Pictorial representation of 3000 years of the history of the subcontinent. Highlights and maps which were downloaded mostly from the internet and stitched together.
Outline :
The Pre Historic Era
I. The stone age
II. The bronze age
Vedic period
Janapadas and Mahajanapadas
Maurya empire
Gupta empire
Empires in deccan and south
Medieval and Early Modern periods
Modern period and Independence
Outline :
The Pre Historic Era
I. The stone age
II. The bronze age
Vedic period
Janapadas and Mahajanapadas
Maurya empire
Gupta empire
Empires in deccan and south
Medieval and Early Modern periods
Modern period and Independence
In this file we have covered complete vedic civilization and its so understandable. we covered vedic period art& culture and completed all dimensions. origin of aryans.
A brief history about ancient vedic civilization.The Vedic period (or Vedic age) ( c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE) was the period in Indian history during which the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed. During the early part of the Vedic period, the Indo-Aryans settled into northern India, bringing with them their specific religious traditions.
Topics Included
• Introduction
• Sangam Age
• The Cholas
• The Cheras
• The Pandyas
• The Kushanas
• Kanishka
• The Satavahanas
• Trade
• The Silk Route
• Religion
• Spread of Buddhism
chronolgy and contribution of gupta dynasty aka golden age.
the picture has been taken from wonder slate..... youtube learning cum educational channel.
Adyakrantiveer Vasudev Balawant Phadake by Santosh TakaleSantosh Takale
Vasudev Balwant Phadke (4 November 1845 – 17 February 1883) was an Indian Freedom Fighter who sought India's independence from British, It was First united attempt after 1857.
In this file we have covered complete vedic civilization and its so understandable. we covered vedic period art& culture and completed all dimensions. origin of aryans.
A brief history about ancient vedic civilization.The Vedic period (or Vedic age) ( c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE) was the period in Indian history during which the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed. During the early part of the Vedic period, the Indo-Aryans settled into northern India, bringing with them their specific religious traditions.
Topics Included
• Introduction
• Sangam Age
• The Cholas
• The Cheras
• The Pandyas
• The Kushanas
• Kanishka
• The Satavahanas
• Trade
• The Silk Route
• Religion
• Spread of Buddhism
chronolgy and contribution of gupta dynasty aka golden age.
the picture has been taken from wonder slate..... youtube learning cum educational channel.
Adyakrantiveer Vasudev Balawant Phadake by Santosh TakaleSantosh Takale
Vasudev Balwant Phadke (4 November 1845 – 17 February 1883) was an Indian Freedom Fighter who sought India's independence from British, It was First united attempt after 1857.
History of India:
Content
Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300-1300 BCE):
Vedic Period (c. 1500-500 BCE):
Maurya Empire (322-185 BCE):
Gupta Empire (c. 320-550 CE):
Medieval Period (c. 700-1700 CE):
Mughal Empire:
British Raj:
Map of India
The history of India is vast and spans thousands of years, encompassing a diverse range of civilizations, empires, and cultural developments. Here is a condensed overview of the history of India:
Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300-1300 BCE):
The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the world's earliest urban civilizations. It flourished in the fertile Indus River Valley in what is now modern-day Pakistan and western India. The civilization had advanced urban planning, trade networks, and a system of writing that is yet to be fully deciphered.
Indus Valley
Vedic Period (c. 1500-500 BCE):
The Vedic period witnessed the arrival of the Indo-Aryans, who composed the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. Society was organized into distinct social classes known as varnas, with religious rituals and sacrifices playing a significant role. The kingdoms mentioned in the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, such as Kosala and Magadha, emerged during this period.
Maurya Empire (322-185 BCE):
Under the leadership of Chandragupta Maurya and later his grandson Ashoka, the Maurya Empire became one of the largest and most powerful empires in ancient India. Ashoka is particularly renowned for his conversion to Buddhism and his efforts to spread the teachings of the Buddha.
Maurya Dynasty
Gupta Empire (c. 320-550 CE):
The Gupta Empire is often regarded as India's "Golden Age." It witnessed advancements in art, science, mathematics, and astronomy. The Gupta rulers patronized scholars and the arts, and the period saw the compilation of the great Sanskrit epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata, in their final form.
Gupta Empire
Medieval Period (c. 700-1700 CE):
This era was marked by the arrival of Islamic influences through invasions and the establishment of various Islamic sultanates, including the Delhi Sultanate. Muslim rulers like Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad bin Tughlaq played significant roles during this period. The Mughal Empire, established by Babur in 1526, brought a period of relative stability and cultural flourishing.
Colonial Rule (1600-1947):
The arrival of European powers in the 16th century, notably the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British, marked the beginning of colonial rule in India. The British East India Company gradually expanded its influence, ultimately leading to direct British control over the subcontinent. The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was a significant uprising against British rule.
Indian Independence Movement:
The 20th century saw the rise of the Indian independence movement, with prominent leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose advocating for freedom from British rule. The movement
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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2. PREVIEW
• History of the Indian Sub-continent in chronological
order till independence.
– Human migration and early civilisations.
– Indus Valley Civilisation (3200-1300 BC).
– Aryan invasion and the Vedic Pd (1500-500 BC).
– The Second Urbanisation (500-200 BC).
– The Classical Pd (200 BC-1100 AD).
– Medieval and Early Modern Pds (1206–1858 AD).
• Maj events that shaped Indian history, culture and
philosophy.
• What we learn from our history.
3.
4. STONE AGE
• Earlier hominids
including Homo
Erectus migrated to
the Indian sub
continent from about
500,000 years ago.
• The main centers of
these settlements are
found in the Soan
Valley and in
Pakistan.
• Immigration of the
Homo Sapiens to
South Asia dates to
75,000 to 50,000
years ago.
5. • First major civilization in
South Asia.
• Flourished in the NW
Indian subcontinent.
• Divided into the
o Early Harappan.
o Mature Harappan.
o Late Harappan.
• Collapsed around 1900-
1700 BC. Possibly due
to :-
o Desertification.
o Aryan invasion.
o Floods or climate
change.
o Overpopulation
leading to diseases.
THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION
9. • Indo-Aryan settled into
Northern India, bringing
with them their religious
tradition.
• Initially a tribal, pastoral
society centered in the NW
India.
• Spread after 1200 BC to
the Gangetic Plain.
• Increasing settled
agriculture, a hierarchy
of four social classes.
• Emergence of monarchical,
state-level polities.
• Vedas were composed
• Core themes of Ramayana
and Mahabharata
originated.
VEDIC PERIOD (1500-500 BC)
10. • Second urbanism in
India after the Indus
Valley Civilisation.
• Mahajanapadas - 16
monarchies and
republics.
• Centered around the
Ganges Plain.
• Magadha later gained
prominence, forming
the base of Mauryan
Empire.
• Shramanic movements
flourished, Jainism
and Buddhism
originated.
• Upanishads written.
SECOND URBANISATION (500-200 BC)
11. PERSIAN AND GREEK CONQUESTS
• NW India came under the
Persian Empire by 520 BC.
• Taxila became a centre where
both Vedic and Iranian learning
mingled.
• By 326 BC, Alexander had
conquered Asia Minor and the
Persian Empire and reached NW
frontiers of the subcontinent.
• He defeated Porus near Jhelum
and conquered most of Punjab.
• His army, exhausted and
frightened by the prospect of
facing larger Indian armies,
mutinied at the Hyphasis (Beas)
and refused to march further
East.
13. • First empire to unify
India into one state.
• The largest on the
Indian subcontinent.
• Established
by Chandragupta in
Magadha when he
overthrew
the Nanda Dynasty.
• Ashoka converted to
Buddhism and
spread the religion.
MAURYAN EMPIRE (322-185 BC)
16. INDO-ROMAN TRADE
• Roman trade with India started around 1 CE, during the
reign of Augustus and following his conquest of Egypt,
which had been India's biggest trade partner in the West.
• The trade kept increasing, and, by the time of Augustus, up
to 120 ships set sail every year from Myos Hormos on the
Red Sea to India.
• So much gold was used for this trade, and apparently
recycled by the Kushans for their own coinage, that Roman
historian Pliny the Elder complained about the drain of gold
to India:-
“India, China and the Arabian peninsula take one hundred
million sesterces from our empire per annum at a
conservative estimate: that is what our luxuries and women
cost us. For what percentage of these imports is intended
for sacrifices to the gods or the spirits of the dead?”
18. • The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim kingdom based mostly in Delhi that stretched
over large parts of the Northern India for 320 years (1206–1526).
• Five dynasties ruled over Delhi Sultanate sequentially, the first four of which
were of Turkish origin and the last one Lodi dynasty was a Ghilzai Afghan
dynasty.
THE DELHI SULTANATE
20. WHY DID MONGOL EMPIRE FAIL TO
TAKE OVER INDIA?
• Mongols launched several invasions into the Indian
Subcontinent from 1221 to 1327, with many of the later raids
made by Afghani tribes of Mongol origin.
• A Mongol attack on India during Genghis’s lifetime was avoided
when Iltumish refused to harbour the Khwarizm Shah being
pursued by Mongols in 1220.
• If Iltumish had not, Ghengis Khan’s greatest general Subutai, or
Genghis himself, may have come marching into Northern India.
• Subotai headed to Europe, and Genghis went back to
slaughtering the Chinese.
• After Genghis' death, the Delhi Sultanate would face continuous
Mongol assaults under Ogedei Khan and Mongke Khan.
• The Mongols subjugated Kashmir from 1235 and occupied
parts of modern Sindh and Punjab for decades.
21. WHY DID MONGOL EMPIRE FAIL TO
TAKE OVER INDIA?
• After the Mongol Empire broke up into various Khanates, the
Chagatai Mongols would lead several attacks on India (in the
1290s and 1300s).
• However, Alauddin Khilji was successful in not just stopping the
Mongols but also pushing them back (although he did lose Delhi
for a brief period to the Mongols).
• The later Sultans including the Tughlaqs were less successful
with military options and resorted to paying ransoms.
• Eventually the Delhi Sultans established friendly ties with the
Mongols.
• Geography and the heat of the Indian subcontinent also played
a part in restricting Mongol invasions.
• Later Timur, a Mongol Turk invaded India in 1398 and pillaged
Delhi. Babur a descendent of Timur and Mongol Khans finally
ruled India.
22. • A theistic devotional trend that
emerged in medieval India.
• Originated in the seventh-
century south India and spread
northwards.
• Swept over east and north India from
the fifteenth-century onwards.
• The movement developed around
different gods and goddesses :-
• Vaishnavism (Vishnu Bhakts).
• Shaivism (Shiv Bhakts).
• Shakti Bhakts (Shakti
goddesses).
• Was a devotional transformation of
medieval Hindu society.
• Vedic rituals or monk-like lifestyle
for moksha gave way to
individualistic loving relationship with
a personally defined God.
• Influenced Islam (Sufism), Sikhism
and Jainism.
BHAKTI MOVEMENT
23. • Babar – 1526-1530
• Humayun – 1530-1540
• Suris – 1540-1554
• Humayun – 1555-1556
• Akbar – 1556-1605
• Jehangir - 1605-1627
• Shah Jehan –1627–1658
• Auranzeb – 1658–1707
• Bahadur Shah I -1707-12
• Jahandar Shah – 1712-13
• Furrukshiyar – 1713-19
• Muhammad Shah – 1719-48
• Ahmad Shah – 1748-54
• Alamgir II – 1754 – 59
• Shah Alam II – 1759-1806
• Akbar Shah II – 1806-1837
• Bahadur Shah – 1837-1857
MUGHAL RULE
24. THE MARATHA EMPIRE 1674 TO 1818
• Existed from 1674 to 1818.
• The Royal Era
• Shivaji
• Sambhaji
• Sahu
• The Peshwa Era
• Balaji Vishwanath
• Baji Rao
• Balaji Baji Rao (Nana
Saheb)
• Madhav Rao
• The Confederacy
• Peshwas of Pune
• Gaekwads of Baroda
• Scindias of Gwalior
• Bhonsales of Nagpur
• Pawars of Dewas & Dhar
27. WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM OUR
HISTORY
• The Indian civilisation is one of the oldest in
history.
• Most of the migration/invasions has taken place
from the NW - reason for our continental focus.
• The invaders have by and large amalgamated
into the Indian mainstream – those who did not,
went back.
• This amalgamation is the basis for our multi
cultural and tolerant nation.