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Holocene Period
This document provides an overview of the geologic time scale and the Pleistocene epoch. It discusses how during the Pleistocene, between 2.6 million and 11,700 years ago, humanity evolved and survived dramatic climate swings through increased intelligence and adaptability. As ice ages occurred, humans developed new cultural technologies to deal with cold environments, such as controlling fire and wearing clothing. The document then outlines the Holocene interglacial period, from 11,700 years ago to present, when glaciers retreated and forests and agriculture spread across Asia and Europe.
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Holocene Period
- 1. RTPM-DSHS Compiled by SueQuirante
- 2. USAGE NOTES These slideswere prepared by Ms. Sue Quirante, a secondary public school teacher in the Philippines. All copyrighted material were lifted by her in the spirit of fair use. As such, this presentation should not be used for any commercial purpose. Last updated October 9, 2016
- 3. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE The GTSis a system of chronological measurement that relates rock layers to time.
- 5. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE Different spansof time on the GTS are usually delimited by changes in the composition of strata.
- 6. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE The geologichistory of the Earth is broken up into hierarchical chunks of time, from largest to smallest.
- 11.
- 12. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE TimePeriod Name EON Phanerozoic ERA Cenozoic PERIOD Quaternary EPOCH Holocene
- 13.
- 14. CENOZOIC ceno : new zoion: animal
- 15.
- 16. ospanned 2.6mya to11, 700 years ago omost recent episode of glaciation or global cooling (ice age) oevolution and expansion of Homo sapiens
- 17. 27% of theearth's land surfaces were covered by ice around 20,000 years ago
- 18. Glacial glacier advance Interglacial glacier retreat -dramaticclimate swings -many animals driven to extinction -humanity survived by becoming more intelligent and adaptable
- 19. Old Stone Age begun1.2mya and ended 10,000 years ago
- 20. stone was themost vital material for making tools and weapons hand axes appeared 700,000 years ago Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania found with remains of H. erectus
- 21. stone was themost vital material for making tools and weapons hand axes appeared 700,000 years ago Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania found with remains of H. erectus
- 22. stone was themost vital material for making tools and weapons hand axes appeared 700,000 years ago Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania found with remains of H. erectus
- 23. Nomads (hunter-gatherers) o huntingand fishing wild animals o gathering wild plants, berries, nuts, roots and tubers o lived in small groups which provided security and enabled hunting of large animals o average life span was 20 – 25 years
- 24. There was avideo here but I took it out to reduce file size. It talked about two evolutionary strategies for surviving colder climates: 1) growing robust bodies (“toughening yourself up” or 2) growing larger brains (intelligence allowed humans to develop cultural/technological adaptations such as use of fire and clothing in cold climates. You can view the video here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndwzAw8fchU
- 25. HOW DID WESURVIVE THE PLEISTOCENE? new cultural technology to deal with cold environments and changing food sources
- 26. HOW DID WESURVIVE THE PLEISTOCENE? problem: scarcity of plant foods that humans could eat during the winters solution: ancestors became more proficient at hunting animals, especially large ones
- 27. Venus of Willendorf(25,000 BCE) sculpted from limestone found in Willendorf, Austria one of many similar female carvings called Venus Figurines
- 28.
- 29. 1 extraction :digging, the deeper the older 2 typology : if complex, recent 3 Carbon-14 dating : measure of amount of carbon-14 in an object, only works for living objects
- 30. Hall of Bulls (28,000– 10,000 BCE) found in Lascaux, France
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- 32. Cueva de las Manos (13,000– 9,500 BCE) Patagonia, southern Argentina
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- 35. current geological epochwhich started some 11,500 years ago when the glaciers began to retreat, marking the end of the glacial phase of the most recent ice age
- 36.
- 37. o sometimes called“Anthropogene” or “Age of Man” Note: Modern humans had evolved and dispersed all over the world well before the start of the Holocene
- 38. ospread of forests osubsequent shrinkageof forests as mankind’s demand for timber and agricultural land grew
- 39. Although we thinkof the Holocene as a warm time for the planet, we are still in an ice age. This is indicated by the presence of ice caps at the poles - the planet as a whole is just in an interglacial phase.
- 40. An interglacial period isa geological interval of warmer global average temperature lasting thousands of years that separates consecutive glacial periods within an ice age.
- 41. New Stone Age attainedat the beginning of the Holocene Epoch 11,700 years ago until around 1800BCE gradually occurred across Asia and Europe from a starting point in the Fertile Crescent
- 45. New Stone Age cultivationand animal domestication first appeared in southwestern Asia by about 9000 BCE farming and settled villages had been firmly achieved by 7000 BCE in the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys
- 49. New Stone Age stonetools shaped by polishing and grinding dependence on domesticated plants or animals settlement in permanent villages (sedentism) appearance of crafts such as pottery and weaving
- 51. What’s the difference between Horticulture & Agriculture? (asused in archaeology and anthropology)
- 52. HORTICULTURE distinguished by the useof hand tools to grow domesticated plants
- 53. INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE use of irrigation, draftanimals, terracing, natural fertilizers, selective breeding, mechanization, etc., to grow more food
- 55. Why do youthink the Neolithic Revolution occurred?
- 56. REFERENCES University of CaliforniaMuseum of Paleontology http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibit/histgeoscale.php BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/history_of_the_earth/Holocene Mr. Giotto’s Site http://www.penfield.edu/webpages/jgiotto/onlinetextbook.cfm?subp age=1525824 Brittanica http://www.britannica.com/event/Paleolithic-Period Climate Change and Human Evolution http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo/homo_3.htm
Editor's Notes
- #25 During ice ages, those species that were not driven to extinction by the cold commonly evolved larger, more massive bodies as a means of producing and retaining more heat. This was especially true of mammals in the northern hemisphere. This is to be expected, given the predictions of Bergmann's rule. Humans evolved larger bodies during the Pleistocene as well.
- #27 required inventing more sophisticated hunting skills as well as better weapons and butchering tools
- #42 transition from food-collecting cultures to food-producing ones
- #44 made more-useful stone tools by grinding and polishing relatively hard rocks rather than merely chipping softer ones down to the desired shape
- #50 transition from food-collecting cultures to food-producing ones
- #56 transition from food-collecting cultures to food-producing ones