Lecture slides for Economics (Social Studies/Araling Panlipunan) Gr. 9 & 10 following the basic competencies of the K to 12 curriculum in the Philippines.
The document discusses different types of economic systems, including pure market economies, pure command economies, traditional economies, and mixed economies. It describes the key characteristics of each type of economy, such as how economic decisions are made regarding what to produce, how to produce it, and who receives the goods and services. The document also briefly covers different political philosophies like capitalism, socialism, and communism that influence economic systems.
This document discusses different economic systems and their key characteristics. It begins by outlining the three basic economic problems of what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. It then defines four main economic systems - traditional, command, market, and mixed - and describes their essential features. The document also distinguishes between the economic philosophies of capitalism, communism, and socialism.
The document discusses the basic economic problem of scarcity and opportunity cost. It defines the key concepts of needs and wants, and explains that while needs are necessities, wants are pleasurable but not necessary goods. Resources used to produce goods and services are finite but human wants are unlimited, creating an economic problem. The concept of opportunity cost, which is the next best alternative forgone when making a choice due to scarce resources, is introduced and illustrated using a production possibilities frontier diagram showing the tradeoffs between producing two goods.
This document defines and classifies different market structures. The main market structures discussed are perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition. Perfect competition is characterized by many small sellers, standardized products, and no single seller influencing prices. A monopoly has a single seller dominating an industry. Oligopoly has a few large sellers controlling the market. Monopolistic competition involves differentiated but similar products among many sellers. The document also briefly discusses monopsony and oligopsony structures defined by a single or few dominant buyers.
This document provides a course syllabus for an Advanced Microeconomics class. It outlines the course description, learning outcomes, topics to be covered, assessment methods, and other policies. The course aims to analyze how households, firms, and governments make economic decisions and interact in markets. Key topics include demand and supply, consumer behavior, costs, market structures, and market failures. The syllabus also lists the university and program-level learning outcomes that the course supports.
The document discusses different types of economic systems, including pure market economies, pure command economies, traditional economies, and mixed economies. It describes the key characteristics of each type of economy, such as how economic decisions are made regarding what to produce, how to produce it, and who receives the goods and services. The document also briefly covers different political philosophies like capitalism, socialism, and communism that influence economic systems.
This document discusses different economic systems and their key characteristics. It begins by outlining the three basic economic problems of what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. It then defines four main economic systems - traditional, command, market, and mixed - and describes their essential features. The document also distinguishes between the economic philosophies of capitalism, communism, and socialism.
The document discusses the basic economic problem of scarcity and opportunity cost. It defines the key concepts of needs and wants, and explains that while needs are necessities, wants are pleasurable but not necessary goods. Resources used to produce goods and services are finite but human wants are unlimited, creating an economic problem. The concept of opportunity cost, which is the next best alternative forgone when making a choice due to scarce resources, is introduced and illustrated using a production possibilities frontier diagram showing the tradeoffs between producing two goods.
This document defines and classifies different market structures. The main market structures discussed are perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition. Perfect competition is characterized by many small sellers, standardized products, and no single seller influencing prices. A monopoly has a single seller dominating an industry. Oligopoly has a few large sellers controlling the market. Monopolistic competition involves differentiated but similar products among many sellers. The document also briefly discusses monopsony and oligopsony structures defined by a single or few dominant buyers.
This document provides a course syllabus for an Advanced Microeconomics class. It outlines the course description, learning outcomes, topics to be covered, assessment methods, and other policies. The course aims to analyze how households, firms, and governments make economic decisions and interact in markets. Key topics include demand and supply, consumer behavior, costs, market structures, and market failures. The syllabus also lists the university and program-level learning outcomes that the course supports.
This document provides an overview of command economies, including a definition, key characteristics, examples, advantages, and disadvantages. A command economy is a centralized system where the government makes all economic decisions rather than market forces. Key characteristics include the government creating central economic plans, allocating all resources, setting production quotas and prices, owning monopoly businesses, and enforcing the plan through laws and regulations. Examples given are Belarus, China, Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, and the former Soviet Union. Advantages include rapid mobilization for large projects but disadvantages are an inability to respond to consumer demand, overproducing some goods and underproducing others, and discouraging innovation.
The document discusses several key economic concepts:
1) Production is the process of transforming resources into useful goods and services. All societies must decide what to produce, how to produce it, and who gets what is produced.
2) Specialization and trade allow countries to benefit even if one has an absolute advantage in all areas, because of comparative advantage based on opportunity costs.
3) Investment uses resources to produce capital for the future, but has an opportunity cost of present consumption. Capital goods are used to produce other goods, while consumer goods are for immediate use.
4) The production possibility frontier graphically shows tradeoffs in what an economy can produce given scarce resources, and shifts outward with economic growth over time from
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and economist who made many contributions to early economic thought. He believed that the production of goods to satisfy natural needs was justified, but producing goods to satisfy unlimited desires was unnatural. Aristotle recognized the functions of money as a medium of exchange, store of value, and measure of value. He supported private property but was against interest and monopoly. Overall, Aristotle laid important foundations for concepts like value, exchange, money, and the justification of economic activity that influenced later economic thinkers.
The document provides definitions and explanations of key economic concepts:
1. Economics is defined as the study of how people choose to use scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It involves production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
2. Scarcity means that resources are limited but wants are unlimited, so choices must be made. Opportunity cost is the next best alternative forgone in making a choice.
3. Demand is a consumer's willingness and ability to purchase a good at a given price, depicted by a downward sloping demand curve. The law of demand states that price and quantity demanded move in opposite directions.
4. A production possibility frontier shows the maximum output combinations of two goods given
This document discusses different economic theories including capitalism, socialism, and communism. Capitalism is based on private ownership and free enterprise, while socialism believes wealth should be distributed publicly and communism involves total government control over the economy. Karl Marx proposed communism as a solution to inequality between social classes, believing workers should unite and control the means of production.
Teorya ng Produksyon, input at output, law of deminishing returns para sa Aralin Panlipunan IV na pwedeng idownloard at magamit ng mga guro at mga mag-aaral. Sinamban
Economics is the study of how individuals and societies make decisions about using scarce resources to fulfill wants and needs. It can be studied at the macro level of whole economies or micro level of individual decision making. Resources are limited so choices must be made between alternatives, which involves tradeoffs. Production requires factors of land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship to transform inputs into goods and services. Firms aim to maximize profits by equating their marginal costs with marginal revenues from sales. Different economic systems approach these decisions in various ways such as traditional economies based on custom, command economies controlled by the government, and free market economies driven by supply and demand.
The document discusses several current issues in the Philippines including a prayer rally against a proposed reproductive health bill, a senator filing a bill to change the school calendar, predictions that the Philippines could become the next tiger economy in Asia under President Aquino, plans to purchase missile warships from Italy, and Cavite vying for another Seal of Good Housekeeping award from the Department of Interior and Local Government.
This document provides an overview of key economic concepts including:
- Definitions of economics as the study of human behavior in making choices about goods and services.
- Theories of Malthus, Maslow, and scarcity of resources.
- Microeconomics focuses on individual decision making units while macroeconomics examines aggregate variables like GDP.
- Positive economics seeks to understand economic systems without judgment, while normative economics makes prescriptions.
- The circular flow diagram shows income and payments between households and firms.
Ekonomiks ay isang agham panlipunan na nag-aaral kung paano tutugunan ang tila walang kakapusang pangangailangan at kagustuhan ng tao gamit ang limitadong yaman.
This document defines key economic concepts and compares different types of economic systems. It discusses the four major economic systems - traditional, free market/enterprise, command, and mixed. In a traditional economy, customs govern economic decisions and activities are centered around the family. A free market economy relies on supply and demand with businesses and consumers deciding production and purchases. Under a command system, the government determines production and resource allocation. Most countries utilize a mixed economy, which combines elements of market and command economies.
1) The document is an introduction to economics that covers topics such as the definition of economics, needs and wants, types of economics (micro and macro), factors of production, the economic problem, utility, and production possibility frontiers.
2) It defines economics as the study of how individuals and societies make choices about scarce resources. It also discusses how people balance needs versus wants.
3) The two main types of economics - microeconomics and macroeconomics - are introduced along with the factors of production needed for an economy.
This document defines basic economic terms and concepts. It discusses that economics deals with how scarce resources are used to satisfy human wants. It defines different types of goods like consumer goods, capital goods, essential goods, and luxury goods. It also defines economic resources or factors of production as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. The document then discusses the three basic questions that all economies must answer: what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. It also outlines the main types of economic systems as traditional, command, market and mixed economies.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in microeconomics and macroeconomics. It defines economics as dealing with scarcity and choice. It discusses opportunity costs, markets, and different economic systems. Productive efficiency and inefficiency are explained using the production possibilities frontier model. The document also distinguishes between positive and normative economics and microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Microeconomics: Introduction and basic conceptsPie GS
1.1 Meaning and definition of microeconomics
1.2 Basic microeconomic issues: scarcity, efficiency and
alternative uses of resources
1.3 Differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics
1.4 Opportunity cost, normative economics and positive
economics
1.5 Importance of microeconomics in business decision making
1.6 Economic models: meaning and use of economic models
This document provides an introduction to economics. It defines economics as the study of how individuals and societies make decisions about using scarce resources to fulfill wants and needs. It then discusses microeconomics, which examines individual economic decisions, and macroeconomics, which examines the overall economy. The document outlines the key economic questions of what, how much, how, for whom, and who decides production. It also summarizes Adam Smith's concept of the invisible hand and the principles of scarcity, opportunity cost, and incentives.
This document provides an overview of command economies, including a definition, key characteristics, examples, advantages, and disadvantages. A command economy is a centralized system where the government makes all economic decisions rather than market forces. Key characteristics include the government creating central economic plans, allocating all resources, setting production quotas and prices, owning monopoly businesses, and enforcing the plan through laws and regulations. Examples given are Belarus, China, Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, and the former Soviet Union. Advantages include rapid mobilization for large projects but disadvantages are an inability to respond to consumer demand, overproducing some goods and underproducing others, and discouraging innovation.
The document discusses several key economic concepts:
1) Production is the process of transforming resources into useful goods and services. All societies must decide what to produce, how to produce it, and who gets what is produced.
2) Specialization and trade allow countries to benefit even if one has an absolute advantage in all areas, because of comparative advantage based on opportunity costs.
3) Investment uses resources to produce capital for the future, but has an opportunity cost of present consumption. Capital goods are used to produce other goods, while consumer goods are for immediate use.
4) The production possibility frontier graphically shows tradeoffs in what an economy can produce given scarce resources, and shifts outward with economic growth over time from
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and economist who made many contributions to early economic thought. He believed that the production of goods to satisfy natural needs was justified, but producing goods to satisfy unlimited desires was unnatural. Aristotle recognized the functions of money as a medium of exchange, store of value, and measure of value. He supported private property but was against interest and monopoly. Overall, Aristotle laid important foundations for concepts like value, exchange, money, and the justification of economic activity that influenced later economic thinkers.
The document provides definitions and explanations of key economic concepts:
1. Economics is defined as the study of how people choose to use scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It involves production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
2. Scarcity means that resources are limited but wants are unlimited, so choices must be made. Opportunity cost is the next best alternative forgone in making a choice.
3. Demand is a consumer's willingness and ability to purchase a good at a given price, depicted by a downward sloping demand curve. The law of demand states that price and quantity demanded move in opposite directions.
4. A production possibility frontier shows the maximum output combinations of two goods given
This document discusses different economic theories including capitalism, socialism, and communism. Capitalism is based on private ownership and free enterprise, while socialism believes wealth should be distributed publicly and communism involves total government control over the economy. Karl Marx proposed communism as a solution to inequality between social classes, believing workers should unite and control the means of production.
Teorya ng Produksyon, input at output, law of deminishing returns para sa Aralin Panlipunan IV na pwedeng idownloard at magamit ng mga guro at mga mag-aaral. Sinamban
Economics is the study of how individuals and societies make decisions about using scarce resources to fulfill wants and needs. It can be studied at the macro level of whole economies or micro level of individual decision making. Resources are limited so choices must be made between alternatives, which involves tradeoffs. Production requires factors of land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship to transform inputs into goods and services. Firms aim to maximize profits by equating their marginal costs with marginal revenues from sales. Different economic systems approach these decisions in various ways such as traditional economies based on custom, command economies controlled by the government, and free market economies driven by supply and demand.
The document discusses several current issues in the Philippines including a prayer rally against a proposed reproductive health bill, a senator filing a bill to change the school calendar, predictions that the Philippines could become the next tiger economy in Asia under President Aquino, plans to purchase missile warships from Italy, and Cavite vying for another Seal of Good Housekeeping award from the Department of Interior and Local Government.
This document provides an overview of key economic concepts including:
- Definitions of economics as the study of human behavior in making choices about goods and services.
- Theories of Malthus, Maslow, and scarcity of resources.
- Microeconomics focuses on individual decision making units while macroeconomics examines aggregate variables like GDP.
- Positive economics seeks to understand economic systems without judgment, while normative economics makes prescriptions.
- The circular flow diagram shows income and payments between households and firms.
Ekonomiks ay isang agham panlipunan na nag-aaral kung paano tutugunan ang tila walang kakapusang pangangailangan at kagustuhan ng tao gamit ang limitadong yaman.
This document defines key economic concepts and compares different types of economic systems. It discusses the four major economic systems - traditional, free market/enterprise, command, and mixed. In a traditional economy, customs govern economic decisions and activities are centered around the family. A free market economy relies on supply and demand with businesses and consumers deciding production and purchases. Under a command system, the government determines production and resource allocation. Most countries utilize a mixed economy, which combines elements of market and command economies.
1) The document is an introduction to economics that covers topics such as the definition of economics, needs and wants, types of economics (micro and macro), factors of production, the economic problem, utility, and production possibility frontiers.
2) It defines economics as the study of how individuals and societies make choices about scarce resources. It also discusses how people balance needs versus wants.
3) The two main types of economics - microeconomics and macroeconomics - are introduced along with the factors of production needed for an economy.
This document defines basic economic terms and concepts. It discusses that economics deals with how scarce resources are used to satisfy human wants. It defines different types of goods like consumer goods, capital goods, essential goods, and luxury goods. It also defines economic resources or factors of production as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. The document then discusses the three basic questions that all economies must answer: what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. It also outlines the main types of economic systems as traditional, command, market and mixed economies.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in microeconomics and macroeconomics. It defines economics as dealing with scarcity and choice. It discusses opportunity costs, markets, and different economic systems. Productive efficiency and inefficiency are explained using the production possibilities frontier model. The document also distinguishes between positive and normative economics and microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Microeconomics: Introduction and basic conceptsPie GS
1.1 Meaning and definition of microeconomics
1.2 Basic microeconomic issues: scarcity, efficiency and
alternative uses of resources
1.3 Differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics
1.4 Opportunity cost, normative economics and positive
economics
1.5 Importance of microeconomics in business decision making
1.6 Economic models: meaning and use of economic models
This document provides an introduction to economics. It defines economics as the study of how individuals and societies make decisions about using scarce resources to fulfill wants and needs. It then discusses microeconomics, which examines individual economic decisions, and macroeconomics, which examines the overall economy. The document outlines the key economic questions of what, how much, how, for whom, and who decides production. It also summarizes Adam Smith's concept of the invisible hand and the principles of scarcity, opportunity cost, and incentives.
Economic systems are the methods used by societies to produce and distribute goods and services. There are four main types of economic systems: traditional, command, market, and mixed. Traditional economies rely on customs and habits, command economies involve central government planning, and market economies use voluntary exchange. Most modern nations have mixed economies that incorporate both government intervention and market forces.
This document provides an overview of business foundations concepts for students in an AGC450 course. It discusses the key participants in a business, the functional areas of business, and external forces that influence business activities. It also defines economics and the factors of production, and covers the basics of supply and demand, including how equilibrium price is determined by the interaction of supply and demand in a free market system. Key terms related to competition and different market structures are also introduced.
The document discusses economic activity and different economic systems. It defines economic activity as the process of satisfying human material needs through production of goods and services. Economic systems determine what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. The main types of economic systems discussed are traditional systems, capitalist/free market systems, centralized planned systems, and mixed market systems. Most countries today utilize a mixed market system to balance individual freedom with efforts to ensure equal opportunities.
This document discusses economic activity and different economic systems. It defines economic activity as the process of satisfying human material needs through production of goods and services. There are three main sectors of the economy: primary, secondary, and tertiary. It also outlines four main types of economic systems: tradition-based systems, capitalism/free markets, central planning, and mixed economies. Most countries today utilize a mixed economy system to balance the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches.
This document discusses economic activity and different economic systems. It defines economic activity as the process of satisfying human material needs through production of goods and services. There are three main sectors of the economy: primary, secondary, and tertiary. It also outlines four main types of economic systems: tradition-based, capitalist/free market, centrally planned, and mixed. In a capitalist/free market system, decisions about what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce are determined by supply and demand in the free market. A centrally planned system gives the central authority control over economic decisions rather than individual consumers and businesses. Most modern economies use a mixed system.
This document provides an overview of economic activities and sectors. It defines economic activity as the process of satisfying human material needs through production of goods and services. There are three main sectors: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The primary sector involves obtaining natural resources and includes agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing. The secondary sector converts raw materials into finished goods through mining, industry, construction, and energy production. The tertiary sector provides intangible services.
This document discusses economic activity and different economic systems. It defines economic activity as the process of satisfying human material needs through production of goods and services. There are three main sectors of the economy: primary, secondary, and tertiary. It also outlines four main types of economic systems: tradition-based systems, capitalism/free markets, central planning, and mixed economies. Most countries today utilize a mixed economy system to balance the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches.
The document discusses economic activity and different economic systems. It defines economic activity as the process of satisfying human material needs through production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. There are three main types of economic systems - traditional systems based on customs, capitalist free market systems where decisions are made by supply and demand, and centrally planned systems where the state makes key economic decisions. Most modern economies use a mixed system with private enterprise and some state intervention. The document also outlines the three main sectors of the economy - primary involving raw material extraction, secondary involving manufacturing, and tertiary involving services.
The document discusses key elements of a country's economic environment that impact business operations. It identifies factors such as gross national income, gross domestic product, per capita income, growth rates, purchasing power, human development index, inflation, employment, debt, income distribution, poverty, labor costs, and productivity. It also explains different economic systems including capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. Managers must assess the economic environment to make investment and strategy decisions.
This document provides an introduction to managerial economics and economic concepts. It defines economics as the study of how societies allocate scarce resources. Managerial economics applies economic theory to help organizations achieve goals efficiently. The document discusses key economic topics like scarcity, opportunity cost, production possibilities frontiers, efficiency, and economic growth. It also distinguishes microeconomics, which examines individual and business decisions, from macroeconomics, which analyzes performance of national and global economies.
Gregory Mankiw in his Principles of Economics outlines Ten Principles of Economics that will replicate here, they are:
*People face trade-offs
*The cost of something is what you give up to get it
*Rational people think at the margin
*People respond to incentives
*Trade can make everyone better off
*Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity
*Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes
*A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services
*Prices rise when the government prints too much money
*Society faces a short-run tradeoff between Inflation and unemployment.
The document provides an overview of key macroenvironmental forces that shape opportunities and pose threats for companies. It discusses several components of the macroenvironment including the natural environment, technological environment, political/legal environment, economic environment, demographic environment, and cultural environment. It also covers trends related to the rise of the informal sector in South Africa such as the growth of spazas and stokvels.
This document provides an overview of microeconomics. It defines economics as the study of how societies allocate scarce resources to produce and distribute goods and services. The document outlines different types of economic systems and explains that most modern economies are mixed, with roles for both markets and governments. It also summarizes key microeconomic concepts like supply and demand, market equilibrium, and the role of prices in signaling resource allocation.
This document provides an introduction to economics, including its key concepts and the American economic system. It discusses that economics is the study of how people use limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It also covers the three basic economic questions of what, how, and for whom to produce. Additionally, it explains the characteristics of the American mixed economy, including limited government role, freedom of enterprise and choice, the profit incentive, private property rights, and competition.
The document discusses different types of economies and their key features. It describes traditional, command, and market economies. A traditional economy relies on customs to allocate resources, while a command economy has central government planning. A market economy uses supply and demand to determine production and distribution. The US is provided as an example of a mixed economy with aspects of both market and government control. Scarcity and opportunity costs are also defined as economic concepts.
seles promotion in fmcg sector Ppt finalmilan moliya
The document discusses sales promotion strategies for fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies in India, specifically those related to soap and detergent products. It provides an overview of the FMCG industry in India, including key product categories and major players. It then discusses various factors that influence demand for FMCG products like price, place of distribution, product characteristics, and promotion strategies. Specific promotion techniques used in the industry like coupons, discounts, and bundling offers are also outlined. PESTEL and SWOT analyses are provided to discuss macroenvironmental influences and strengths/weaknesses of FMCG companies.
Action research is a disciplined process of inquiry conducted by practitioners to improve their own practices. It involves selecting a focus, collecting and analyzing data, and taking informed action. The primary goal is to help improve the actions of those conducting the research, rather than generalizability. It is typically conducted collaboratively by teachers and can be an ongoing cycle of reflection and improvement.
1. The document provides an overview of differentiated instruction (DI), including definitions, key principles, and examples of how teachers can differentiate content, process, product, and learning environment based on students' readiness levels, interests, and learning profiles.
2. It discusses theories of multiple intelligences and learning styles/modalities that form the basis for DI, which is a way of thinking about and planning instruction that aims to address student differences.
3. Examples are given of how teachers can differentiate instruction across various subjects and intelligences like linguistic, logical-mathematical, visual-spatial, and kinesthetic. Flexible grouping, formative assessment, and creating an inclusive learning environment are also emphasized.
This lesson on price elasticity of demand contains an explanation of elasticity, how to solve for both arc and point price elasticity of demand, its relation to total revenue, and the factors that influence the elasticity of demand for a product or service.
The document defines civilization and discusses the earliest civilization that emerged in Mesopotamia, known as Sumer. Key characteristics of Sumerian civilization included urban development like the city of Ur, specialized labor divisions, social stratification, and cultural and technological advancements such as the development of writing in the form of cuneiform. An important work of Sumerian literature was The Epic of Gilgamesh, considered one of the earliest great works of literature. Sumerian achievements laid the foundations for later civilizations to develop.
The Indus Valley civilization arose around 3200 BC along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan. By 2500 BC, the earliest cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were established with sophisticated urban planning including standardized bricks and an effective water management system. The Indus Valley cities may have had contact and trade with Mesopotamian civilizations evidenced by seals depicting animals domesticated in both regions. By 1900 BC, the Indus Valley civilization began to decline for unknown reasons, though environmental factors may have contributed to its fall.
This document contains an economics worksheet that covers concepts related to demand and supply. It includes instructions to identify concepts from descriptions, solve problems involving demand schedules and curves, and analyze how changes in various factors affect demand, quantity demanded, supply, and quantity supplied. Students are asked to determine if changes result from movements along existing curves or shifts of the curves, and identify the specific factors causing the shifts, such as price, income, tastes, or costs of production.
Contains explanations for factors of production (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship), four types of business firms (sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, cooperative), and related terminology (franchise, conglomerate, holding company, multinational, etc).
This is the presentation I used regarding three consumer laws in the Philippines: Consumer Act of the Philippines, Philippine Lemon Law, and the Anti-Red Tape Act. This is an enrichment lesson.
This document provides an overview of the geologic time scale and the Pleistocene epoch. It discusses how during the Pleistocene, between 2.6 million and 11,700 years ago, humanity evolved and survived dramatic climate swings through increased intelligence and adaptability. As ice ages occurred, humans developed new cultural technologies to deal with cold environments, such as controlling fire and wearing clothing. The document then outlines the Holocene interglacial period, from 11,700 years ago to present, when glaciers retreated and forests and agriculture spread across Asia and Europe.
These are slides I used to introduce my students to the concept of periodization in the study of history. I looked at periodization based on the invention of writing (pre-history, history), based on the invention of tools (stone, metal age), and based on Christianity.
This worksheet can be used as practice or assessment of your students' knowledge regarding factors of production. All images used in the worksheet were appropriated in the spirit of fair use. This material should only be used for classroom/educational purposes.
Kabahin kini nga worksheet sa mga parte sa nawong. Apil kini sa leksiyon kabahin sa mga parte sa lawas sa tawo. Gihimo kani alang sa mga magtutudlo sa K-3 o early grades nga ang mother tongue mao ang Cebuano/Sinugbuanon.
This worksheet is about the parts of the face. This is part of the broader lesson on the parts of the human body. This was made for teachers of K-3 or the early grades whose mother tongue is Cebuano/Sinugbuanon.
The photo used in this document was lifted under the spirit of fair use.
Please feel free to leave me a message if you want a copy of the editable document.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. USAGE NOTES
• These are slides I use for my lectures on allocation and economic
systems, a first quarter topic in Economics under the K to 12
curriculum in the Philippines.
• All copyrighted materials were lifted from their respective sources
under the spirit of fair use. As such, I am uploading these slides in
the interest of helping out other public school teachers like me.
This material should not be used for any commercial purpose.
• Last modified: October 9, 2016
7. ECONOMIC SYSTEM
consists of a matrix of:
1. social institutions (law, political institutions,
religion, etc)
2. agents (individuals or actors)
3. organizations (corporations, unions, charitable
org, not-for-profit firms, etc)
4. society (includes principles, beliefs, values)
8. ECONOMIC SYSTEM
• function: coordinate the activities of agents in the
processes of provisioning and allocation
• most economies are a mixture that includes
elements from all 3 types
10. TRADITIONAL ECONOMY
• evolved over time (traditions & custom form gradually)
• rate of change is slow
• rules of trade not apparent as economy but as moral
system
• medieval European rules against charging interest on
loans—considered a sin in the Christian faith of the
time
13. Command
Economy• an overseeing government decides how resources are
distributed amongst individuals within the system
• trade and individual choice at the consumer and worker
level is minimal or, in some cases, entirely non-existent
• ideal: efficiency, equality
14. Command
Economy• equality: by making sure to allot everyone an
equal amount of wealth
• in reality, the distributors of wealth at the
government level often hoarded wealth for
themselves
15. Market Economy
• individuals meet in markets and decide what economic
decisions they want to make for themselves
• ideal : efficiency, freedom
• emphasis on trade
• exchange of goods and services
16. Mixed Economy
• usually allow most people to decide how to obtain and spend capital,
what work they would like to pursue, how much they would like to
save, and what lifestyle they want to enjoy
17. Mixed Economy
• at the same time, a command-
based system from the
government places restrictions
on making choices and
encourages market participants
to move towards one decision
over another
18. Synthesize What You Have
Learned
Who makes this decision? TRADITIONAL COMMAND MARKET MIXED
What to produce?
How to produce?
How much to produce?
Who gets what is
produced?
Dis/Advantage
19.
20. • Whether a society emphasizes the use of
exchange, reciprocity or eminent domain to
allocate resources, “Any economic system
requires a set of rules, an ideology to
justify them, and a conscience in the
individual which makes him strive to carry
them out.” (Robinson, p13)
formal - law
informal - values, morality
system of ideas, ideals,
beliefs, principles, ethics,
moralsthrough enculturation:
gradual acquisition of the characteristics and norms of a culture or group
by a person, another culture, etc.
21. MARKET COMMAND MIXED
ownership of
means of
production
owned privately owned by state owned both by
state and
individuals
resource
allocation
price mechanism,
supply/demand
rationing both
taxes low high high
trade free trade is
emphasis
free trade is not
the focus
none
stability business fluctuations stable
predetermined, less
flexible, less efficient
social benefit
22.
23. TRY IT
• State planners in Country A met to decide what the country should focus
on producing. After much deliberation, they decided it would be in the
country’s best interest to use their limited resources to produce
automobiles instead of other consumer goods, such as electronics or
textiles. The state planners passed their decision down to factories, and
allocated to them raw materials, workers, and other resources needed to
produce automobiles. Factories were then told how much they should
produce with these resources and who the final products should be
shipped to.
24. TRY IT
• State planners in Country A met to decide what the country should focus
on producing. After much deliberation, they decided it would be in the
country’s best interest to use their limited resources to produce
automobiles instead of other consumer goods, such as electronics or
textiles. The state planners passed their decision down to factories, and
allocated to them raw materials, workers, and other resources needed to
produce automobiles. Factories were then told how much they should
produce with these resources and who the final products should be
shipped to.
25. TRY IT
• In Country B, business owners decide what to produce, how much to
produce, and who to produce for. The CEO of Tarheelia Audio, one of the
leading audio equipment producers in the country, recently decided to
increase production levels of the company’s newest MP3 player model,
and at the same time decrease production levels of their most popular
CD player. The reason for the emphasis on MP3 players is that demand
for CD players has decreased dramatically as MP3 technology has taken
over the market. Simply put, there is more profit to be made in the MP3
market.
26. TRY IT
• In Country B, business owners decide what to produce, how much to
produce, and who to produce for. The CEO of Tarheelia Audio, one of
the leading audio equipment producers in the country, recently decided
to increase production levels of the company’s newest MP3 player
model, and at the same time decrease production levels of their most
popular CD player. The reason for the emphasis on MP3 players is that
demand for CD players has decreased dramatically as MP3 technology
has taken over the market. Simply put, there is more profit to be made
in the MP3 market.
27. TRY IT
• In Country C, people rarely engage in market transactions. For
the most part, they do not need to. Families grow their own
vegetables and raise their own animals or hunt to get meat.
Certain times get tough for people in Country C like when the
winters are particularly cold or animals change their migration
patterns. For this reason, it is important that families stock up
in “good times” and develop relationships with neighbors with
whom they can share or trade.
28. TRY IT
• In Country C, people rarely engage in market transactions. For
the most part, they do not need to. Families grow their own
vegetables and raise their own animals or hunt to get meat.
Certain times get tough for people in Country C like when the
winters are particularly cold or animals change their migration
patterns. For this reason, it is important that families stock up
in “good times” and develop relationships with neighbors with
whom they can share or trade.
29. TRY IT
• In Country D, business owners make most economic decisions. As
long as they abide by fair trade policies, they can decide what to
produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce without
government intervention. These decisions are made by business
owners based on what happens in the market. For example, a
computer manufacturer recently developed a new video gaming
system, but decided to wait until closer to the holidays to release
the system to the public because it believed anticipation among
consumers would allow the company to charge a higher price for
the system
30. TRY IT
• In Country D, business owners make most economic decisions. As
long as they abide by fair trade policies, they can decide what to
produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce without
government intervention. These decisions are made by business
owners based on what happens in the market. For example, a
computer manufacturer recently developed a new video gaming
system, but decided to wait until closer to the holidays to release
the system to the public because it believed anticipation among
consumers would allow the company to charge a higher price for
the system
31. TRY IT
The implementation of the National Nutrition
Council in partnership with the DepEd of this year’s
Nutrition Month with the theme “First 1000 days ni
baby, pahalagahan para sa malusog na
kinabukasan” exhibits a feature of what type of
economic system?
37. • main economic system used during 16-18th
century (age of Imperialism)
• main goal was to increase a nation's wealth
by imposing government regulation on all of
the nation's commercial interests
• belief that national strength could be
maximized by limiting imports via tariffs and
maximizing exports
38.
39.
40.
41.
42. Laissez Faire
• an economic theory from
the 18th century that is
strongly opposed to any
government intervention in
business affairs
"let it be economics”
French for "leave alone"
Francois
Quesnay
43.
44.
45.
46. “While theory states that a pure
market economy uses resources
and labor most efficiently, in
reality, democracies have
additional goals besides
efficiency. ” ~Investopedia
47. “These may include minimum
levels of safety, education,
opportunity or health. To
accomplish these goals, they
introduce some centrally planned
rules and regulations to guide the
pure market forces.” ~Investopedia
49. TRY IT YOURSELF
• Synthesize your understanding of the four economic
systems into a three-minute skit showing scenarios from
each type.
• Make sure to demonstrate characteristics
particular/unique to each type.
• Also demonstrate advantages and disadvantages.
• This will be peer-graded.
50. SKIT PEER GRADING
CRITERIA 1 2 3 4 5 6
The four economic systems were present.
I was able to easily distinguish the economic
systems they demonstrated.
Dis/advantages of each economic system were
showed clearly.
The skit was informative and entertaining.
The group was creative in using readily
available materials in the classroom.
1 – Strongly Disagree
2 – Disagree
3 – Agree
4 – Strongly Agree
54. Capitalism
an economic system organized around the
principles of private property, freedom of
exchange, and limited government
intervention
55. Capitalism
The means for producing and distributing goods (the
land, factories, technology, transport system etc) are
owned by a small minority of people. We refer to this
group of people as the capitalist class. The majority of
people must sell their ability to work in return for a
wage or salary (working class). World Socialist Movement
57. Market Economy
market forces : collective effect of all the
decisions made by individual participants in
the economy - such as consumers and
businesses - according to their free will
73. SOCIALISM COMMUNISM
No private ownership of the
means of production
No private property at all.
Narrow gap between rich and
poor.
Eliminate class.
Capitalist state can be used to
transition to socialism.
Overthrow the capitalist state
through violent revolution.
76. THIS POSTER IS BIASED IN FAVOR OF WHICH ECONOMIC SYSTEM?
What the image does not say:
In a free market economy,
“artists” who are really
talented/exceptional will likely
be successful. Those who are
not as skilled will be forced to
change professions as they will
be unable to compete with
really good artists.
Competition, in this case,
ensures quality.
77. THIS POSTER IS BIASED AGAINST WHICH ECONOMIC SYSTEM?
What the image does not say:
Obamacare is not the first
socialist institution in the USA.
Public schools, the military, the
fire department, national
parks – these are only some of
the many socialist-oriented
programs already existing in
the United States.
katotohanang limitado ang mga pinagkukunang-yaman kung kaya’t kailangang gumawa ng tamang desisyon kung paano gagamitin nang mahusay angmga ito at upang matugunan ang nagtutunggaliang pangangailangan at kagustuhan ng tao
paraan upang maayos na maipamahagi at magamit ang lahat ng pinagkukunang-yaman ng bansa
1 - nakasalalay sa pangangailangan at kagustuhan ng tao
2 - nakasalalay sa kung ano ang input at alam na pamamaraan/teknolohiya
3 - nakasalalay sa laki ng pangangailangan at sa dami ng input
4 - Sino-sino ang makikinabang? Paano pipiliin ang makikinabang?
Close community ties as they depended on each other for survival
Greatly depended on the environment for supplying its needs; cultural practices or beliefs (rituals, religion) form around economic activities (example feasts held during harvest, rites of adulthood for youth timed with the migration of whales, etc.
historical example: USSR
present-day example: North Korea
central authority = government
common allocation method: rationing
efficient in the sense that centralized decision making allows for speedy decision-making due to absence of dissent, the government could identify specific sectors of the industry to specialize in (ex. USSR chose to allocate most of its natural resources toward developing industry/engineering/innovation in order to rival the European superpowers, succeeded and came head to head against USA during the Cold War)
Theoretically most efficient system. No need to spend resources on maintaining a large bureaucracy/central authority/government as the self-interested pursuit of individual actors will lead to equilibrium/balance of the market.
Also very flexible unlike command economies which have to plan ahead due to the scale of planning involved (imagine 90M souls) and once the plan is implemented, it will be very difficult to revise them if an unforeseen event occurs such as a devastating tsunami/earthquake.
Rests on the idea that a nation’s wealth is equivalent to the amount of gold it held so it aimed to attain a balance of trade of more exports than imports
Spurred on imperialism in the quest of European powers to increase the factors of production (land and its natural resources) in order to produce more products for export as well as to search for markets. The colonies were perfect for these two objectives.
Effect of mercantilism: government passes laws and other regulation that favor a particular company/business.
Having naval power was crucial because of this state of affairs
European countries rose to power at the expense of the colonized countries.
Toward the end of 18th century, Mercantilism begun to wane
Reason why most countries in the world today have adopted mixed economic systems
Example
Some methods for exerting dominance are buy-outs/mergers, predatory pricing, use of legal instruments such as patents and copyright to erode competition in a market
human nature – competition, self interest, greed, etc
Role of incentives: in capitalism, one is incentivized by competition to create quality products in order to attract/not lose customers
quality and quantity of work performed
Countries who have claimed to be communist throughout history. None attained the utopian ideal. Tendency to use martial rule to control dissenters.
Same lofty ideal, different means
A shield against propaganda (misleading information) coming from both sides. Social/government support for the arts has been criticized for corruption (SIPSIP). Artists on state pension do not have the incentive to improve their craft and make quality work.
Parallelism, lumping Obama with Vladimir Lenin
Value for freedom to make decisions for oneself is very strong in the United States; due to culture/history
Nanny State – gov’t decides most decisions for citizenry such as whether soda should be banned or not.
Example issue: Gun Rights vs Gun Control
In the Philippines, this free trade agreement (FTA) is an economic issue we should be discussing. Think back to mercantilism. If that system was all about raising barriers to trade to protect local producers, free trade is all about eliminating or reducing the barriers to make trade between countries as free as possible (meaning zero to very low transaction cost). We need to consider whether the following effects would be advantageous to us:
-free entry of workers in all ASEAN countries with licenses acquired locally being recognized regionally
-free entry and exit of products
Given our resources, current level of technology, current status of different sectors of the economy, etc are we ready for ASEAN Integration?
While staunch supporters of the free market economic system and/or capitalism would argue that if a local industry flounders it signals that we are inefficient at producing that particular product/service and should instead reallocate our resources to the production of goods/services where we have a comparative advantage, what would happen to the individuals reliant on these industries in the interim/transition for their livelihood? Should government provide assistance? Should government be proactive in determining these sectors and provide stimulus funding?
The complicated version of what we’ve been discussing