that could be seen within energy production and particularly
within the coal industry. The costs to the environment with its landscape facing permanent
disfiguration and inability to be used from policies such as mountaintop removal is one such factor.
On top of this the video illustrates toxic waste issues that are associated with coal mining that is
similar to the issues that decommissioned nuclear reactors face as they are deposited in temporary or
unsuitable storages facilities further leading to mass environmental issues within water and air. This
cost also includes the health and social issues that directly affect the citizens within coal
communities. In the video, there are numerous examples of health issues such as cancer and
asthmatic symptoms that are caused by the coal dust and pollution that envelops areas with coal
mining. To the people who live in these areas what are the benefits, if

Freeport Summary
Since Freeport started their journey of the mining operations, social and environmental issues raised.
Environmental issues included the effects on glaciers, overburden storage and the tailing issue with
water quality and deposition. Freeport reactively responded to each of those issues. Although there
is a huge gap between when Freeport first signed the contract in 1966 until they developed the
environmental management in 1991, Freeport allocated huge budget, time and effort to treat and
mitigate these issues. However, such an expert company in mining it negatively viewed that their
response was reactive, instead they are acquired to predict the consequential results on the
environment from mining by proactively dealing with such issues.

The Environmental Impact Of Illegal Mining In Africa
In Ghana, for example, Illegal mining is more prevalent and has been a major contributor to these
primary crimes especially for the widespread destruction of arable land. The country is rich in gold
and in turn shows the foundations of environmental crime as being the cause of 'greed and
ignorance' (Grabosky 2003:237). In according to Ghana National Commission for UNESCO
statistics (2013, cited in Dwumor and Arko, 2013) the mining industry offers employment
opportunities, estimating that it employs over 500,000 Ghanaians making it unfortunately too
widespread to tackle. On a global scale, the issue of illegal mining tends to relate directly to safety.
In fact, it is observed by Pyatt et al. (2000) the environmental impact of illegal mining boils down to
the lack of knowledge of the risks associated with mining. It is apparent that mining in Ghana has
tremendous repercussions for the countries environment and the citizens due to high concentrations
of chemicals being released such as mercury. The heavily polluted tailing in the mining process are
neglected in ways that polluted the soil, lakes, air and the water. To elaborate, this agrees with the
findings by Hilson (2002) who found in this research a rather large amount of mercury emission
estimated to be over 5 tonnes is being released each year. Furthermore, a study by Nyarko et al.
(2006) found high levels of arsenic in the rivers of Ghana, samples ranging from 0.90 to 8.00 ppm,
exceeding the recommended values of

Environmental Dangers Of Mining
Mining has shaped much of the world today and remains a vital part of history. Without mining,
many technologies would either be in scarce supply or not exist at all. With mining, humans have
been able to collect a plethora of minerals and substances that still have many uses today. Despite
the great things that mining has done for humankind, there are many people that see mining as a
danger to the environment and the economy. Waste products and other pollutants caused or created
from mining can have harmful effects on the surrounding environment. The economy is also an
issue as mining is not as profitable as it once was. Despite these views, many mining companies still
believe that mining can bring profitable results while still keeping the environment safe. With the
recent undertaking of the Back Forty Project, concerns have been raised over the issues of the
possible environmental dangers of mining near water sources and the impact (or lack thereof) on the
economy. One of the biggest issues many people have with mining are the environmental dangers
that it can bring. One such group, the Mining Action Group, claims that the Back Forty Project is
hazardous to the nearby Menominee River. The Back Forty Project is a polymetallic sulfide mine, a
type of mine composed of reactive ore and rocks that when exposed to air or water can form sulfuric
acid. This can then "...generate low–quality water containing elevated concentrations of SO (sub 4),
Fe, and associated

Impacts Of Coal Mining On The Environment
Coal mining can have seriously adverse environmental and related impacts, including interference
with groundwater quantity and quality, land subsidence, impacts on river flows and consequential
impact on other land–uses, issues associated with mining wastes disposal, creation of geological
hazards . . . and potential ecological havoc" (Bian et al., "The Impact of Disposal and Treatment of
Coal Mining Wastes on Environment and Farmland" 1). Coal, a commodity that the world depends
on as a vital economic player and energy resource, is extracted from the ground at a very costly
price to the environment. It is a major energy source that provides about 40% of the electricity that
the world consumes, and the consumption of coal has grown dramatically in recent years. Not only
is coal a major energy producer, but it is also a vital player in many countries economies, employing
millions across the world both directly and indirectly. Unfortunately, since coal is so important to the
economy and energy production, there is often little regard for the impacts that it has on the
environment when being extracted. In broad a generalization, coal mining techniques can be broken
down into two categories: surface mining and underground mining (the first involving techniques
that stay above ground and the latter using tunneling). Although environmental implications may
vary slightly between the two methods of coal extraction, there are a number of issues that are the
result of both surface

Exploration And Development Of Deep Ocean Mining
Deep ocean mining is a great way for the ocean to get a rich source of minerals. At the same time its
high risks due to extreme pressure at death is harmful. "It'll be much tougher to mind largely
because of ocean depth and pressure." If one problem goes wrong it's harder to deal with a problem
so far down. "As an industry deep ocean mining still in the early stage of exploration and
development," by biologist Richard Steiner. "Another reason currently, extraction of minerals by
contractors of sand and gravel or of higher value minerals such as diamonds and gold takes place in
shallow water." However, it is now believed that extracting high–value minerals on the seabed will
benefit the twofold: (i) given the increase in the cost of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This notwithstanding, the Government could insist, for example, that exploitation or exploration of
the mineral resources in a particular area should be diligently carried out; that it must comply with
any plan of work authorized with a corresponding contract and that it should comply with any rules,
regulations or procedures issued or adopted by the ISA which are applicable to contractors. It is
important to note that the Government cannot issue a license to a contractor in relation to a specific
area if the ISA has already issued a license (unless it is with a contractor).14 However, given the
extreme environment within which contractors operate, a key question to ask is how is the
Government going to be able to tell whether in territorial or non–territorial waters as a sponsoring
state that a contractor has: (i) complied with the terms and conditions of the requisite license; (ii) the
provisions (including environmental protection measures) set out in UNCLOS; (iii) rules and
regulations adopted by the state; (iv) rules and regulations introduced by the ISA; and (v) the terms
set out in an exploration or exploitation contract granted by the ISA

Rare Earth Causes : The New Gold Rush
"The New Gold Rush" Is deep sea mining the next frontier for mining or a search for fool's gold?
Should the ocean be mined? Rare earth elements are not necessary rare but are rarely found in pure
form. Rare earth elements are hard to find in large concentrations, mix together with other minerals
and elements underground. Rare earth elements are a group of soft, lustrous, sometimes magnetic
metals that form trivalent salts that include thorium, yttrium scandium, lanthanides, neodymium,
trivalent salts, and sometimes zirconium. (dictionaryfocus.com, 2017) Rare earth elements are
formed when magmas float into the Earth's crust. Due to surrounding rocks, some temperature
changes, and some pressure variations, the chemical composition undergoes changes. The result is
an assortment of rock types that are enriched in economic elements including rare earth elements.
Some locations such as the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii are particularly enriched. Typically rare earth
elements are found deep on the seafloor in a great amount of mud. Manganese nodules are potato
size round reddish black rocks made up of hydrated oxides of iron and manganese, along with
smaller amounts of nickel, cobalt and copper, and thirty five other metals around a core. Manganese
nodules form deep on the ocean floor. They are scattered across millions of acres typically away
from any land. They lie in dense concentrations similar to gravel. It is not exactly known how
manganese nodules form but they typically

The Mining Boom And Western Australia 's Changing...
Brueckner, M., Durey, A., Mayes, R., & Pforr, C. (2013). The mining boom and Western Australia's
changing landscape: Towards sustainability or business as usual?. Rural Society, 22(2), 111–124.
doi: 10.5172/rsj.2013.22.2.111 This publication processes the challenges of the Western Australian
Mining Industry. The journal will focus on the economical benefits of the mining boom that
occurred in the Western Australian mines, as well as, the effect it has on society and environmental
challenges. The text continues to explore the indigenous stakeholders of the land where the mines
have been established and their indigenous rights to the land since the 1788 'terra nullius'
colonisation. Furthermore, the publication states the struggle for the 'host' towns of Fly In Fly Out
(FIFO) workers for example FIFO workers earn money from these small towns then rather than
spending the money back into the small towns economy they fly back to their original home towns
and spending their money, therefore, increasing the economy of these home towns. The mining
community are investigating ways to help FIFO workers and their families with available
counseling for families that may be struggling with the social aspects of FIFO work, such as,
depression and stress as the family may find it hard without that family members help. The rise in
economical and social qualities in Western Australia has said to out weight the negative aspects for
example, the agricultural environment being polluted, the

Fracking And Fracture Stimulation Techniques Essay
Fracking in CSG mining is a process where a mixture of water, sand and additives are pumped
under pressure into a coal seam to open up already existent cracks in the coal strata. Fracturing fluid
is 97%–99% sand and water, with a small amount of commonly used biodegradable compounds to
prevent bacterial growth and turn the fluid into a gel so it can be pumped more easily ("What is coal
seam gas? – NSW Resources and Energy", 2016). The CSIRO suggests the components of
fracturing fluid are: guar gum, sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide, ammonium persulphate,
ethanol, acetic acid and sodium carbonate. Any chemicals used in fracking activities in NSW must
be approved by the NSW Department of Industry, Resources and Energy. This government agency
assesses applications to determine the chemical use is safe for both the community and environment.
Additives of drilling and fracture stimulation techniques may be sampled at any time to ensure
compliance with government legislation.
In some places the coal is permeable and therefore fracking is not required to release the gas. In
other places gas companies drill horizontally into the coal seam as an alternative to fracking.
'Horizontal drilling occurs at deep levels underground and reduces the number of visible vertical
wells located above ground'(NSW, 2013). The horizontal holes are much smaller and eliminate the
need for hydraulic fracking. Hydraulic fracking is not a new procedure and has been used by the oil
and gas industry

Mountaintop Removal Case Study
Introduction
Today, the extraction of natural resources takes on many different forms. Mountaintop removal
(MTR) is one approach applied in the Appalachian region of the United States for the extraction of
the resource coal. MTR approaches the coal from the top of the mountain by blasting away the
layers of rock above the coal seams and scraping away the layers of coal. This process leaves behind
effects to the surrounding environment including flooding, contamination to water and air, health
impacts, and ecological impacts. In response to these effects the community members most affected
have taken it upon themselves to raise their voices in protest. This form of environmental justice
challenges the existing legal permits and policies by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The suit against the coal company became known as Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition v.
Aracoma Coal Company. This lawsuit involved four permits issued by the United States Army
Corps of Engineers, allowing for certain mountaintop mining processes at four mining sites in West
Virginia. "OVEC alleged that the Corps violated the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) by
failing to adequately assess the environmental impact of the valley fills, by improperly limiting the
scope of the environmental assessment, and by ignoring evidence regarding the cumulative effects
of valley fills on the environment" (Clark, 2008, p. 146). Much to the surprise of these coalition
groups on March 2007, the district court found in favor of OVEC and held that the Corps failed to
comply with the CWA and NEPA when it issued the four permits. The court further noted that a
CWA Section 404 permit may not be issued if the Corps fails to comply with its own guidelines and
with NEPA when making a finding of no significant impact. The court remanded the permits to the
Corps for further consideration in light of its findings.The court also rescinded the four permits,
enjoining the Corps and Intervenors from taking any action under the challenged permits. On
appeal, the Fourth Circuit reversed the district court's order and held that the Corps did not violate
the CWA or NEPA in

Social And Environmental Issues Plaguing Montana
Of all the values plaguing Montana socially and environmentally, the issue of mining plays the
greatest role in the state. Although recognized as being one of the largest pillars of Montana's
economy, mining poses a serious threat to the ecosystems surrounding it. The main problem within
this industry is that after mining takes places, there are many toxic materials, like arsenic and zinc,
that remain in the waste rock and tailings. These toxic substances are harmful to people as well as
wildlife and once they enter the groundwater, rivers, or soil, they become a very serious health
hazard. Currently, there are government regulations for all mining companies that assure none are
participating in these harmful practices. Although many new companies

A Brief Note On Mining And Its Impact On The Environment...
Mining is a very important industry all over the globe,especially in Canada.Canada has one of the
largest mining supply sectors in the world,more than 3 700 companies and is one of the largest
mineral suppliers.Canada is first place for Potash,second place for uranium and niobium,third place
for cobalt,aluminum,tungsten and platinum group metals (M.A.C,n.d.).Mining is important because
it is the process of discovering the minerals that are used to make steel,,jewelry,lead,and many other
types of metals used everyday.Mining may be useful but it has a negative impact on many
things.More than $1 billion has been spent over the last 20 years to protect the environment from the
harmful emissions caused by mining and processing plants (dpcdsb,n.d.).Mining in Canada has also
caused many communities to financially fall apart and risk the health of communities in other
countries.The main mining issues in Canada are the damages to the environment,economic
costs,social impacts and how it causes issues globally.In Canada,mining has a mainly negative
impact but they are working towards a more positive one.
The first mining issues in Canada are the damages to the environment,economic costs and social
impacts.The environment is very important to the survival of everyone living on earth,but it has
become unstable.One of the causes of this instability is mining.Mining causes millions of tons of
waste to find their way up into the air and atmosphere,resulting in the creation of acid

Persuasive Essay Mining
MINING
Mining is the procedure of retrieving coal or other minerals from a mine. This issue has many
reasons why we should and should not ban mining. We should not ban the retrieval of coal and
minerals as it provides most of the products and items we need in our everyday lives, also, mining is
an essential in the development of bigger and better cities. However, we should ban this due to the
fact that it is harming the environment everyday due to pollution, deforestation, etc.
First of all, we should not ban mining as it is one of the most substantial factors in producing most
of the items and products we have today. Items/products such as, phones, iPads, cameras, clothing,
etc., would not be around or as available as they are without the help from mining. If ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
How Will Mining Affect the World?. [online] Available at:
http://phoenixantarcticainquirytask.weebly.com/how–will–mining–affect–the–world.html
[Accessed 26 Jul. 2017].
Australia, O. (2017). Impacts of Mining | Oxfam Australia. [online] Oxfam Australia. Available at:
https://www.oxfam.org.au/what–we–do/mining/impacts–of–mining/ [Accessed 20 Jul. 2017].
Construction Hunter. (2015). 18 Interesting facts about mining and resources | Construction Hunter.
[online] Available at: http://www.constructionhunter.com.au/blog/industry–news/interesting–facts–
about–mining–and–minerals/ [Accessed 25 Jul. 2017].
Mongabay.com. (2017). What is mining?. [online] Available at:
http://kids.mongabay.com/lesson_plans/lisa_algee/mining.html [Accessed 15 Jul. 2017].
Pollutionissues.com. (2017). Mining – water, effects, environmental, disasters, United States,
impact, EPA, soil, chemicals, industrial, toxic, human, sources, disposal, use, life, health. [online]
Available at: http://www.pollutionissues.com/Li–Na/Mining.html
[Accessed 24 Jul. 2017].
Richardson, D. and Denniss, R. (2011). Mining the Truth. [PDF] Australia: The Australia Institute.
Accessible at: http://www.tai.org.au/node/1777 [Accessed 13 Jul.

North America Environmental Issues
This paper reviews the environmental issues and management practices in the mining sector in the
North America. The sustainable measures on waste management is recognized as one of the most
serious environmental concerns in the mining industry. For mining activities, it will be no surprise
that the metal recovery reagents and acid effluents are a threat to the ecosystem as well as hazards to
human health. In addition, poor air quality and ventilation in underground mines can lead to
occupational illness and death of workers. Electricity usage and fuel consumption are major factors
that contribute to greenhouse gases. On the other hand, many sustainability challenges are faced in
the management of tailings and disposal of waste rock. This paper ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In Canada, the extraction and transformation of metals create risks of negative impacts on the
environment and on the surrounding communities. Not only does the processes of metals require
important quantities of energy, water and toxic reagents (e.g. Cyanide), but also responsible for the
greenhouse gas generation, vast quantities of atmospheric pollution, dust, and especially solid rock
wastes (Ecojustice Report 2009). In addition to the above mentioned environmental issues in the
mining sector, acid mine drainage (AMD) and metal leaching of tailing can deteriorate water quality,
can kill aquatic life like fish and make water practically unusable (Environmental Mining Council of
B.C.

Coal Seam Gas Exploration And Development
ISSUE:
Coal seam gas exploration and development is rapidly increasing within Australia (Woodman and
Silver, 2013). This increase has sparked significant concern within the community about the
potential environmental, social and economic impacts that could result, which could possibly put a
standstill to CSG mining, costing the state millions of dollars in revenue (Jaques and Galloway,
2012).
BACKGROUND
Coal seam gas or CSG is a naturally occurring found in coal seam deposits. Australia has a large
amount of CSG mainly found in large coal basins in Queensland and New South Wales. In the last
few years there has been a major spike in the amount of gas exploration licenses and mining grants,
this is predominantly due to the need to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All application for CSG mining approvals must be approved by the state, within New South Wales
this is the responsibility of the department of primary industries (Camden Council, 2013). Once the
approval stage is complete CSG companies are operations and construction are regulated through
such legislation Petroleum (Onshore) Act 1991 and such key bodies including the Environment
Protection Authority, the Department of Planning and Environment and the NSW Office of Water
(Cotton Australia, 2012).
Despite the governments and industries best efforts to respond to this increase with legislation and
codes of best practice to minimise technical failures and to protect the environment and
communities there is however, no current national leading legislation to regulate the industry
activities or practices (SCER 2013).
STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS AND CURRENT SITUATION:
State Government's minister for mining wants to find away to achieve the best economic growth,
whilst addressing greenhouse gas emission and maintaining the industry's viability. The state
government recognizes how important CSG mining is to the future of the state's energy supply, with
more than 1.1 million customers in New South Wales depending on gas to supply their homes with
energy (Department of Industry, Resources & Energy, n.d). However, New South Wales current
operation in Camden only supplies the state with 5% of its energy requirements (Department of
Industry, Resources &

Environmental Impacts Of Coal Mining
It has been long recognized that there are many environmental consequences by extracting, using
and disposing of coal. Due mainly to the nature of the coal deposits which are typically full–size,
covering huge regions including more than one seams extending over big vertical durations. Coal
mining in all likelihood consequences in an extra disturbance to the geologic conditions of an area
than any other form of mining(Ehlen, Haneberg & Larson, 2005, p. 79). The two ways to mine coal;
surface mining and underground mining both extraction operations have their own personal negative
impact on the environment. Strip mining a type of surface mining, is highly destructive scraping
away at earths landscape to reach the coal buried near the surface removing plants, trees and topsoil.
Also, another type of surface mining; mountaintop mining blasts off the tops of mountain's to reach
coal seams within, creating drastic changes in topography. Whereas, underground coal extraction
has its fair share of environmental impacts as well, such as subsidence and underground coal fires.
Mine subsidence and collapses have the potential to produce major effects above ground, which are
especially devastating in developed areas, destroying roads and buildings. Craig, Vaughan &
Skinner (2011) found that "there are an estimated 300 underground coal fires still burning in the
United States; in many parts of the world, coal beds have been accidentally or spontaneously
ignited" (p.142). The

Bhp External and Internal Environments
The BHP OK Tedi Mine in Papua New Guinea (PNG) has raised many environmental, ethical and
social responsibility issues regarding organisational management on many fronts. There have been
many approaches in an attempt to confront and address the varying factors which encompass both
past and present business practices.
The mine was an open pit gold and copper mine located in the western province of PNG the
operation of which resulted in collateral damage, affecting up to 50,000 people in the nearby
villages. During the 1970's, early drilling began and was overseen by Kenneth Copper Corporation.
BHP then won the lease in 1984. The initial stages of the mining saw utilisation of the cyanide
extraction procedure, however, a large copper region ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This also included 10% of the company going to the PNG government.
₁ Cameron Forbes and Matthew Stevens, "BHP considers PNG mining solutions", The Australian,
24 May 1994.
₂ Ibid. p 1
From this rises a larger issue in regards to managerial ethics. The major issue that arises here in
regards to this is the decisions which drive profitability at the expense of the environment. Has the
standards of conduct and moral judgements used in the behaviour of BHP aligned with
environmental standards and global consistency? How do these judgments in turn affect not only the
local environment but also the socio cultural environments? To focus on these ethical issues it is
important to look at the regulations that govern corporate behaviours, the nature of the relationship
that BHP as an organisation has with its social environment and the connection that economic
growth has at the cost of ethics.
Firstly we must look at mining as a whole in which other major mining companies have followed a
global standard of practices in protecting the environment. Governments play a key role in setting
these environmental standards for organisations to meet them. There are a series of guidelines "that
are targeted at managers to provide the practical techniques and guidance they need to manage the
environmental risks and impacts of their own operations" ₃
In Australia this interaction between an organisation and its

El Salvador Environmental Issues
El Salvador, the smallest country in Central America has become the first country in the world to
ban metal mining after a series of disputes with a Canadian–Australian company over the
environmental aspects of the gold project. The country also has a partial ban in elements, such as the
cyanide. The gold project was established between the company mentioned earlier and El Salvador.
This project was supposed to bring economic benefits for the country. It is important to recall that
metal mining has been one of the biggest sources of the income of the country since the 1990s after
its civil war. Moreover, El Salvador is facing external debts and does not have many sources to pay
it back. Hence, the gold project was seen as a crucial source of income. However, El Salvador has
terminated this project because it was going to do a lot of environmental damages. A group
composed of officials, lobbyists, academics and the church were united for the bill passed in the
country against gold mining. The draft law against mining passed with 69 votes in favor, even
though only 43 ballots were required for the bill to be passed. El Salvador fought a suit against the
by Pac Rim Cayman, which was the company in charge of the gold project. After the dispute, the
ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes) has mandated this company to
pay El Salvador 8 million plus interests. None of the members of the Canadian–Australian ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Can El Salvador find ways in the future to ameliorate metal mining without causing environmental
damages? What would you say was the reaction of many Salvadorians that relied on metal mining as
a source of income? After discussed mining and its pro and contra this semester, what would you
said were the cost of banning metal mining in El Salvador? Were the arguments provided to prohibit
this activity strong

California Gold And The Environmental Impacts Of Mining
The lecturer argues that hydraulic mining caused several environmental issues, which hydraulic
mining started due to the gold rush in California. "California Gold and the Environmental Impacts
of Mining" states that high levels of deforestation and floods occurred because of hydraulic mining.
The method of hydraulic mining increased the rate of finding gold, which is explained in a timeline.
In order to use hydraulic mining, people needed timber to make there tools, which created vast
amounts of deforestation. Once the tools were created, they used pressurized water to find the gold
on mountain sides. From all the water that hydraulic mining used, it created a flood and destroyed
many agricultural fields. The Sawyer Decision of 1884 was enacted

Mining Increases Countrys' Revenues and Economy Essay
MINING
ICMM (International Council on mining and metals) has conducted ten case studies of "mining
countries" and with better methodology to have better understanding and assessment, they found out
that mining may contribute to national economies. According to (ICMM, 2010) mining may help to
reduce poverty and indirectly induce employment. From mining too, it helps to increase government
revenue to help increase development of the country.
Mining project starts with mineral ore exploitation and ends with post–closure period. Generally,
each phase of its activity is influenced and associated with different environmental impacts. The first
phase of mining is start with exploratory phase. During this phase, surveys are made and that
include ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Metallic ores contain elevated levels of metals but they generate very large quantities waste called
tailings. When active mining ceases, the mining sites are closed. This is the last phase of mining
activity, the post–closure period. The objective of site reclamation is that the site should be return to
the pre–mining conditions. The impacts persist for decades or even centuries.
Perhaps the harmful effects of mining operations are due to mining technology and techniques,
which include enormous open pits in the ground. At a very beginning of mining activities, the
impacts have already started and the effects will last for decades. Trees are cut down to build road in
order for the large machineries to access as shown in Appendix A. Deforestation occurs and this may
lead to soil erosion.
Before environmental laws and standards were adopted, most of the mining company dumped
tailings (wastes) in the nearest location. Extracting metals use high demand of water and for water
disposal. It pollutes fresh water and as a result water is contaminated with harmful constituents such
as mercury (Appendix B). Example of former open pit mine is Butte, Montana known as the
Berkeley pit (Appendix B). It was closed in 1982 but the pit and its water present a serious
environmental issue. In 1995, there was a flock of snow geese landed in the pit and a total of 342
carcasses were found and today, Berkeley pit consists with highly contaminated water as stated by
(Barbey, 2009).
Another

A Survey of Arguments Concerning Mountain Top Removal Mining
A Survey of Arguments Concerning Mountain Top Removal Mining There is an ongoing battle over
the everlasting debate of mountain top removal mining. With every object at the center of a
controversy there are bound to be many arguments by all sides. Most arguments are biased and
others lack efficient sources or credibility to obtain a reasonable conclusion. This paper will dissect
all angles of the meaningful arguments and help develop a conclusion on the aspects of mountain
top removal mining and its effects to its surrounding environments. "Who has measured the waters
in the hollow of His hand, Measured heaven with a span. And calculated the dust of the earth in a
measure? Weighed the mountains in scales, And the hills in a balance? ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Parks and recreation areas have been developed at many former sites where mountain top removal
mining had been in service. A little more than half of all former sites have been transformed to
recreation areas. And in most of those cases the mining companies that control the property pay for
those areas (Gardner). Not all of the areas have been transferred to recreational areas. Other areas
have been converted to land fills, industrial plants, and, roads and bridges. It is estimated that the
mountain top removal mining companies have contributed over 50 billion dollars developing these
projects and cleaning the sites since 1980. In September 2010, Gregory H. Boyce, President and
C.E.O. Of Peabody Energy, released a plan "to eliminate energy poverty and inequality by
unlocking the power of coal to advance energy security, generate economic stimulus and create
environmental solutions. (Sutton)" As long as mountain top removal mining continues, owners vow
to take the proper steps to clean up and redevelop these projects these former mountain top removal
mining sites for the local residents. Over time, due process should give more insight to the
controversy. Even though both sides present great arguments, time should be well managed to define
what measures should be taken to deal with all aspects of mountain top removal mining. Most of the
debate seems like common sense on both sides. The economic impact is huge for the

Environmental Security Of The Mongolian Economy

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Environmental Security Of The Mongolian Economy

Similar to Environmental Security Of The Mongolian Economy (15)

More from Kimberly Brooks

More from Kimberly Brooks (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Environmental Security Of The Mongolian Economy