Key Points: Reproduction Needs Types (Asexual & Sexual) Types and process of asexual reproduction Vegetative propagation Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction in flowering plants Types of flower Structure of flower Pollination & Its types Fertilization in flowering plants Reproduction in human Male reproductive system Female reproductive system Menstruation Reproductive health

1. ●CHAPTER - 8
HOW ORGANISMS REPRODUCE
Subhasish Khanda
Subha.subhasish.khanda@gmail.com

2. Reproduction
Living organisms produces new
individuals of the same species
The process by which an organism maintains the existence of
its species by producing offspring with similar characteristics
through its body parts or organs or gametes is called
reproduction.

3.  Species survival
 Ecological balance
 Variation creation
 Maintaining continuity of lineage
Needs

4. Asexual Reproduction:
Sexual Reproduction:
Types of Reproduction

5. Asexual Reproduction
Multiple
Fission Budding Fragmentation Spore formation
Regeneration
Binary
Types of Asexual Reproduction

6. Fission
Binary Multiple

7. Budding
Fragmentation

8. Regeneration

9. Difference between Fragmentation & Regeneration

10. Spore formation

11. Vegetative Propagation
Natural Vegetative Propagation
Leaf
Artificial Vegetative Propagation
Stem
Root
Grafting
Cutting
Vegetative Propagation
The process in which new plants are produced naturally or
artificially from the vegetative parts of the plant without
production of seeds or spores.
Layering

12. Natural Vegetative Propagation by Leaf
Natural Vegetative Propagation by Stem
Natural Vegetative Propagation by ROOT

13. Artificial Vegetative Propagation by Cutting
Artificial Vegetative Propagation by Layering

14. Needs of vegetative propagation
 Plants produced by vegetative propagation produce flowers
and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds.
 It also helps in the propagation of plants which do not
produce seeds like rose, jasmine banana etc.
 Vegetative propagated plants having higher yield capacity as
compare to normal.
 Vegetative propagated plants are resistant in adverse
environmental conditions.
Importance of asexual reproduction
• Birth guarantee
• Production of offspring
• The nature of the offspring
• Variation creation

15. Sexual Reproduction

16. Male Gametes Female Gametes

17. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Flower parts (1) Sepals
(2) Petals
(3) Androecium / Stamens
(4) Gynoecium / Pistils

18. Stamen
Anther
Filament Pollen grains
Pistil
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Ovule

19. Self Pollination Cross Pollination
Stamen
Pistil
Pollination
 Self Pollination
 Cross Pollination
Agents of Pollination
Insects
Birds
Organic Inorganic
Wind
Water

20. Types of Flower
Complete Flower Incomplete Flower
Bisexual/ Perfect Flower Unisexual/ Imperfect Flower
China rose, Lily, Roses, Hibiscus Pumpkin, Papaya, Watermelon

21. Self Pollination
Cross Pollination
Stamen
Pistil
Pollination

22. Fertilization
Fusion of gametes
(sperm & egg) to
form zygote

23. Structure of Pollen

24. Structure of Ovary

25. Process of Fertilization

27. Fusion of gametes (Sperm & Ovum)
Reproduction in Human
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System

28. Male Reproductive System
External organs Internal organs
• Penis
• Scrotum
• Testicles
• Vas deferens
• Prostate
• Urethra
Functions
 Production, and transportation of sperm (the male reproductive
cells) and semen (the protective fluid around the sperm).
 Production and secretion of male sex hormones testosterone

30. Human ovum (egg)
Female Reproductive System
External organs Internal organs
• Labia major
• Labia minor
• Clitoris
• Vagina
• Uterus
• Fallopian tubes
• Ovaries

32. Menstruation
Menstruation Cycle
The ovary produces one egg every month and the uterus
prepares to receive the fertilised egg. Its wall becomes
thick and spongy with blood vessels for nourishing the
embryo. If fertilisation does not take place then the
uterus wall breaks and comes out of the vagina as blood
and mucous. This cycle takes place once every month
and is called menstruation.

33. Fertilization in human

34. Reproductive Health
Diseases transmitted through sexual contact.
 Bacterial infections: Gonorrhoea and syphillis
 Viral infections: Warts and HIV-AIDS.
Pregnancy can be prevented by three main methods.
 Barrier methods: Using condoms, diaphragm, cervical caps, Copper T
etc.
 Chemical methods: Taking drugs like oral pills, vaginal pills etc.
 Surgical methods:
 Vasectomy: Removing or tying a small part of vas deferens in males.
 Tubectomy: Removing or tying a small part of fallopian tube in female.
Prevention of Pregnancy (Contraception)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)