Here are some key points that could be made about what makes humans and societies "civilized": - Permanent settlements as opposed to nomadic lifestyles. Living in one place allows for more complex social organization and specialization of labor. - Agriculture and food production. A reliable food source supports larger, more complex populations. - Advanced tools and technology. The development of tools like plows, pottery, wheels, etc. signifies more advanced problem-solving skills. - Social hierarchy and organization. Roles like leaders, craftspeople, traders indicate division of labor and more intricate social structures. - Cultural achievements. Monuments, art, writing systems demonstrate surplus production and leisure time for non

1. Prehistory and Early Man

2. Critical Intro.
Describe 4-5 ways in which the
development of agriculture changed
societies.

3. first pre-
human/human-
like creature =
hominid; 4 mill.
– 2 mill. B.C.
“human with
ability” – 1st
tool maker –
2.5 mill. – 1.5
mill. B.C.
Migrated
throughout
Eurasia; first
to bury dead;
200,000 –
30,000 B.C.;
Extinct
Cro-Magnon –
identical to
modern humans;
100,000-10,000
B.C.
Homo Sapien
Sapiens =
modern humans
•“human who
walks upright” –
1st out of
Africa, 1st w/fire
– 1.6 mill. –
100,000B.C.
Human Migration
•Migration throughout the world spanned over 1.5 million years.
•Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas
•Humans adapted to many different environments.

4. Donald Johanson discovers 3.2 million year old “Lucy”.

5. Mary Leakey finds 3.6
million year old
footprints

6. Archaeologists
study past
cultures by
locating and
studying:
human
remains
settlements
Fossils;
Radio Carbon
dating
Artifacts;
Radio Carbon
dating
Archaeologists continue
to find and interpret
evidence of early
humans and their lives.
How does archaeology provide knowledge of early human life and its changes?
Donald Johanson:
Discovered “Lucy” in 1974
Why do archeologists sometimes create more questions than answers?

7. Great Rift Valley
East Africa

11. <>

12. Human Migration
•Migration throughout the world spanned over 1.5 million years.
•Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas
•Humans adapted to many different environments.

13. Big Geography and the Peopling of the World
Directions: Use the map, text and/or other resources to complete the following questions/prompts and terms.
Part 1
1. From where (be specific) did humans originate?
2. About when did they begin to migrate from
there?
3. Briefly define the “Out of Africa” theory.
4. What information does the map give us about
human adaptability?
5. How might fire have benefitted early humans?
6. In what size groups do you think early humans
lived, large or small? Defend your answer.
Part 2 – Complete on your own paper and attach to this page.
1. Create a 10 item timeline (5 illustrated) of your life from birth to
present.
2. Define the following terms: prehistory, historian, artifact,
anthropology, archeology, Relative dating, Absolute dating,
Carbon 14 dating

14. Peopling of the World Animation

15. Paleolithic Society vs.
Neolithic Society
Two Very Different Stone Age Periods

16. Paleolithic vs. Neolithic
 Paleolithic Age = “Old Stone Age”
 2.5 million – 12,000 B.C.E.
 Neolithic Age = “New Stone Age”
 Neolithic/Agricultural Revolution!
 12,000 – 4,000 B.C.E.
 What new technology do you think ends Neolithic Age?

17. Paleolithic
Food Sources
 Hunting and Gathering
 Hunting animals
 Gathering plants, roots, nuts and berries
 Nomadic – Constantly migrating in search of food, water

18. Paleolithic
Shelter
 Temporary!
 Tents, caves
 Skin, grass or mud-covered huts

19. Paleolithic
Population
 Small kinship clans of 20-60 people
 Usually extended family
Why small groups?
Hunting & gathering can’t produce enough food for
large pop.

20. Paleolithic
Clothing
 Animal skins

21. Paleolithic
Resources
 Used resources (materials) from their surroundings
 Developed oral language.
 Impact?
 Learned how to make & use fire!!
 Improved hunting, protection, warmth

23. Paleolithic
Occupation
 Hunt and gather
 Finding enough food to survive
 Created “Cave art”
http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/?lng=en#/en/00.xml

24. Lascaux Cave Paintings
France – 16,000 years ago

25. Lascaux Cave Paintings
France – 16,000 years ago
http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/index.php?lng=e
n#/en/02_00.xml

29. What do you think?
 What do you think the occupational nature of the
Paleolithic Period meant for technological
advances?
 How do you think this might change when people
start farming?

30. The Neolithic Revolution!

31. Neolithic Revolution
Rising temps = longer growing
seasons
Caused pop. increase
Steady food source was
needed
People begin to farm
Farming develops in
different regions at about
the same time.
Mesopotamia
Egypt
India
China
Americas
Slash and Burn Farming = cut
trees & grasses and burned
them to clear the fields
Ashes fertilized the soil
Domestication= taming of
animals
dogs, sheep, goats, pigs,
cattle - dairying
Causes of the
Agricultural Revolution
Early Farming Methods
Domestication of Animals
Farming Develops
in Many Places

32. Neolithic
Revolution
Causes of the
Agricultural Revolution
Early Farming Methods
Domestication of Animals
Farming Develops
in Many Places

33. Neolithic
Food Sources
 Farming and domestication of animals!
 Agricultural & pastoral societies
 Reliable food source

34. What do you think?
 What do you think the impact will be on Neolithic
shelter and population?

35. Neolithic
Shelter
 Permanent!
 Clay or mud-brick houses

37. Neolithic
Population
 Much larger populations
 Villages and small towns
 Farming & domestication supports large pops.

38. Neolithic
Clothing
 Woven cloth
 Wool and cotton
 Jewelry

39. Neolithic
Resources
 Extensive local trade and barter
 Traveling farther for materials
 Used advanced tools
 Obsidian (volcanic) glass = important
material

40. What do you think?
 Why do you think trade was able to expand so
rapidly during the Neolithic Age?

41. Neolithic
Occupations
 Farming, herding, trading
 Artisanship – making things
 Weaving, pottery, tool-making
 Specialization of Labor!
 People doing specific jobs
 What is the connection between the Neolithic
Revolution and Specialization?

42. Improvements in agricultural
production, trade, and transportation

43. Pottery
How did it improve life?

44. Plows
How did it improve life?
Early
Later

45. Woven textiles
How did it improve life?

46. Metallurgy
How did it improve life?

47. Wheels and Wheeled Vehicles
How did it improve life?

48. Neolithic Revolution
Agriculturalist vs. Pastoralist

49. Pastoral Society

50. Sedentary Agricultural Society

51. 51
Pastoralism
Ten to twelve thousand years ago, at approximately the same time that agriculture emerged, a parallel
specialization appeared: pastoralism, the herding of domesticated or partially domesticated animals.
Pastoralism has much more in common culturally with hunting and gathering ways of life since it is necessity to
move the herds continually in search of fresh pastures making this a wandering, nomadic way of life. For
Pastoralists, human and livestock populations tended to fluxuate according to shifts in climatic conditions
impacting the availability of grasses. While pastoral life is demanding and often dangerous, it is, as a way of
life, relatively stable over long periods of time--like hunting and gathering is. What one generation knew and
did, the next generation knew and did.
Pastoralism tended to develop on marginal land apart from areas suitable for agriculture, often in semi-arid regions. Frequently,
the two ways of life, pastoralism and agriculture, were compatible, or even mutually dependent upon one another through
symbiotic trade relationships. Wherever the two modes of life existed near one another, a lively trade usually sprang up between
farmers who had food and other objects to exchange, and pastoral nomads, who had products such as hides, wool, meat, and/or
milk.
Sedentary (Agriculturalist) vs. Pastoralism

52. 52
Sedentary (Agriculturalist)
While they are not exciting in appearance, settled agricultural villages like this early example at Ban Po, China
(below left) and Catal Huyuk, modern Turkey (below right), represented a radically new way of life for human
beings, unlike anything that had existed before.
First, agriculture means sedentism--living permanently in one place. This was itself new to human beings, and
it may have seemed very constraining to the first people to experience this way of life. Living in one spot
permanently means exploiting a relatively small amount of land very intensively (rather than exploiting a large
amount of land extensively, as hunter-gatherers did), and over a long period of time.
Pastoralism vs. Sedentary – an analysis
Pastoralism:
Advantages: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages: _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Sedentary:
Advantages: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages: _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Examples of likely contact/conflict between the two societies: ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

53. Neolithic/Agricultural Revolution
Why “Revolution”?
 Why do you think the period of farming and
domestication is referred as a “Revolution”? Do you
agree with the use of the word “Revolution”?

54. First Neolithic Settlements
and Cities
Catal Hoyuk, Aleppo and Jericho
.Aleppo

55. First Neolithic Settlements
Catal Hoyuk
• Southern Turkey
• Approx. 7000
B.C.E
• Protection
provided by
connecting all
buildings
• Relied on trade to
supplement ag.
Goddess

57. First Early Cities
Jericho
• On Jordan River
• Approx. 7000
B.C.E
• Protection
provided by
ditch & 12 ft.
wall
• Relied on trade
to supplement
ag.

58. First Early Cities
Aleppo
• On Queiq River
• Approx. 2500
B.C.E
• High center hill
surrounded by 8
smaller hills.
• Protection
provided by
ditch & wall
• Key Syrian city
today

59. Stonehenge

60. Stonehenge
in southern England
Started in Neolithic Age: Completed in Bronze Age

61. Stonehenge
in southern England

63. Critical Intro
 Jared Diamond referred to the Neolithic
Revolution as the “Worst mistake in the
history of the human race”. What do you
think his main arguments are.

64. Critical Intro
 In complete sentences, describe why you
think humans were so successful at
migrating throughout the world.

65. Critical Intro
 In complete sentences, identify an example
of monumental architecture and the role it
played in its society.

66. Critical Intro
 In 2-3 sentences, describe the reasons for and
most significant impacts of the Neolithic
Revolution.

67. Critical Intro
 In 2-3 sentences, describe the reasons for and
most significant impacts of the Neolithic
Revolution.

68. Critical Intro.
Write 2-3 sentences
detailing the characteristics
of a good research topic.

69. Critical Intro.
More environmental
impact? Agriculturalist or
Pastoralist? Why?
Then create a Neolithic vs.
Paleolithic pamphlet.

70. Critical Intro.
What makes us “Civilized”?