This document reviews what is known about the impacts of coastal pollution on childhood disabilities and adverse pregnancy outcomes. It discusses how coastal pollution, including heavy metals, chemicals, and radioactive substances from industrial waste and other sources, can accumulate in seafood and soils and enter the human food chain. Children and pregnant women are especially vulnerable to these environmental pollutants due to the developing physiology of fetuses and children. Epidemiological studies have found associations between coastal pollution exposures and increased risks of neurological impairments in children as well as unexpected pregnancy outcomes, but the evidence is still limited and inconclusive. Further research is needed to better understand these relationships.
Twenty (20) sample regimes were collected for each sample matrix. The samples were pretreated and digested for the determination of selected heavy metals of interest (As, Cd. Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb. The results reveals that mean concentrations of elements in the water samples decreases in the sequence as follows Hg > Ni > Cr> Pb > As > Cd. This clearly confirmed that Hg has the highest concentration followed by Ni, with Cd being the least. The mean concentrations of elements in the cat fish organs flesh, Gills, Kidney and liver of Barkin-Ladi pond water samples are given in table 4 above. The results confirmed the differences of accumulation of element in different catfish organs. The element concentrations in the cat fish samples decreased in the sequence for the flesh as Ni > Cr >Pb > Hg > As > Cd, for the gills Ni > Hg > Cr > Pb > As > Cd, for kidney Ni > Pb > Hg > Cr > As > Cd, for liver Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb > Hg > As. A two-way ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference between the mean concentrations of elements in the organs of the same fish species, while there is significant difference in the mean concentration between the organs of the different fish species investigated. The correlation analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between the concentrations of element in water sample of the study area. The result above reveals that there is a significant correlation between Cd and Pb, and also there is a significant relationship between Cr and Ni elements. While no significant correlation was observed between the other pairs. These implied that the pairs either have the same source or chemical species. Generally, the ponds were shown to be polluted with heavy metals thus the risk of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of these heavy metals in the aquatic lives, thus endangering human health directly when consumed or through the food chain.
Evaluation of the environmental effects of the abandoned quarries strabag qua...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the environmental effects of two abandoned quarries in Nigeria - the Strabag quarry in Ibadan, Oyo State and the RCC quarry in Wasinmi, Ikire, Osun State. Soil and water samples were collected from various locations around the quarries and analyzed for chemical parameters. The results revealed that most deficiencies observed in the soil and water samples were not directly linked to past mining activities. It was found that abandoned granite quarries pose more physical constraints than chemical constraints.
M.J. Adeniyi-water-contamination_in_nigeria_and_body_defense_issuesAdeniyi M. Jeremiah
This document summarizes a study on water contamination in Nigeria and its effects on human health. It finds that over time, human activities like oil spills, sewage leaks, and waste disposal have contaminated water sources in Nigeria. This poses health risks as contaminated water can cause digestive issues, impact the immune system, and increase oxidative stress in the body. The document examines several coping strategies the body uses in response to water contamination, such as increasing antioxidant enzymes, but notes these may not be sufficient to fully defend against health effects.
The document investigates the exposure of drillers to natural radioactivity in Abuja, Nigeria. Rock samples were collected from two borehole sites at different depths and layers. Neutron activation analysis was used to determine the concentrations of radioactive elements like uranium and thorium in the samples. The results showed elevated levels of uranium and thorium above global averages, posing potential health risks to drillers if exposed over long periods without protection. The study concludes drillers should be aware of subsurface geology and take necessary precautions when drilling to avoid overexposure to radiation.
The document analyzes the hydrochemical facies and water quality of coastal aquifers in eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. Hydrogeological investigations found the aquifers are largely unconfined sands with some semi-confined areas. Water quality analysis of 140 groundwater samples found wide ranges and high standard deviations, indicating substantial quality differences within the study area. Six hydrochemical facies were identified using geochemical plots: Na-Cl, Ca-Mg-HCO3, Na-Ca-SO4, Ca-Mg-Cl, Na-Fe-Cl, and Na-Fe-Cl-NO3. Saltwater intrusion between 5-185m and high iron between 20-175m were found natural
Factors Contributing to the Decline of the Anchovy Fisheries in Krueng Raya B...Zulhamsyah Imran
This document summarizes a study on factors contributing to the decline of anchovy fisheries in Krueng Raya Bay, Indonesia. The study found that anchovy production peaked at 2,072 tons in 1999 but declined sharply to 171 tons after the 2004 tsunami. While production fluctuated between 126-279 tons from 2006-2012, it remained well below pre-tsunami and predicted maximum sustainable yield levels. The decline is attributed to increasing fishing effort through more lift net boats, destructive fishing gears, and degradation of coral reefs and mangroves from pollution and other human impacts. The tsunami exacerbated the decline but other anthropogenic factors likely had a greater long-term impact on depleting the anchovy stocks.
Determination of Heavy Metals in Boreholes, Hand Dug Wells and Surface Water ...Premier Publishers
Drinking water Quality is one of the most important concerns. The heavy metals level up to ppb levels in drinking water quality may cause severe health problems. In this study attempt was made to determine the concentrations of eight heavy metals in water samples taken in August 2016 from boreholes, hand dug wells and streams in some selected areas of Mubi North local government Adamawa state. These samples were subjected to analysis for eight elements (Zn, Fe, Ca, Na, Mg, Mn, Pb and Cd using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentrations of these metals in the study areas were compared with drinking water quality limits given by the World Health Organization (WHO). Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Ca concentrations were found to range from 4.80-5.0, 0.06-2.6, 0.03-3.05, 0.04-0.80, 0.02-0.17, 20.49-35.6Mg/L respectively. The concentrations of Na, Mg, Ca, and Zn found in this study were lower than the permissible limit of WHO. While that of Fe in water sample from stream were found to be higher as compared with the WHO standard. Similarly the concentration of Mn in stream and borehole water samples were also higher.Cd and Pb were not detected in all the samples.
Wetland Conservation of Water Resources An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
The natural linkages between water, wetlands and timberlands address the complicated reliance of our biological systems and our assets. Woods assume a critical part in the hydrological cycle by influencing paces of happening and dissipation, and affecting how water is steered and put away in a watershed. This thusly assumes a fundamental part in the protection of our wetlands, which go about as normal supplies furthermore, are very wealthy regarding both biodiversity and the environmental administrations that they give, for model, inside the domains of horticulture, sterilization, and energy. These linkages feature the significance of using appropriate degree to guarantee full partner association and participation across a large number of areas when managing our planets water assets. This can be worked with partially by upgraded cooperation between the Convention on Biological Diversity also, the Convention on Wetlands to help their individual part in carrying out the board strategies as per the environment approach. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji | Dr. Ashish Dongre | Vinay Yadav | M. L. Sitariya | Neeraj Nagwanshi | Prashant Dubey | Pramod Khandelwal | Ashish Upadhyay | Gaurav Lalji | Divya Lalji | Arvind Jain | AR. Sandhya Ekbote "Wetland Conservation of Water Resources: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41173.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/41173/wetland-conservation-of-water-resources-an-overview/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
Twenty (20) sample regimes were collected for each sample matrix. The samples were pretreated and digested for the determination of selected heavy metals of interest (As, Cd. Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb. The results reveals that mean concentrations of elements in the water samples decreases in the sequence as follows Hg > Ni > Cr> Pb > As > Cd. This clearly confirmed that Hg has the highest concentration followed by Ni, with Cd being the least. The mean concentrations of elements in the cat fish organs flesh, Gills, Kidney and liver of Barkin-Ladi pond water samples are given in table 4 above. The results confirmed the differences of accumulation of element in different catfish organs. The element concentrations in the cat fish samples decreased in the sequence for the flesh as Ni > Cr >Pb > Hg > As > Cd, for the gills Ni > Hg > Cr > Pb > As > Cd, for kidney Ni > Pb > Hg > Cr > As > Cd, for liver Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb > Hg > As. A two-way ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference between the mean concentrations of elements in the organs of the same fish species, while there is significant difference in the mean concentration between the organs of the different fish species investigated. The correlation analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between the concentrations of element in water sample of the study area. The result above reveals that there is a significant correlation between Cd and Pb, and also there is a significant relationship between Cr and Ni elements. While no significant correlation was observed between the other pairs. These implied that the pairs either have the same source or chemical species. Generally, the ponds were shown to be polluted with heavy metals thus the risk of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of these heavy metals in the aquatic lives, thus endangering human health directly when consumed or through the food chain.
Evaluation of the environmental effects of the abandoned quarries strabag qua...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the environmental effects of two abandoned quarries in Nigeria - the Strabag quarry in Ibadan, Oyo State and the RCC quarry in Wasinmi, Ikire, Osun State. Soil and water samples were collected from various locations around the quarries and analyzed for chemical parameters. The results revealed that most deficiencies observed in the soil and water samples were not directly linked to past mining activities. It was found that abandoned granite quarries pose more physical constraints than chemical constraints.
M.J. Adeniyi-water-contamination_in_nigeria_and_body_defense_issuesAdeniyi M. Jeremiah
This document summarizes a study on water contamination in Nigeria and its effects on human health. It finds that over time, human activities like oil spills, sewage leaks, and waste disposal have contaminated water sources in Nigeria. This poses health risks as contaminated water can cause digestive issues, impact the immune system, and increase oxidative stress in the body. The document examines several coping strategies the body uses in response to water contamination, such as increasing antioxidant enzymes, but notes these may not be sufficient to fully defend against health effects.
The document investigates the exposure of drillers to natural radioactivity in Abuja, Nigeria. Rock samples were collected from two borehole sites at different depths and layers. Neutron activation analysis was used to determine the concentrations of radioactive elements like uranium and thorium in the samples. The results showed elevated levels of uranium and thorium above global averages, posing potential health risks to drillers if exposed over long periods without protection. The study concludes drillers should be aware of subsurface geology and take necessary precautions when drilling to avoid overexposure to radiation.
The document analyzes the hydrochemical facies and water quality of coastal aquifers in eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. Hydrogeological investigations found the aquifers are largely unconfined sands with some semi-confined areas. Water quality analysis of 140 groundwater samples found wide ranges and high standard deviations, indicating substantial quality differences within the study area. Six hydrochemical facies were identified using geochemical plots: Na-Cl, Ca-Mg-HCO3, Na-Ca-SO4, Ca-Mg-Cl, Na-Fe-Cl, and Na-Fe-Cl-NO3. Saltwater intrusion between 5-185m and high iron between 20-175m were found natural
Factors Contributing to the Decline of the Anchovy Fisheries in Krueng Raya B...Zulhamsyah Imran
This document summarizes a study on factors contributing to the decline of anchovy fisheries in Krueng Raya Bay, Indonesia. The study found that anchovy production peaked at 2,072 tons in 1999 but declined sharply to 171 tons after the 2004 tsunami. While production fluctuated between 126-279 tons from 2006-2012, it remained well below pre-tsunami and predicted maximum sustainable yield levels. The decline is attributed to increasing fishing effort through more lift net boats, destructive fishing gears, and degradation of coral reefs and mangroves from pollution and other human impacts. The tsunami exacerbated the decline but other anthropogenic factors likely had a greater long-term impact on depleting the anchovy stocks.
Determination of Heavy Metals in Boreholes, Hand Dug Wells and Surface Water ...Premier Publishers
Drinking water Quality is one of the most important concerns. The heavy metals level up to ppb levels in drinking water quality may cause severe health problems. In this study attempt was made to determine the concentrations of eight heavy metals in water samples taken in August 2016 from boreholes, hand dug wells and streams in some selected areas of Mubi North local government Adamawa state. These samples were subjected to analysis for eight elements (Zn, Fe, Ca, Na, Mg, Mn, Pb and Cd using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentrations of these metals in the study areas were compared with drinking water quality limits given by the World Health Organization (WHO). Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Ca concentrations were found to range from 4.80-5.0, 0.06-2.6, 0.03-3.05, 0.04-0.80, 0.02-0.17, 20.49-35.6Mg/L respectively. The concentrations of Na, Mg, Ca, and Zn found in this study were lower than the permissible limit of WHO. While that of Fe in water sample from stream were found to be higher as compared with the WHO standard. Similarly the concentration of Mn in stream and borehole water samples were also higher.Cd and Pb were not detected in all the samples.
Wetland Conservation of Water Resources An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
The natural linkages between water, wetlands and timberlands address the complicated reliance of our biological systems and our assets. Woods assume a critical part in the hydrological cycle by influencing paces of happening and dissipation, and affecting how water is steered and put away in a watershed. This thusly assumes a fundamental part in the protection of our wetlands, which go about as normal supplies furthermore, are very wealthy regarding both biodiversity and the environmental administrations that they give, for model, inside the domains of horticulture, sterilization, and energy. These linkages feature the significance of using appropriate degree to guarantee full partner association and participation across a large number of areas when managing our planets water assets. This can be worked with partially by upgraded cooperation between the Convention on Biological Diversity also, the Convention on Wetlands to help their individual part in carrying out the board strategies as per the environment approach. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji | Dr. Ashish Dongre | Vinay Yadav | M. L. Sitariya | Neeraj Nagwanshi | Prashant Dubey | Pramod Khandelwal | Ashish Upadhyay | Gaurav Lalji | Divya Lalji | Arvind Jain | AR. Sandhya Ekbote "Wetland Conservation of Water Resources: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41173.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/41173/wetland-conservation-of-water-resources-an-overview/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
Present (2014) geochemical and microbial trends of underground water affecte...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Environmental science is a multi-disciplinary field that studies the interaction between the natural world and human activities. It includes disciplines like chemistry, physics, biology and more. Environmental science examines sources, reactions, transport, effects and fate of physical and biological substances in air, water and soil, and how human actions impact these. The environment consists of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It is made up of physical elements like land, water and climate, biological elements like plants and animals, and cultural elements like economic and social factors.
The document discusses the foundations of environmental science. It defines environmental science as a multi-disciplinary field comprising various branches of study related to the natural environment. It describes the four main components of the environment - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It also discusses the scope and importance of environmental science, highlighting how it helps address issues like pollution, resource exploitation, and ecological balance. Finally, it covers various topics in environmental science including biodiversity, symbiotic relationships, threats to biodiversity, pollution, the greenhouse effect, acid rain, the ozone layer, and ozone layer depletion.
Sevda Özdemiroğlu-Contaminated Sediments Metal Removal and Stabilization by C...Sevda ÖZDEMİROĞLU
This document reviews approaches and techniques for remediating aquatic sediments contaminated with metals, including chemical and biotechnological processes. Conventional management strategies for contaminated sediments like landfill disposal and dumping at sea are unsustainable due to problems with contaminant transport, uncertainties about long-term stability, limited capacity, and environmental impacts. Alternative treatment approaches that allow reuse of sediments are encouraged but still limited. The document provides an overview of treatment strategies for removing or stabilizing metals in contaminated sediments and discusses the need for more sustainable and cost-effective large-scale techniques to enable sediment reuse.
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area ...theijes
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
This document discusses the establishment and purpose of World Environment Day by the United Nations. It notes that World Environment Day was established in 1972 on June 5th by the UN General Assembly to mark the opening of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. This led to the creation of the UN Environment Programme to raise awareness of environmental issues and encourage public action and political discussion around addressing problems facing the global environment. The day is now an occasion each year to discuss environmental problems and ways to take corrective action toward protecting the environment.
project presentation on Bioaccumulation of Heavy metalscutiepie39
This presentation summarizes a research project investigating the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems and their impact on human health. The project aims to evaluate how heavy metals are removed from water by aquatic organisms, their biological effects, and how they bioaccumulate and act as stressors. Methods will include studying three types of commercial fish exposed to industrial wastewater and their ability to remove heavy metals. Outcomes may provide insights into ecosystem processes, risks to aquatic life and human health from metal pollution, and interactions between heavy metals and other stressors in aquatic environments.
This document outlines the core module syllabus for environmental studies courses in higher education in India. It discusses the importance of environmental education and sustainable development. The syllabus is divided into 8 units that cover topics like natural resources, ecosystems, biodiversity, environmental pollution, social issues, human population, and field work. The goals are to enhance students' knowledge, skills, and attitudes around environmental issues through 45 lectures and 5 hours of hands-on field activities. Teaching methods include classroom lessons and experiential learning in local environments.
Foundations of migration from the disaster consequences coastal area of bangl...Alexander Decker
1. The document examines migration patterns from coastal areas of Bangladesh due to natural disasters caused by climate change.
2. It analyzes survey responses from 49 people in Subaarna char Upazilla, finding that riverbank erosion and cyclones strongly influence migration, while floods, tornadoes, and droughts have less impact.
3. Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and severity of natural hazards in Bangladesh, potentially displacing millions through events like sea level rise, flooding, and coastal inundation, making migration a key adaptation strategy.
An Analysis and Study in Light of Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminate...ijtsrd
The document discusses phytoremediation, which uses plants to remediate soil contaminated with heavy metals. Heavy metal contamination of soil is a growing problem due to industrialization. Conventional remediation methods are often costly. Phytoremediation uses plants and microbes to remediate soil in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way. It discusses different types of phytoremediation technologies including phytoextraction, phytotransformation, phytostimulation, phytostabilization, and phytovolatilisation. The document provides examples of plants used in phytoremediation and their ability to uptake different heavy metals.
UN Ban on ChemTrail / Geo Engineering 2010Thane Heins
The UN Convention on Biological Diversity reached a consensus agreement establishing a de facto moratorium on geoengineering projects and experiments. This builds on a 2008 moratorium on ocean fertilization experiments. The decision means that any public or private geoengineering activities that have not considered environmental and biodiversity risks would be in violation of the UN agreement. It places governance of geoengineering issues within the UN framework rather than independent initiatives. While not a perfect agreement, it puts climate-altering technologies on the UN agenda for further deliberation where all countries have a voice.
The document discusses the multidisciplinary nature of environmental science. It states that environmental science draws from many fields like the physical and life sciences, economics, engineering, and law to study both the natural and built environments. It notes that the environment is defined as the complex interactions between living organisms, including humans, and their non-living surroundings like air, water, and land. Finally, it emphasizes that environmental studies requires an interdisciplinary approach due to the many factors that influence the environment.
IMPACTS OF SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION ON FOOD SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKSIAEME Publication
The food safety and environmental pollution is interlinked and considered to be important issues in today’s world. Historically, the soil and water pollution has impacted food safety and ultimately an important threat for health. The situation is very challenging in most of the countries where the pollution and risks of increasing food safety have affected large set of population. The scarcity of water, over application of pesticides, chemical application and other pollutants are most important factors which impacts food safety in a drastic manner. The study will cater to the waste and soil pollution and their impacts of human health. In present scenario, there is a shortage of water resources which led to the irrigation of waste for fulfillment of water requirements in the agricultural production. This kind of usage causes serous health impacts due to water and soil pollution.
Effects of pH, Dosage, Temperature and Mixing Speed on The Efficiency of Wate...IJAEMSJORNAL
Studies were carried out to determine the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, pH, dosage and mixing speed on the efficiency of watermelon seed in removing the turbidity and colour of Atabong River, which serves the people of Eket and their environs in Akwa-Ibom State. Results obtained showed that at an ideal pH of 7.5, temperature of 25oC, dosage of 0.6g/l and mixing speed of 120rpm the water melon coagulum removed turbidity and colour of the raw river water by 87.9% and 84.3% respectively. At this optimum conditions, water melon coagulum decreased the raw water turbidity from 67.7 to 8.18 NTU and colour, 318 to 50 TCU. The findings have demonstrated the effectiveness of water melon seeds as a possible replacement for chemicals like alum and ferric salts normally used in coagulation-flocculation water treatment.
This document discusses water pollution in Flint, Michigan in 2014. The city changed its water source to the Flint River to save money, but the water was not properly treated and had high levels of lead. Many residents suffered from lead poisoning and Legionnaires' disease as a result. Scientist Marc Edwards tested the water and found extremely high lead levels, presenting credible evidence of the problems to city officials. The public needs scientists to communicate issues between the scientific and local communities.
1) The document discusses the ecological impact of sewage discharge on coral reefs. Sewage pollution introduces excess nutrients into coral reef ecosystems, which can cause eutrophication and algal overgrowth that damages corals.
2) A 3-year study found that doubling nutrient levels from sewage led to a doubling of coral bleaching events in Florida Keys reefs. Removing the nutrient pollution allowed for reef recovery.
3) About 96% of coral reef areas near human populations face sewage pollution problems. The majority of sewage in developing areas enters the ocean untreated. Even in developed nations, aging infrastructure can lead to sewage leaks that pollute coastal waters.
This literature review examines microplastics found in Hilsa fish from the Northern Bay of Bengal. It defines microplastics as plastic particles less than 5mm in size that originate from various sources like plastic waste, clothing fibers, and cosmetic products. Microplastics are hazardous as they can accumulate in marine organisms and food webs, causing physiological harm. Studies have found microplastics in many fish species worldwide, including mesopelagic fish that ingest plastic fibers and films. Once consumed, microplastics may block feeding appendages or the digestive system of fish.
This powerpoint presentation deals with the types of coastal/marine pollution, its causes and sources, coastal pollution in the world, coastal pollution in India, causes of coastal pollution in India and its impacts.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Acting On An Environmental Health Disaster The Case Of The Aral SeaCarrie Romero
The document discusses the environmental and health crisis in the Aral Sea region of Central Asia resulting from the drying up of the Aral Sea. Over 5 million people live in the degraded environment where intensive irrigation has led to soil and water contamination. Major health problems include infectious diseases and potentially higher rates of chronic conditions like heart disease and cancers. Despite assessments, the situation has changed little. Medecins Sans Frontieres is conducting research to better understand the health impacts and provide medical care for the neglected population suffering in this man-made environmental disaster.
Present (2014) geochemical and microbial trends of underground water affecte...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Environmental science is a multi-disciplinary field that studies the interaction between the natural world and human activities. It includes disciplines like chemistry, physics, biology and more. Environmental science examines sources, reactions, transport, effects and fate of physical and biological substances in air, water and soil, and how human actions impact these. The environment consists of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It is made up of physical elements like land, water and climate, biological elements like plants and animals, and cultural elements like economic and social factors.
The document discusses the foundations of environmental science. It defines environmental science as a multi-disciplinary field comprising various branches of study related to the natural environment. It describes the four main components of the environment - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It also discusses the scope and importance of environmental science, highlighting how it helps address issues like pollution, resource exploitation, and ecological balance. Finally, it covers various topics in environmental science including biodiversity, symbiotic relationships, threats to biodiversity, pollution, the greenhouse effect, acid rain, the ozone layer, and ozone layer depletion.
Sevda Özdemiroğlu-Contaminated Sediments Metal Removal and Stabilization by C...Sevda ÖZDEMİROĞLU
This document reviews approaches and techniques for remediating aquatic sediments contaminated with metals, including chemical and biotechnological processes. Conventional management strategies for contaminated sediments like landfill disposal and dumping at sea are unsustainable due to problems with contaminant transport, uncertainties about long-term stability, limited capacity, and environmental impacts. Alternative treatment approaches that allow reuse of sediments are encouraged but still limited. The document provides an overview of treatment strategies for removing or stabilizing metals in contaminated sediments and discusses the need for more sustainable and cost-effective large-scale techniques to enable sediment reuse.
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area ...theijes
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
This document discusses the establishment and purpose of World Environment Day by the United Nations. It notes that World Environment Day was established in 1972 on June 5th by the UN General Assembly to mark the opening of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. This led to the creation of the UN Environment Programme to raise awareness of environmental issues and encourage public action and political discussion around addressing problems facing the global environment. The day is now an occasion each year to discuss environmental problems and ways to take corrective action toward protecting the environment.
project presentation on Bioaccumulation of Heavy metalscutiepie39
This presentation summarizes a research project investigating the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems and their impact on human health. The project aims to evaluate how heavy metals are removed from water by aquatic organisms, their biological effects, and how they bioaccumulate and act as stressors. Methods will include studying three types of commercial fish exposed to industrial wastewater and their ability to remove heavy metals. Outcomes may provide insights into ecosystem processes, risks to aquatic life and human health from metal pollution, and interactions between heavy metals and other stressors in aquatic environments.
This document outlines the core module syllabus for environmental studies courses in higher education in India. It discusses the importance of environmental education and sustainable development. The syllabus is divided into 8 units that cover topics like natural resources, ecosystems, biodiversity, environmental pollution, social issues, human population, and field work. The goals are to enhance students' knowledge, skills, and attitudes around environmental issues through 45 lectures and 5 hours of hands-on field activities. Teaching methods include classroom lessons and experiential learning in local environments.
Foundations of migration from the disaster consequences coastal area of bangl...Alexander Decker
1. The document examines migration patterns from coastal areas of Bangladesh due to natural disasters caused by climate change.
2. It analyzes survey responses from 49 people in Subaarna char Upazilla, finding that riverbank erosion and cyclones strongly influence migration, while floods, tornadoes, and droughts have less impact.
3. Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and severity of natural hazards in Bangladesh, potentially displacing millions through events like sea level rise, flooding, and coastal inundation, making migration a key adaptation strategy.
An Analysis and Study in Light of Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminate...ijtsrd
The document discusses phytoremediation, which uses plants to remediate soil contaminated with heavy metals. Heavy metal contamination of soil is a growing problem due to industrialization. Conventional remediation methods are often costly. Phytoremediation uses plants and microbes to remediate soil in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way. It discusses different types of phytoremediation technologies including phytoextraction, phytotransformation, phytostimulation, phytostabilization, and phytovolatilisation. The document provides examples of plants used in phytoremediation and their ability to uptake different heavy metals.
UN Ban on ChemTrail / Geo Engineering 2010Thane Heins
The UN Convention on Biological Diversity reached a consensus agreement establishing a de facto moratorium on geoengineering projects and experiments. This builds on a 2008 moratorium on ocean fertilization experiments. The decision means that any public or private geoengineering activities that have not considered environmental and biodiversity risks would be in violation of the UN agreement. It places governance of geoengineering issues within the UN framework rather than independent initiatives. While not a perfect agreement, it puts climate-altering technologies on the UN agenda for further deliberation where all countries have a voice.
The document discusses the multidisciplinary nature of environmental science. It states that environmental science draws from many fields like the physical and life sciences, economics, engineering, and law to study both the natural and built environments. It notes that the environment is defined as the complex interactions between living organisms, including humans, and their non-living surroundings like air, water, and land. Finally, it emphasizes that environmental studies requires an interdisciplinary approach due to the many factors that influence the environment.
IMPACTS OF SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION ON FOOD SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKSIAEME Publication
The food safety and environmental pollution is interlinked and considered to be important issues in today’s world. Historically, the soil and water pollution has impacted food safety and ultimately an important threat for health. The situation is very challenging in most of the countries where the pollution and risks of increasing food safety have affected large set of population. The scarcity of water, over application of pesticides, chemical application and other pollutants are most important factors which impacts food safety in a drastic manner. The study will cater to the waste and soil pollution and their impacts of human health. In present scenario, there is a shortage of water resources which led to the irrigation of waste for fulfillment of water requirements in the agricultural production. This kind of usage causes serous health impacts due to water and soil pollution.
Effects of pH, Dosage, Temperature and Mixing Speed on The Efficiency of Wate...IJAEMSJORNAL
Studies were carried out to determine the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, pH, dosage and mixing speed on the efficiency of watermelon seed in removing the turbidity and colour of Atabong River, which serves the people of Eket and their environs in Akwa-Ibom State. Results obtained showed that at an ideal pH of 7.5, temperature of 25oC, dosage of 0.6g/l and mixing speed of 120rpm the water melon coagulum removed turbidity and colour of the raw river water by 87.9% and 84.3% respectively. At this optimum conditions, water melon coagulum decreased the raw water turbidity from 67.7 to 8.18 NTU and colour, 318 to 50 TCU. The findings have demonstrated the effectiveness of water melon seeds as a possible replacement for chemicals like alum and ferric salts normally used in coagulation-flocculation water treatment.
This document discusses water pollution in Flint, Michigan in 2014. The city changed its water source to the Flint River to save money, but the water was not properly treated and had high levels of lead. Many residents suffered from lead poisoning and Legionnaires' disease as a result. Scientist Marc Edwards tested the water and found extremely high lead levels, presenting credible evidence of the problems to city officials. The public needs scientists to communicate issues between the scientific and local communities.
1) The document discusses the ecological impact of sewage discharge on coral reefs. Sewage pollution introduces excess nutrients into coral reef ecosystems, which can cause eutrophication and algal overgrowth that damages corals.
2) A 3-year study found that doubling nutrient levels from sewage led to a doubling of coral bleaching events in Florida Keys reefs. Removing the nutrient pollution allowed for reef recovery.
3) About 96% of coral reef areas near human populations face sewage pollution problems. The majority of sewage in developing areas enters the ocean untreated. Even in developed nations, aging infrastructure can lead to sewage leaks that pollute coastal waters.
This literature review examines microplastics found in Hilsa fish from the Northern Bay of Bengal. It defines microplastics as plastic particles less than 5mm in size that originate from various sources like plastic waste, clothing fibers, and cosmetic products. Microplastics are hazardous as they can accumulate in marine organisms and food webs, causing physiological harm. Studies have found microplastics in many fish species worldwide, including mesopelagic fish that ingest plastic fibers and films. Once consumed, microplastics may block feeding appendages or the digestive system of fish.
This powerpoint presentation deals with the types of coastal/marine pollution, its causes and sources, coastal pollution in the world, coastal pollution in India, causes of coastal pollution in India and its impacts.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Acting On An Environmental Health Disaster The Case Of The Aral SeaCarrie Romero
The document discusses the environmental and health crisis in the Aral Sea region of Central Asia resulting from the drying up of the Aral Sea. Over 5 million people live in the degraded environment where intensive irrigation has led to soil and water contamination. Major health problems include infectious diseases and potentially higher rates of chronic conditions like heart disease and cancers. Despite assessments, the situation has changed little. Medecins Sans Frontieres is conducting research to better understand the health impacts and provide medical care for the neglected population suffering in this man-made environmental disaster.
Dangers of bioaccumulation of some heavy metals consumed in sardine and macke...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes heavy metal concentrations in sardine and mackerel fish from Benue State, Nigeria. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to test fish samples for lead, cadmium, and iron. Sardine from Makurdi had total concentrations of 0.0105 mg/L lead, 0.016 mg/L cadmium, and 15.1 mg/L iron. Mackerel from Makurdi had 0.013 mg/L lead, 0.063 mg/L cadmium, and 16.06 mg/L iron. Sardine from Otukpo had 0.0105 mg/L lead, 0.016 mg/L cadmium, and 15
This document summarizes a study on water contamination in Nigeria and its effects on human health. It finds that both natural and human activities have led to water contamination through pollution, affecting over 27% of Nigerians who lack access to clean water. Water contamination can cause issues with digestive, nervous, blood, kidney, liver and immune systems. However, the human body has some defense mechanisms against contaminated water exposure, including increased antioxidant enzymes and changes in white blood cell counts. Nonetheless, these coping strategies may not be sufficient to fully defend the body against health issues from contaminated water.
3303 m.j. adeniyi-water-contamination_in_nigeria_and_body_defense_issuesAdeniyi M. Jeremiah
This document summarizes a study on water contamination in Nigeria and its effects on human health. It finds that over time, human activities like oil spills, sewage leaks, and waste disposal have contaminated water sources in Nigeria. This poses health risks as contaminated water can cause digestive issues, impact the immune system, and increase oxidative stress in the body. The document examines the sources and extent of water contamination across Nigeria and the physiological coping mechanisms the body employs in response, such as increased antioxidant enzyme production, though these may not fully protect against health effects of long-term exposure to contaminated water.
Marine pollution is a serious problem that primarily comes from land-based sources. It includes plastic waste, sewage, oil, and other chemicals that are washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution harms marine life and ecosystems, and also negatively impacts human health and coastal economies. Some key points:
- An estimated 10 billion tons of ballast water and 10,000 million gallons of sewage enter oceans annually.
- Plastic waste kills millions of seabirds and marine mammals each year and takes hundreds of years to decompose.
- Pollution has far-reaching effects, including toxic impacts on organisms, eutrophication, reduced water quality, and economic damages totaling billions of dollars annually.
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The document analyzes trace metal levels in commercially important crustaceans collected from the Sundarbans region of India, a UNESCO World Heritage site. It finds significant variation in zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium levels between species and sampling locations, with the highest metal levels found at the station closest to industrial/urban areas. While metal concentrations were within normal limits across most stations, the levels exceeded guidelines for human consumption at the most polluted station. The study indicates the need to monitor heavy metals in edible species to assess health risks from pollution in the Sundarbans ecosystem.
Frequently occurring Harmful algal blooms in marine and Freshwater aquatic environment and their impacts noticed in various parts of the world. Focused studies by authors from different locations on HAB's controlling methods
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of human activities on water quality in Kaduna, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 8 groundwater and 4 surface water sources and analyzed for various physicochemical and microbiological parameters. The results showed that many parameters exceeded regulatory limits, including electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, coliform bacteria, and lead levels. Contamination was highest near domestic, industrial, and agricultural areas. Surface water generally contained more trace elements while groundwater sources exceeded limits for more physicochemical parameters. The results indicate that human activities are negatively impacting water quality in Kaduna.
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The document discusses pollution and efforts to address it. It notes that pollution has significant negative impacts on human health and the environment. Approximately 19 million premature deaths occur annually due to pollution's effects on air, water, and food. The sources of pollution are highly diverse and include household chemicals, fossil fuel combustion, agriculture, mining, and more. If current consumption and production patterns continue, pollution will severely burden the planet and affect current and future generations. While pollution remains a challenge, countries, cities, and businesses are working to successfully tackle serious pollution issues through alternative models, technologies, and policies.
Ecotoxicants and Pathologies Occurring in Productive Animals Body under their...ijtsrd
This document summarizes research on ecotoxicants and their harmful effects on livestock. It finds that industrial waste released into the air, soil and water contains a variety of toxic chemicals that accumulate in animals' bodies and cause pathological issues. The research analyzed livestock exposed to waste from industrial areas and found diseases affecting the nervous, digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems, including fluorosis, bronchopneumonia and infertility. Toxic substances like ammonia, nitrates and heavy metals were found to disrupt biological processes. The study concludes that regular veterinary controls and modern waste treatment systems are needed to address pollution's health impacts on animals and humans.
Presentation technology will destroy our planet Craig PattisonCraigPattison6
This document discusses the negative environmental impacts of technology. It begins with an overview stating that while technology has benefits, it also causes serious environmental problems. The rest of the document then outlines specific issues like air and water pollution, damage to wildlife habitats, global warming, health threats from radiation and waste, and the dangers of nuclear waste. It concludes by saying that humans must properly dispose of waste and develop safer technologies to protect the environment.
This document provides an overview of domestic waste water treatment systems (DWWTS) in Ireland and the factors that influence their proper maintenance. It discusses how poorly maintained systems can negatively impact water quality and human health. The regulatory framework in Ireland requires DWWTS registration and inspections to protect water resources. However, past studies show many systems are not properly maintained. This study aims to understand risk perception, communication, and attitudes towards enforcement as they relate to DWWTS upkeep through interviews in a rural area with many systems.
This project compared the oxygenating abilities of the invasive non-native plant Lagarosiphon major and the native plant Ceratophyllum demersum. Over 12 weeks, the dissolved oxygen, biomass, temperature, and associated pond life were measured in buckets containing each plant species. Lagarosiphon major produced less oxygen over time than Ceratophyllum demersum, increased more in biomass, and had significantly less associated pond life. The results suggest that Lagarosiphon major is detrimental to freshwater ecosystems by depleting dissolved oxygen and creating unfavorable conditions for other organisms, while Ceratophyllum demersum improves water quality over time.
Toxic Algae and Their Environmental Consequences_ Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersTTEH
Toxic Algae and Their Environmental Consequences by Syed Hasnain Shah*, Tanzeelur Rahman, Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Syeda Tayyaba Bibi and Saqib Zahoor in Crimson Publishers: Health informatics
Harmful algae reproduction (HAB) occurs when algae producing toxins grow in water algae are microscopic organisms that live in an aquatic environment and through photosynthesis generate chemical energy from sunlight like higher plants. The growth of algae or algal blooms is visible with naked eye and are green layers, it might be blue, red or brown depending on the type of algae natural waters such as lakes, ponds and rivers always contain algae, but few species produce toxins In such algae, the production of toxins can be induced by environmental conditions like light, temperature and nutrients levels. The release of algae or algae toxins can have serious adverse effects on humans, fish, animals and other strata of the ecosystem
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
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11.a review of what is known about impacts of coastal pollution on childhood disabilities and adverse pregnancy outcomes
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
A Review of What is Known about Impacts of Coastal
Pollution on Childhood Disabilities and Adverse Pregnancy
Outcomes
Juma Rahman1* Nitaya Vajanapoom2 Marc Van Der Putten3
1. Faculty of Public Health (Global Health), Thammasat University, PO box 12120, Pathum Thani,
Thailand.
2. Assoc. Professor. Vice Dean for academic: Epidemiology. Faculty of Public Health. Thammasat
University, PO box 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
3. Asst. Professor. Asst. Dean International Affairs. Faculty of Public Health. Thammasat University,
PO box 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
* E-mail of the corresponding author: jumarahman@gmail.com
Abstract
Coastal pollution is getting global attention for its enormous impacts on human health by the means of
consumptions of seafood, involvement of risky jobs and exposure to water related disastrous events.
Critical review of published and unpublished literatures and documents show the effects of heavy metals,
chemicals, and radioactive substances are considered as long termed and deadly, and children and pregnant
women are the most vulnerable population to such exposures and at risk of adversely affecting their
development. The physiological systems of children and fetuses are developing fast and usually sensitive to
disruptions induced by environmental pollutants and exposures in utero increase the risk of future toxic
insults. Almost sixty percent of the world’s population is at risk of this contamination and coastal
developing countries are facing significant challenges by this form of pollution. The main objective of this
review was to explore the situation of coastal water pollution and its impact on child health and pregnancy
outcomes globally. However, these observations are indecisive due to limitations of evidence to support.
Therefore, further epidemiological studies are required to confirm these initial observations.
Keywords: Coastal pollution, heavy metal, radionucleotides, childhood disability, adverse pregnancy
outcome.
1. Introduction
There are numerous connections between the oceans, human activities, and human health effects. These
connections may turn into more intimate in negative senses by coastal pollution (Hauke, et al., 2008). The
health and well being of the individuals and populations can be affected at different levels by anthropogenic
and natural factors of coastal pollution including: harmful algal blooms, microbes, and chemical pollutants
in the oceans; consumption of seafood; involvement of risky jobs and offshore flooding events. These
effects of coastal pollution is drawing global attention due to its transboundary issues and threat to huge
coastal community (globally population density in the coastal zone is 2.6 times greater than the inland)
(Michel & Pandya, 2010). Almost sixty percent of the world’s population, i.e. 3 billion people (lives on or
within 100km of a sea coast) face huge health-related effects due to continuous changing
coastal-configuration and pollution (Klein, Nicholls, & Thomalla, 2003).
Therefore, this review aims to examine evidences of coastal water pollutions, including heavy metals,
chemicals and radioactive pollutions, and their impacts on child health and pregnancy outcomes in coastal
countries. This review focuses on children and pregnant women because of their vulnerable physiological
conditions to the impacts of environmental factors.
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2. Background
The United Nation defines coastal pollution as the introduction by man, of substances or energy to the
marine environment, directly or indirectly, resulting in deleterious effects such as: hazards to human health,
hindrance to marine activities, impairment of the quality of seawater for various uses and reduction of
facilities (Henry, n.d.). It was estimated that globally 10,000 million gallons of sewage, 3.25 million metric
tons of oil, 10 billion tons of ballast water and millions of tons of solid waste are discharged into the marine
environment per annum (Ruiz-Villarreal, et al., 2006; UNEP, 2006a). Furthermore, industrial untreated
wastes are contributing to the “coastal dead zone” (i.e. insufficient oxygen level to support marine life)
extension and heavy metal contamination to the sea food constantly. Almost 70% industrial discharges and
85% of waste water are discharged untreated from developing countries. For instance, annually more than
600,000 tonnes of nitrogen is delivered into the Indian Ocean, while 17 tonnes of mercury and nearly 150
tonnes of cadmium are discharged into the Caspian Sea (Hossain, 2006; UNEP, 2006b). Estimation shows
tannery industries in Bangladesh (Chittagong) discharge nearly 150,000 litres of liquid waste per day while
the Karnaphuly Paper Mill releases 0.35 tons of China clay everyday to the Bay of Bengal without minimal
degree of treatment (ADB, 2009). Figure-1 shows the distribution across global regions of the ratio of
treated and untreated wastewater reaching seas and oceans; where it is found that 80% to nearly 90% of
sewage entering coastal waters to be raw and untreated, originate mostly from developing countries (UNEP,
2006a) including the countries of the Indian Ocean rim, East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and South and
Southeast Asia.
In addition to these land based pollutants ship-breaking yard, oil spill from vessels and off shore platforms
are the significant sea based ocean pollutants. For instance in Indonesia almost every year, oil spill
incidents occur in the Strait of Malacca and Riau Islands (Agustina, 2011). Nevertheless in Bangladesh,
India and Pakistan heavy metal discharge and oil spill occur mainly from ship breaking industries, and
fishing trawlers (MoEF, 2004). Like other offshore power-plants, tritium is routinely released from the
reactor of Chennai power-plant, India into the Bay of Bengal which affects neighbouring countries
deleteriously (Ramesh, Nammalwar, & Gowri, 2008).
Among a variety of pollutants, the effects of heavy metals, chemicals, persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
and radioactive substances are considered as long termed and deadly (Hauke, et al., 2008) because of their
genotoxic and carcinogenic outcomes. There are many studies supporting the poisonous effects by these
pollutants. Lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be accumulated into soil, seafood, grains and sediments and thus get entry into
the human food chain (Cao, et al., 2010; UNEP, 2006b). Table 1 shows the main grains of Bangladesh
contain significant amount of heavy metals cultivated in the contaminated soil.
Again it was reported that sea food is the main source of mercury consumption in human beings (Elhamri,
et al., 2007; Holsbeek, Das, & Joiris, 1996). Figure 2 shows a diagrammatic picture of the process of
mercury accumulation in the food chain. Bacteria in the water cause chemical changes of mercury into
methyl mercury that is easily absorbed by fishes. Thus sea foods are the main source of mercury exposure
to humans.
All of them remain active for even thousands of years and affects human health adversely for long term
(Brooks, 2010). The most harmful effect takes place when they pass to the future generation by
chromosomal abnormalities and effects on child’s development (O'Hanlon, 2010). Thus these pollutants get
an intimate connection with the global burden of diseases by increasing childhood disabilities (physical and
neurological) and unexpected pregnancy outcomes.
2.1 Adverse Health Impacts of Heavy Metals and Chemical Pollutants on Child and Pregnant women
Heavy metal poisoning got attention at first in Japan in 1912, when cadmium was found as a causative
agent of acquired Fanconi Syndrome. Researchers found that cadmium can cause renal tubular dysfunction
(kidney failure) and osteomalacia (softening of bone) with severe pain in the bones. Hence the disease is
called Itai-itai Byo (Japanese; Itai means pain) (Friberg, Piscator, Nordberg, & Kjellstrom, 1984; UNEP,
2006b). Again in 1956, Minamata disease was discovered at Minamata city in Kumamoto industrial
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prefecture, Japan due to mercury poisoning in the downstream water. Manifestations of Minamata disease
are- numbness of limbs, difficulties in moving hand and leg, tremor of hands, hearing difficulties, language
disorder, visual field constriction, distortion of sense of equilibrium and finally people become insane
leading to death. Later on a considerable number of children with conditions resembling cerebral palsy
were born in the exposed areas of Japan (Harada, Yorifuji, & Tsuda, 2011).
Since then a large number of studies were conducted worldwide. Among them the 14 years of cohort study
in the Faroese Island by Philippe Grandjean is worth to mention. In this cohort study, a cohort of 1022
singleton births was assembled in the Faroese Islands during a 21-month period of 1986–1987. Fifteen
percent of the mothers had hair mercury concentrations above 10 mg/g, whereas cord blood concentrations
ranged up to 350 mg/l. However, obvious cases of congenital methyl mercury poisoning were not found
and expected to be appropriate at school age. So the children were invited again on 1993 and neurological
tests were performed (Grandjean, et al., 1997). The results have shown that the prevalence of neurological
impairments of children increased with the mercury concentration in maternal hair.
At the age of 14, the children were again examined and decreased cardiac activity was found. This cohort
study demonstrated that prenatal exposure to mercury (Methyl mercury) by maternal consumption of
contaminated sea food can lead to cognitive deficit in their children, with more pronounced manifestations
in the domains of language, attention and memory and decreased cardiac activity in children (Grandjean,
Murata, Budtz-Jørgensen, & Weihe, 2004; Grandjean, et al., 1997).
Furthermore, there are some studies that suggest similarities in the causal relation of Autistic Spectrum
Disease with the mercury poisoning in children due to prenatal exposure. For instance children with autism
had a 2-time higher level of mercury in their baby teeth and excrete 3.1 times higher mercury into their
urine (Adams, et al., 2009).
Moreover mercury can cause higher risk of spontaneous abortion if paternal exposure is high. The results of
studies indicated an increase in the rate of spontaneous abortions with an increasing concentration of
mercury in the fathers' urines before pregnancy. Direct action of mercury on the paternal reproductive
system and indirect toxicity to the mother or embryo through transport of mercury from the father was
found as biological mechanism. It was found that mercury concentration in urines of fathers above 50
micrograms/l increased risk of spontaneous abortion (OR = 2.26; 95% confidence interval = 0.99-5.23)
(Gerhard, Waibel, Daniel, & Runnebaum, 1998).
Other heavy metals like arsenic and lead also have adverse impacts on development of the brain in foetuses
and pregnancy outcome besides adulthood diseases. Although arsenic is mostly a natural pollutant, there are
many industrial effluents (e.g. from tanneries and ship breaking) that contain significant amount of arsenic
and lead (Huq, 1998; Khan & Khan, 2003). In addition to ground water consumption arsenic can also be
consumed by grains irrigated or cooked with contaminated water and even with sea food (e.g. shrimps and
finfish) (Alam, Snow, & Tanaka, 2003; Khan, et al., 2011; Meliker, Wahl, Cameron, & Nriagu, 2007;
Rahman, et al., 1999; Soleo, et al., 2008). Furthermore chronic lead exposure can cause cataract formation
by preventing antioxidant reaction of the body (OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 0.88-4.02) (Cromie, 2004; Schaumberg
& et, 2005).
However, recently lead exposure has been connected to ocular neuritis in children which may lead to visual
impairment or complete loss of vision (Christophers, 1999). Researchers found that lead causes increased
intracranial pressure which directly irritates the optic nerve, condition known as “ocular plumbism”
believed to be due to swelling rather than inflammation. It has been suggested that the increased intracranial
pressure induced by lead exposure can also cause paralysis of the external recti (straight) muscles involved
in eye movement. This may contribute to strabismus (a condition in which the eyes do not point in the same
direction), and consequently, double vision (Christophers, 1999; Gibson, 1931).
Lead, Manganese and Arsenic have a huge impact on pregnancy outcome as well like spontaneous abortion,
still birth, low birth weight (LBW), prematurity and early neonatal death (Milton, et al., 2005; Rahman, et
al., 2007). A cross-sectional community based study in Punjab shown spontaneous abortion and premature
births were significantly higher in area affected by heavy metal and pesticide pollution (p<0.05). Stillbirths
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were also five times higher (Thakur JS, et al., 2009).
It was evident from literatures review that anthropogenic chemicals, particularly Persistent Organic
Pollutants are associated with possible increased risks reproductive disorders as well as cancerous cells’
growth. Moreover significant health impacts from pharmaceutically active products, such as ingredients of
birth control pills and of anti-depressant and anti inflammatory medications may lead to unidentified
chronic health effects in humans when consumed through sea foods (Hauke, et al., 2008).
Moreover Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are also well known genotoxic. Study of the
meconium of 135 newborns with congenital heart disease and 432 newborns without congenital heart
disease shows 82% had evidence of intrauterine exposure to chemicals of crude oil. Moreover another
study reported that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can cause sperm dysplasia leading to chromosomal
abnormalities in future generations (McCarver, 2011; O'Hanlon, 2010). Table 2 shows the critical review of
comparison of Petroleum Hydrocarbon in sediments of selected marine areas by Venkatachalapathy
(Venkatachalapathy, Veerasingam, & Ramkumar, 2010).
Finally literature review shown enormous carcinogenic and genotoxic effects of radioactive substances on
the human body. They remain radioactive for many of years in the entire environment and responsible for
childhood disability mostly with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although radioactive pollutants discharged
from power plants and weapon testing is less important issue of developing countries, the effects are
obvious even throughout the world due to its transboundary transportation (UNEP-CEP, 2011).
2.2 Economical penalties due to Childhood Disabilities
Literature review shown annually 2.2 to 13.9 billion USD was lost due to loss of child intelligence from
heavy metal poisoning in USA (Trasande, Landrigan, & Schechter, 2005). And globally 11.6 billion
USD/year is lost due to consumption of contaminated seafood ($4,000/DALY- this includes sea food
induced infectious diseases e.g. hepatitis) (Shuval, 2003).
In 1995 the Japanese Government paid 2.6 million JPY (33 thousand USD) to about 12,700 victims of
Minamata tragedy (Yasuma, 2010). It has been fifty-five years of this ongoing tragedy by the means of
Congenital Minamata disease, but still the knowledge of industrial waste poisoning is unfamiliar to many
developing countries, where environmental policies are weak and corrupted. As a result heavy metal,
chemical and radioactive substances are silently contributing to global economical penalties by their
transboundary qualities through oceans.
3. Discussion
All pollutions meet the ocean at the point of coastal zone what is the most dynamic and transitional zone in
the earth, where land meets the ocean. Moreover coastal zone is the most resourceful area that provides a
large number of people’s livelihood. Therefore coastal pollution impacts on human health easily in both
acute and chronic state. Importantly this pollution and health impacts represent a vicious cycle due to their
interdependency (Baird, 2009).
Nevertheless oceans’ linkages with human health in both positive and negative senses are by reason of
exposure i.e. nature of the exposure and the characteristics of the exposed populations. People are exposed
to coastal nutrients, pathogens, and other agents associated with the oceans through a variety of pathways,
including direct contact with or ingestion of sea water during work, recreation, or inundation events;
consumption of seafood; and exposure to ocean-borne agents in off-shore sand, sediments, or air even
(Giroult, 1995). Moreover people with underlying diseases or inherent genetic susceptibilities may react
differently to equivalent exposures. The response depends on an individual's genetic makeup, physiological
characteristics, and personal lifestyle as well as the route of exposure, and the dose. For instance children
and pregnant women are considered the more susceptible population. The physiological systems of children
and foetuses are developing fast and usually sensitive to disruptions induced by environmental pollutants.
Moreover small children are more likely to hand-to-mouth behaviour that puts them at increased risk of
swallowing pollutant-contaminated and exposures in utero increase the risk of future toxic insults.
Therefore pregnant women and children are considered most vulnerable of coastal pollutants.
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Although socio-economic factors can be notable contributing factors, these can play a significant role in
promoting human exposure to water pollutions. Evidently, poverty is a crucial factor adversely affecting
provisions of mitigation measures of water pollutions as well as health services in many developing
countries. For instance poverty involves coastal residents especially children to risky jobs like ship
demolition (where most of the labourer are less than ten years of age), shell and coral collection from the
beach, solid waste separation from the dumping area and so on (Mashreque, 2005). Young children of the
poor mothers spend times playing in the ocean water or even in the ship yard while mothers remain busy
for livelihood. Moreover fish and sea foods are the main dietary protein in many developing countries like
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Brazil, Thailand etc (Hussain & Hoq, 2010). Thus a large proportion of
the poor coastal residents are continuously exposed to the heavy metals and chemicals globally.
A number of studies are conducted on coastal pollution in developed countries but regrettably it is still
ignored in the developing countries, where environmental policies and precautions are minimal. In the
developing world only 10-15% waste water is treated and this huge untreated waste water contains
pathogens, chemicals, heavy metals and other noxious agents (Giroult, 1995). After discharging into the
ocean they transport transboundary and accumulate in the human food chain. Thus costal pollution is
contributing on global burden diseases by increasing rate of childhood disability incidences besides
infectious diseases as well. Therefore coastal pollution has become a public health emergency especially
during coastal water related disastrous events (e.g. storm surge, tsunami, coastal flood, astronomical high
tide, sea level rise), when polluted sea water contaminates ground or surface water and sediments.
5. Conclusion
Globally the state of present knowledge about the linkages between oceans and public health varies. Some
risks, such as those posed by harmful algal blooms’ toxins, or naturally occurring toxins poisoning, are
relatively well understood. But other risks, such as those posed by chronic exposure to many anthropogenic
chemicals, consumption of seafood contaminated with heavy metals, are less well enumerated. Good
epidemiological data are often lacking. Solid data on economic and social consequences of these linkages
are also scattered, incomplete and sometimes difficult to access. Whereas policy and development planning
relies on this information.
Considering the main effects on human health, global burden is increasing by the means of disability
among both child and adult. Finally, more than fifty percent poor population lives in the developing
countries where health service is already scarce (Giroult, 1995; Hanifi & et al, 2010). Therefore health
burden due to a wide variety of coastal pollution is remaining unresolved in the developing countries.
Since this connection is a new field of public health, global attention is required to address this crisis and
emphasis must also be given to education and training of future researchers, policy makers and general
people to change harmful attitudes that contribute to the coastal pollution.
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Methyl Mercury Toxicity to the Developing Brain. [Article]. Environmental Health Perspectives,
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9. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
Juma Rahman has graduated Masters Degree in Public Health (Global Health) from Thammasat
University, Thailand on 2011. She completed her MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery)
degree from Faridpur Medical College, Bangladesh on 2003. Her research interests include public health,
environmental health, public health emergency and policy analysis.
Fig: 1 – The global map showing the ratio of treated and untreated wastewater reaching water bodies
for 10 regions. Source UNEP (2006)
Fig- 2: Accumulation of Mercury in the food chain. Source: National Wildlife Federation (2000).
81
10. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
Table-1: Metals in the grains grown on contaminated soil measured in micro gm/kg
Heavy Wheat Rice Permissible
Metal Root Shoot Grain Root Shoot Grain limit in
grain
Cr 376 5.4 <5 4702 112 <5 2.83
Cu 9.9 4.2 9.7 4.0 6.3 4.3 1.36
Mn 19 10 15 161 125 34 NA*
Zn 129 57 118 276 121 03 9.43-15.78
*NA= Not Available. Source: Huq (1998).
Table-2 Comparison of Petroleum Hydrocarbon (PHC) in sediment of selected marine areas measured
in ppm (parts per million).
Location PHC References
Abu Dhabi,UAE 6.14-62.7 Abd et al. 2008
Arabian Gulf 5.4-92.0 Al-Lihaibi and Ghazi, 1997
Arabian Sea along the Indian coast 0.6-5.8 Sengupta et al. 1993
Bassein-Mumbai coast, India 7.0-38.2 Chouksey et al. 2004
Bizerte lagoon, Tunisia 0.05-19.5 Mzoughi et al. 2005
Changjiang estuary, China 2.2-11.82 Bouloubassi et al. 2001
Fraser River Basin,Canada 1.6-20.6 Yunker and Macdonald Robie, 2003
Gulf of Fos, France 7.8-180 Mille et al. 2007
Jiaozhou Bay, China 0.54-8.12 Wang et al. 2006
Shetland Island, UK 7.0-8,816 Kingston et al. 1995
Straits of Johor, Malaysia 0.7-36.7 Abdullah et al. 1996
Tamilnadu coast, India 1.48-4.23 Veerasingam et al. 2010
Thane Creek, India 7.6-42.8 Chouksey et al. 2004
Chennai coast, India 1.8-39.72 Venkatachalapathy, 2010.
Source: Venkatachalapathy (2010).
82
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