This project indicates about a reproduction of living beings and its nature.

3. Reproduction is the biological process by
which new individual organisms are
produced from the organisms of the same
species. Reproduction is the fundamental
feature of all known life. Each individual
exists as the result of reproduction.
Reproduction
Sexual Asexual
REPRODUC
TION

4. Living organisms reproduce due to the following
reasons:-
 To maintain the continuity of life by reproducing
organisms of the same species.
 Reproduction helps in the evolution of species
resulting in mutation.
 It helps to maintain the balance in nature.

5. Asexual reproduction is a
process in which organisms
create genetically similar or
identical copies of themselves
without the contribution of
genetic material from another
organism. It is a rapid
multiplication method. It involves
a single organism and the
daughter organisms are similar
to the parent. It doesn’t involve
any gamete or spores.
Asexual
reproduction
Regeneratio
n
Spore
formation
Binary fission
Multiple
fission
Fragmentation
Vegetative
propagation
Budding

6. Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which the unicellular parent organism splits to form
two new organisms. At first the nucleus of the organism lengthens and separates into two. Then the
cytoplasm divides and eventually two daughter cells are formed.
In multiple fission, the parent organism splits to form many new organisms at the same time. Sometimes
a cyst is formed around the cell of a single celled organism. Inside the cyst, the nucleus splits several
times to form many daughter nuclei. Little bits of cytoplasm collect around each daughter nuclei and thin
membranes are formed around them. In this way many new daughter cells are formed. When the
favorable conditions arrive, the cyst breaks and the newly- formed cells are released.

8. The breaking up of body of
a simple multicellular
organism into two or more
pieces on maturing, each
of which grows to form a
complete new organism is
called fragmentation.
Organisms like spirogyra
and sea anemone can
reproduce by the method
of fragmentation.
Fragmentation in Spirogyra

9. Vegetative propagation is a
process in which new
plants are obtained from
the parts of old plants
(like stems , roots and
leaves) without the help
of any reproductive
organs.
The process of growing many
plants from one plant by
man-made methods is
called artificial vegetative
propagation. Three
common methods for
artificial vegetative
propagation are:
 Cuttings
 Layering
 Grafting

10. The production of new
plants from a small piece
of plant tissue (or cells)
removed from the tips of
a plant in a suitable growth
medium called culture
solution is called tissue
culture. Tissue culture is
a very fast technique. The
new plants produced by
tissue culture are disease
free. Tissue culture can
grow plants round the
year, irrespective of
weather or season.
Moreover, very little space
is needed for developing
new plants by tissue
culture.

11. Sexual reproduction takes place by the fusion of
special reproductive cells called gametes. In sexual
reproduction, a male gamete fuses with a female
gamete to form a new cell called ‘zygote’. This
zygote then grows and develops into a new
organism in due course of time.
The gametes are a special type of cells with half the
number of chromosomes present in the organism.
So when the gametes fertilize to form a zygote then
the number of chromosomes remain the same for
the organism.

12. The flowering plants reproduce by the method
of sexual reproduction. The sex organs of a
plant are in its flowers. The function of a
flower is to make male and female gametes
and to ensure that fertilisation will take place
to make new seeds for the reproduction of
plants. The male organ of a flower is called
‘stamen’ which makes the male gametes of
the plant. These male gametes are present in
pollen grains. The female organ of a flower
called ‘carpel’ makes the female gametes of
the plant. These female gametes are present
in the ovules. The female gametes present in
ovules are also called ‘ova’, ‘egg cells’ or just

15. The human male reproductive
system consists of testes,
Scrotum, Epididymis, Vas
deferens or Sperm duct,
Seminal vesicles, Prostate
gland and Penis. Testes are
the primary reproductive
organs in man. The function
of testes is to make the male
gametes called sperms and
also to make the male sex
hormone testosterone. The
testes of a man start
making the sperms after a
boy reaches puberty. The
testes of a man lie inside a
small muscular pouch called
scrotum. As it is outside the
abdominal cavity, it provides
an optimal temperature
(3◦C less than the body
temp.) for the formation of
sperms.
The male reproductive system

16. The human female
reproductive system
consists of a pair of
Ovaries, Oviducts
(fallopian tubes), Uterus
and Vagina. Ovaries are
the oval-shaped organs
which are inside the
abdominal cavity of a
woman near the kidneys.
Ovaries are the primary
sex organs in a woman.
The function of ovaries
is to make mature
female sex cells called
ova and also to make the
female sex hormones
called estrogen and
The female reproductive system

17. In human beings, internal
fertilisation takes place.
The sperms made in the
testes of man are
introduced into the vagina of
the woman through penis
during copulation. The
sperms move up through the
cervix into the uterus and
then into the oviduct. Here
it fuses with the ovum
released by the ovary during
ovulation and a zygote is
formed.
The zygote divides rapidly
by mitosis as it moves down
slowly in the oviduct. This
hollow ball of cells, called
embryo, gets embedded into

18. The release of ovum from an
ovary is called ovulation. In human
females the ovaries start releasing
ovum once in every 28 days from the
age of puberty. Before every ovulation,
the inner lining of the uterus becomes
thick and soft with a lot of blood
capillaries in it to implant the fertilised
ovum. If the ovum is not fertilised, the
thick and soft lining of the uterus
breaks down along with the blood vessels. This is
called menstrual flow or menstruation. It occurs 14
days after ovulation and lasts for 3 to 5 days. The
first occurrence of menstruation at puberty is called
menarche. The permanent stoppage of menstruation
in a woman is called menopause which happens when
a woman reaches the age of 45 to 50.

19. The prevention of pregnancy in women can be
done by the following ways:-
Barrier methods: using of physical devices
such as condoms and diaphragm.
Chemical methods: using of oral pills and
vaginal pills.
Use of Intra-Uterine Contraceptive Device
(IUCD) called Copper-T.
Surgical methods: Vasectomy in males and
Tubectomy in females.
The diseases which are spread by sexual
contact are called sexually transmitted
diseases (STD). Some common sexually
transmitted diseases are Gonorrhea, Syphilis
and AIDS.
AIDS virus

20. THANK YOU