Asslam-o-Alkium Everyone!
Here a few questions to ponder over :
Do you want how the cells differentiate, grow and acclimatize with the external changing condition or environment ?
Do you know how cells communicate with oneanother?
Do you know what pathway is actually involved in creating a response on stimulus?
If you want to have the answers & ready to learn something new. Then, please check out the slides that I have shared with you. I have tried my level best to make it simple as much as I can...!!
I will love to have your comments in the comment section below...
Thanks
Signal transduction (also known as cell signaling) is the transmission of molecular signals from a cell's exterior to its interior. Signals received by cells must be transmitted effectively into the cell to ensure an appropriate response. This step is initiated by cell-surface receptors.
This presentation basically tries to give deep insight about endocrine signaling as part of the Cell Signaling course unit (BIOC 142) for Biochemistry students of Bugema University. I hope it will help you boost your understanding of what cell signaling is in general, endocrine signaling and its mechanism at molecular level.
Cells of multicellular organisms detect and respond to countless internal and extracellular signals that control their growth, division, and differentiation during development, as well as their behavior in adult tissues.
At the heart of all these communication systems are regulatory proteins that produce chemical signals, which are sent from one place to another in the body or within a cell, usually being processed along the way and integrated with other signals to provide clear and effective communication.
Study of cell signaling has traditionally focused on the mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells communicate with each other using extracellular signal molecules such as hormones and growth factors.
Many bacteria, respond to chemical signals that are secreted by their neighbors and accumulate at higher population density. This process, called quorum sensing, allows bacteria to coordinate their behavior, including their motility, antibiotic production, spore formation, and sexual conjugation.
Communication between cells in multicellular organisms is mediated mainly by extracellular signal molecules.
Most cells in multicellular organisms both emit and receive signals. Reception of the signals depends on receptor proteins, usually (but not always) at the cell surface, which bind the signal molecule. The binding activates the receptor, which in turn activates one or more intracellular signaling pathways or systems.
These systems depend on intracellular signaling proteins, which process the signal inside the receiving cell and distribute it to the appropriate intracellular targets.
The targets that lie at the end of signaling pathways are generally called effector proteins, which are altered in some way by the incoming signal and implement the appropriate change in cell behavior.
Depending on the signal and the type and state of the receiving cell, these effectors can be transcription regulators, ion channels, components of a metabolic pathway, or parts of the cytoskeleton.
Cell Signaling is a phenomenon in which cells receive and respond to the signals or chemical messages from their internal environment or from the neighbouring cells.
Cell signaling is the fundamental process that lets a cell communicate, grow & respond to its surroundings.
This presentation might hep you to understand the various mechanisms that a cell employs to perform the very vital activity for its survival.
Molecular interaction, Regulation and Signalling receptors and vesiclesAnantha Kumar
1. Overview of Extracellular signalling
2. Signalling molecules operate over various distance in animals
3.Endocrine Signalling
4.Paracrine Signalling
5.Autocrine Signalling
6. Signalling by Plasma membrane attached proteins
7.Receptors
8 Properties of receptors
9.Cell surface receptors belong to four major classes
10.Signal transduction Mechanism
11. Second messenger
12. Contraction of skeletal Muscle cells mechanism
This Presentation provides an outline knowledge about Cellular Communication, Steps involved, Its Types, Signal Transduction, Secondary Messenger , Receptors with some Interesting Facts and Current Trends. An assignment for the subject, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Signal transduction (also known as cell signaling) is the transmission of molecular signals from a cell's exterior to its interior. Signals received by cells must be transmitted effectively into the cell to ensure an appropriate response. This step is initiated by cell-surface receptors.
This presentation basically tries to give deep insight about endocrine signaling as part of the Cell Signaling course unit (BIOC 142) for Biochemistry students of Bugema University. I hope it will help you boost your understanding of what cell signaling is in general, endocrine signaling and its mechanism at molecular level.
Cells of multicellular organisms detect and respond to countless internal and extracellular signals that control their growth, division, and differentiation during development, as well as their behavior in adult tissues.
At the heart of all these communication systems are regulatory proteins that produce chemical signals, which are sent from one place to another in the body or within a cell, usually being processed along the way and integrated with other signals to provide clear and effective communication.
Study of cell signaling has traditionally focused on the mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells communicate with each other using extracellular signal molecules such as hormones and growth factors.
Many bacteria, respond to chemical signals that are secreted by their neighbors and accumulate at higher population density. This process, called quorum sensing, allows bacteria to coordinate their behavior, including their motility, antibiotic production, spore formation, and sexual conjugation.
Communication between cells in multicellular organisms is mediated mainly by extracellular signal molecules.
Most cells in multicellular organisms both emit and receive signals. Reception of the signals depends on receptor proteins, usually (but not always) at the cell surface, which bind the signal molecule. The binding activates the receptor, which in turn activates one or more intracellular signaling pathways or systems.
These systems depend on intracellular signaling proteins, which process the signal inside the receiving cell and distribute it to the appropriate intracellular targets.
The targets that lie at the end of signaling pathways are generally called effector proteins, which are altered in some way by the incoming signal and implement the appropriate change in cell behavior.
Depending on the signal and the type and state of the receiving cell, these effectors can be transcription regulators, ion channels, components of a metabolic pathway, or parts of the cytoskeleton.
Cell Signaling is a phenomenon in which cells receive and respond to the signals or chemical messages from their internal environment or from the neighbouring cells.
Cell signaling is the fundamental process that lets a cell communicate, grow & respond to its surroundings.
This presentation might hep you to understand the various mechanisms that a cell employs to perform the very vital activity for its survival.
Molecular interaction, Regulation and Signalling receptors and vesiclesAnantha Kumar
1. Overview of Extracellular signalling
2. Signalling molecules operate over various distance in animals
3.Endocrine Signalling
4.Paracrine Signalling
5.Autocrine Signalling
6. Signalling by Plasma membrane attached proteins
7.Receptors
8 Properties of receptors
9.Cell surface receptors belong to four major classes
10.Signal transduction Mechanism
11. Second messenger
12. Contraction of skeletal Muscle cells mechanism
This Presentation provides an outline knowledge about Cellular Communication, Steps involved, Its Types, Signal Transduction, Secondary Messenger , Receptors with some Interesting Facts and Current Trends. An assignment for the subject, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
In biology, cell signaling or cell communication is the ability of a cell to receive, process, and transmit signals with its environment and with itself.
ell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellular life in prokaryotes and eukaryotes .
Signals that originate from outside a cell (or extracellular signals) can be physical agents like mechanical pressure, voltage, temperature, light, or chemical signals (e.g., small molecules, peptides, or gas).Signaling molecules can be synthesized from various biosynthetic pathways and released through passive or active transports, or even from cell damage.
Receptors play a key role in cell signaling as they are able to detect chemical signals or physical stimuli.
Receptors are generally proteins located on the cell surface or within the interior of the cell such as the cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus.
Cell surface receptors usually bind with extracellular signals (or ligands), which causes a conformational change in the receptor that leads it to initiate enzymic activity, or to open or close ion channel activity. Some receptors do not contain enzymatic or channel-like domains but are instead linked to enzymes or transporters.
Other receptors like nuclear receptors have a different mechanism such as changing their DNA binding proper properties and cellular localization to the nucleus.
The presentation illustrates the basic modes of cell signalling pathways for undergraduate students. It mentions variety of examples of cell signalling with different receptors, ligands and target molecules
Cell signaling is the process where cell communicate with each other with the help of signaling molecules and receptors. Cell signaling is done by different types of signaling processes such as autocrine, paracrine, synaptic, endocrine, contact dependent signaling
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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3. Learning Outcomes
• To learn how the cells actually differentiate, grow & adapt to the changing conditions.
• To learn how the cells communicate with one another.
• To learn about the agents involved in cell signaling , the receptor site & signal transduction.
• To learn how a response is produced due to some stimulus.
3
4. 4
“It is a substance formed in an organ or tissue in the body of a plant or animal and then transported
by body fluid (blood) to another organ or tissue for a specific action.”
Hormones
Examples:
HORMONE CHEMICAL CLASS SOURCE PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
Auxin Amino acid derivative Most plant tissues Promotes cell elongation and flowering in plants
Cortisol Steriod Adrenal Gland Suppresses inflammation
Epinephrine Amino acid derivative Adrenal Gland Prepares the body for action
Insulin Amino acid derivative Pancreas (B-cells) Glycogenesis
Utilization of Glucose
Glucagon Amino acid derivative Pancreas (a-cells) Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Growth
Hormone
Polypeptide (19 residues) Pituitary gland Stimulates growth and metabolism
5. Classification of Hormones
Peptide Hormones
Water Soluble (Cannot enter the cell membrane)
Must bind to receptors on the cell’s surface cause
changes within cell
Binding initiates the production of ‘second messenger’
inside the cell
e.g; Human Growth Hormone
Steroid Hormones
Lipid Soluble (Can enter the cell membrane)
Must bind to receptor cells inside the cytoplasm
and transported into nucleus
Cause certain genes to be expressed or suppressed by
influencing ‘gene transcription’ within a cell i.e nucleus
e.g; Sex Hormones
5
6. CellSignaling
• Cell signaling is defined as;
“It is the process of cells communicating with other cells within the
body, or with the external environment.”
This means that the original intercellular (between-cells) signal is converted into an intracellular (within-cell)
signal that triggers a response.
It leads to a change in the cell, such as alteration in the activity of a gene or even the induction of a whole
process, such as cell division.
6
7. Chemical Messengers
• Signaling molecules (ligands) are secreted from Secretory cell (signaling cell).
• Transmit messages between cells.
• Secreted from one cell in response to specific stimulus and travel to target cell, where they bind to a specific
receptor to elicit a response.
Examples:
Nervous System Neurotransmitters.
Endocrine System Hormones
Immune System Cytokines.
In addition to these include retinoids, eicosanoids, growth factors.
7
8. Forms of Signaling
( 4 basic categories )
• Paracrine Signaling :
• Endocrine Signaling :
• Autocrine Signaling :
• Signaling By direct contact:
• Cells communicate over relatively short distances.
• Allows to locally coordinate with their neighbors.
Example:
Synaptic Signaling.
• Cells signals itself.
• Releases a ligand that binds to the receptor of its own.
• Helps in many metabolic processes.
Example:
Such happens in cancer and thought
to play a key role in metatasis.
• Cells communicate over relatively long distances.
• Signals are produced by specialized cells and are
released into the blood stream, which carries them
to the distant parts of the body.
Example:
Hormones secreted from various
endocrine glands.
Example:
Gap junctions in animal cells and
Plasmodesmata in plant cells.
• Cells targets the neighboring cell connected via
channels for transmission of signals.
• In plants, these channels are water-filled allow only
small signaling molecules called the ‘intracellular
mediators’ to diffuse between two cells.
8
9. Table Showing the different forms of cell signaling
1.
2.
3.
4.
Paracrine Signaling
Autocrine Signaling
Endocrine Signaling
Signaling By direct contact
Signaling
cell
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10. Receptors & Signal Transduction
• Receptors are proteins contains two binding sites:
• One site specific for a single chemical messenger.
• Other site involved in transmitting the message.
• Signal Transduction :
“ When a chemical messenger binds to a receptor,
the signal it is carrying must be converted into an
intracellular response.”
10
Types of
Receptors
Plasma
membrane
receptors
Ion channel
receptor
Tyrosine kinase
receptor
JAK-STAT
receptor
Serine-
threonine
kinase receptor
Hepta-helical
receptor
Intracellular
receptors
11. General Features Of Chemical Messengers
Signaling generally follows the sequence :
1. Chemical Messenger is secreted from a specific cell in response to a stimuli.
2. Messenger diffuses or is transported through blood or other extracellular fluid to the target cell.
3. A receptor in the target cell ( a plasma membrane receptor or intracellular receptor ) specifically binds
the messenger.
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4. Binding of the messenger to the receptor elicits into a response.
5. The signal ceases and is terminated.
Fig ; Intra cellular Signaling
12. Synapse – Nictoinic Acetylcholine Receptor
• Neuro-transmitter (acetyl-choline) that acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the plasma
membrane of certain muscle cells.
• They are secreted from neurons in response to an electrical stimulus called “action potential”.
• They diffuse across the synapse to another excitable cell, where they elicit a response.
• Before release, acetylcholine is sequestered in vesicles clustered near an active zone in the
presynaptic membrane.
• Membrane also have voltage-gained Ca+2 channels that open when the action potential reaches
them, resulting in an influx of Ca+2
• Ca+2 triggers the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane and ACh is released into the synaptic
cleft.
• ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and bind to the plasma membrane receptors on the muscle cells
called the “nicotinic acetylcholine receptors”.
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13. • The subunits are assembled around a channel, which has the funnel shaped opening in the center.
• As acetylcholine binds to the receptor, a conformational change opens
the narrow portion of the channel (the gate), allowing Na+ to diffuse in and K+ to
diffuse out.
• The change in ion concentration activates a sequence of events that eventually triggers the cellular
response—contraction of the fiber .
• Once acetylcholine secretion stops, the message is rapidly terminated by acetylcholinesterase,
an enzyme located on the postsynaptic membrane that cleaves acetylcholine.
13