1) The document defines ideology as a set of political or socio-economic beliefs that form the basis for actions and policies.
2) It explains that the ideology of Pakistan emerged from Islamic ideology and was based on the two-nation theory, which held that Hindus and Muslims are distinct nations that could not coexist in one state.
3) The two-nation theory supported the concept of an independent Muslim state, which became the ideology driving the Pakistan movement for independence.
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinentAqib Syed
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinent
Political system in Pakistan broke down in 1971 because of output failure arising out of conflict among East and West Pakistan.
Though separation of East Pakistan occurred in 1971, the separation’s elements had begun to work with the emergence of Pakistan in 1947. Following were the main causes of the separation of East Pakistan.
power point document on general zia ul haq's policies, his early life, his governance, afghan miracle, zia as president and chief martial law administrator
1.Choice of Capital and Establishment of Government
2. Unfair Boundary Distribution
3.Division of Military Assets
4.Division of financial assets:
5. Economic Problems
6.Issue of national language
7.Electricity Problem
8.Kashmir Dispute
9. Canal Water Dispute
10. Constitutional Problem
These reports have been made by me and my classmates at IBA Karachi. The sole purpose of putting these reports here is to help the free flow of knowledge to everyone.
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinentAqib Syed
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinent
Political system in Pakistan broke down in 1971 because of output failure arising out of conflict among East and West Pakistan.
Though separation of East Pakistan occurred in 1971, the separation’s elements had begun to work with the emergence of Pakistan in 1947. Following were the main causes of the separation of East Pakistan.
power point document on general zia ul haq's policies, his early life, his governance, afghan miracle, zia as president and chief martial law administrator
1.Choice of Capital and Establishment of Government
2. Unfair Boundary Distribution
3.Division of Military Assets
4.Division of financial assets:
5. Economic Problems
6.Issue of national language
7.Electricity Problem
8.Kashmir Dispute
9. Canal Water Dispute
10. Constitutional Problem
These reports have been made by me and my classmates at IBA Karachi. The sole purpose of putting these reports here is to help the free flow of knowledge to everyone.
Indian nationalism refers to the many underlying forces that defined the principles of the indian independence movement, and strongly continue to influence the politics of India, as well as being the heart of many contrasting ideologies that have caused ethnic and religious conflict in Indian society. Indian nationalism often imbibes the consciousness of Indians that prior to 1947, India embodied the broaderIndian subcontinent and influenced a part of Asia, known as Greater India.
British Crown rule was established in India, ending a century of control by the East India Company. The life and death struggle that preceded this formalisation of British control lasted nearly two years, cost £36 million, and is variously referred to as the 'Great Rebellion', the 'Indian Mutiny' or the 'First War of Indian Independence'.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, more commonly known as ‘Mahatma’ (meaning ‘Great Soul’) was born in Porbandar, Gujarat, in North West India, on 2nd October 1869, into a Hindu Modh family. His father was the Chief Minister of Porbandar, and his mother’s religious devotion meant that his upbringing was infused with the Jain pacifist teachings of mutual tolerance, non-injury to living beings and vegetarianism.
Jabir In Champaran, a district in state of Bihar, tens of thousands of landless serfs, indentured labourers and poor farmers were forced to grow indigo and other cash crops instead of the food crops which was necessary for their survival. These goods were bought from them at a very low price. Suppressed by the ruthless militias of the landlords (mostly British), they were given measly compensation, leaving them in extreme poverty. Now in the throes of a devastating famine, the British levied an oppressive tax which they insisted on increasing in rate. Without food and without money, the situation was growing progressively unlivable and the peasants in Champaran revolted against conditions in indigo plant cultivation in 1914 (at Pipra) and in 1916 at (Turkaulia). Raj Kumar Shukla, an indigo cultivator, persuaded Mahatma Gandhi to go to Champaran and theChamparan Satyagraha began. Gandhi arrived in Champaran 10 April 1917 with a team of[1] eminent lawyers:[2] Brajkishore Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, AnugrahNarayaSinhaand others including Acharyakripalani
In 1919 Gandhi, with his weak position in Congress, decided to broaden his political base by increasing his appeal to Muslims. The opportunity came in the form of the Khilafatmovement,a worldwide protest by Muslims against the collapsing status of the Caliph, the leader of their religion. The Ottoman Empire had lost the World War and was dismembered, as Muslims feared for the safety of the holy places and the prestige of their religion.[61] Although Gandhi did not originate the All-India Muslim Conference,[62] which directed the movement in India, he soon became its most prominent spokesman and attracted a strong base of Muslim support with local chapters in all Muslim
The muslim dynasties and sufi's in subcontinentFahad Saleem
In this presentation I will show you the muslim dynasties and sufi in subcontinent. So please see all the slides and also subscribe to my youtube channel.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3sdKcmm-Z5pIPSsd_MX78g
A short presentation on History of India. It was rather difficult to fit in 5000 years of recorded history from the Indus Valley Civilization to Independence .. but here it is in about 35 slides! Thanks to the contributors in Google and Wikipedia - I have just amalgamated it.
Pictorial representation of 3000 years of the history of the subcontinent. Highlights and maps which were downloaded mostly from the internet and stitched together.
Delhi is believed to be the site of Indraprastha, capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata, founded around 5000 BC.
Hindu texts state that the city Delhi used to be referred to in Sanskrit as Hastinapur, which means elephant-city
Delhi has always been a convenient link between Central Asia, the northwest frontiers and the rest of the country.
Description about Rule on Delhi that started with Tomar Ruler Ananga Pala who was overthroned by Prithviraj Chauhan and then Delhi moved into hands of Md Ghori. From there Muslim Rule started in India. And this presentation is totally related to the topic
Rajputs
Scythians
Hunas
Indigenous tribes
Gahadavalas of Kannauj
Paramaras of Malwa
Chauhans of Ajmer
Kalachuris of Jabalpur
Chandellas of Bundhelkhand
Egalitarianism
Rajput Coins
Culture
Nagara Style Architecture
Nagara Style Architecture – Sun Temple at Konark
Developments in the Middle East
Ghaznavids ruled region
Mahmud of Ghazni
Hindu-Muslim interactions
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
27052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
Welcome to the new Mizzima Weekly !
Mizzima Media Group is pleased to announce the relaunch of Mizzima Weekly. Mizzima is dedicated to helping our readers and viewers keep up to date on the latest developments in Myanmar and related to Myanmar by offering analysis and insight into the subjects that matter. Our websites and our social media channels provide readers and viewers with up-to-the-minute and up-to-date news, which we don’t necessarily need to replicate in our Mizzima Weekly magazine. But where we see a gap is in providing more analysis, insight and in-depth coverage of Myanmar, that is of particular interest to a range of readers.
ys jagan mohan reddy political career, Biography.pdfVoterMood
Yeduguri Sandinti Jagan Mohan Reddy, often referred to as Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, is an Indian politician who currently serves as the Chief Minister of the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was born on December 21, 1972, in Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, to Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy (popularly known as YSR), a former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, and Y.S. Vijayamma.
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
Future Of Fintech In India | Evolution Of Fintech In IndiaTheUnitedIndian
Navigating the Future of Fintech in India: Insights into how AI, blockchain, and digital payments are driving unprecedented growth in India's fintech industry, redefining financial services and accessibility.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
1. Ideology---Definition
1) It is the set of beliefs especially the political
beliefs on which people, parties or countries
base and relate their actions.
2) A system of ideas and ideals, especially one
that forms the basis of economic or political
theory and policy.
2. Pakistan Affairs
(CSS Compulsory)
• Learning Objectives:
– Ideology—Definition
– Ideology of Pakistan—Definition & Concept
– Two Nation Theory
– Advent of Muslims & Islam in Sub-continent
– Muslim Rule In Sub-continent
– Downfall of Muslim Rule but not Islam
– Renaissance
3. Ideology of Pakistan---Concept
• Ideology of Pakistan can be defined as a political,
and socio-religious ideology of Muslims of Sub-
continent to establish an independent state for
themselves because the Muslims & Hindus of the
Sub-continent are two distinct nations.
• Ideology of Pakistan and its concept generated from
Islamic Ideology which gave birth to the concept of
Two-Nation Theory.
• Two Nation Theory supported the concept of
Pakistan Movement or movement for Independent
State for the Muslims of Sub-continent.
4. Two-Nation Theory
• Concept of Two-Nation Theory is that
Muslims and Hindus of sub-continent cannot
live together because their religions, cultures,
traditions, languages, customs, heroes and
manners are entirely different.
5. Muslim Rule In Sub-Continent
• Conquest of Sindh ---- -------in 712 AD
• Post Muhammad Bin Qasim--(715---1206 AD)
• Ghaznavid Dynasty --------------(977---1186 AD)
• Ghurid Dynasty in Sub-continent---from 1192 AD
Delhi Sultanate (05 Dynasties)
• The Slave Dynasty --------------(1206---1290 AD)
• The Khilji Dynasty --------------(1290---1321 AD)
• The Tughlaq Dynasty ----------(1321---1412 AD)
• The Sayyid Dynasty ------------(1414---1451 AD)
• The Lodhi Dynasty -------------(1451---1526 AD)
• The Mughal Dynasty -----------(1526--- 1857 AD)
• Colonial Rule (British) ----------(1857---1947 AD)
7. Ghaznavid Rule (977---1186 AD)
• Ghaznavids were Turks.
• Were Gaurds of the Abbasis Caliphs.
• Initially Established their Empire at Ghazna.
• They were brave, dauntless and had qualities to build
empires.
• They conquered the sub-continent which was left by
Arabs to conquer.
• Mahmud Ghaznavi (997—1030 AD) very popular ruler.
• Made 17 invasions in India.
9. Ghurid Dynasty (from 1192 AD)
• Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori معزالدینمحمدغوری
or Muhammad of Ghor, was Sultan of the Ghurid
Empire.
• He defeated combined might of the Rajputs led by
Pirthiviraj at the Second battle of Tarain in 1192.
• Thus, Muslim Rule in Sub-continent Started in 1192
AD.
• Mu'izz ad-Din was the great ruler of the Ghurid
dynasty who laid the foundation of Muslim rule
in sub-continent and south Asia which helped
Muslims to rule for several centuries.
• His rule in South Asia spreads over parts of modern-
day Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iran, India, Pakistan,
Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.
10. Muslim Rule In Sub-Continent
• Ist Conquest of Sub-continent was Sindh
• And Sindh was conquered by Muhammad Bin Qasim
in 712 AD
• He conquered till Multan by 714 AD
• Muhammad bin Qasim stopped conquests in 715
because new Umayyad Caliph Sulaiman called him
back.
• During Abbasid Caliphate, Its Caliphs did not take
much interest in political affairs of Sindh Province.
• Independent rulers continued their rule till the
Gaznavid Period.
11. Muslim Rule In Sub-Continent
• Conquest of Sindh ---- -------in 712 AD
• Post Muhammad Bin Qasim--(715---1206 AD)
Delhi Sultanate
• The Slave Dynasty --------------(1206---1290 AD)
• The Khilji Dynasty --------------(1290---1321 AD)
• The Tughlaq Dynasty ----------(1321---1412 AD)
• The Sayyid Dynasty ------------(1414---1451 AD)
• The Lodhi Dynasty -------------(1451---1526 AD)
• The Mughal Dynasty -----------(1526--- 1857 AD)
• Colonial Rule (British) ----------(1857---1947 AD)
12. Sultanate Period ( 1206—1526 AD)
• Five Dynasties Ruled from 1206 to 1526 AD
and the rulers called them Sultans therefore it
is called Sultanate Period.
• The Slave Dynasty --------------(1206---1290 AD)
• The Khilji Dynasty --------------(1290---1321 AD)
• The Tughlaq Dynasty ----------(1321---1412 AD)
• The Sayyid Dynasty ------------(1414---1451 AD)
• The Lodhi Dynasty -------------(1451---1526 AD)
13. Slave(Mamluk) Dynasty (1206-1290 AD)
• Founded by Qutbuddin Aibak in 1206
• Qutub was a Turkic ex-slave (Mamluk) of the Ghurid
Rule in India.
• Muhammad Ghori (Ghurid) died in 1206 without an
heir.
• After a battle of succession, Qutub took possession of
Muhammad Ghori's Indian empire.
• He established his capital first at Lahore, and later at
Delhi.
14. Sultans of Slave Dynasty
1) Qutub uddin Aibak
2) Aram Shah
3) Iltutmish Shams ad Din
4) Fîruz Shah I
5) Radiyya Begum / Razia
6) Bahram Shah
7) Allauddin Masud Shah
8) Mahmud Shah I
9) Ghiyasuddin Balban
10) Kay Qubadh / Kaiqubadh
11) Kayumarth (Infant son: Controlled and quickly deposed
by Jalaluddin Khilji).
15. Khilji Dynasty ( 1290—1321 AD)
• Founded by Jalaluddin Khilji
• Dynasty lived around 30 years
• short-lived Khilji dynasty ruled northern India
and the Deccan from their capital at Delhi.
• Sultans Of Khilji Dynasty
– Jalaluddin Firoz Khilji
– Alauddin Khilji
– Mubarak Shah
16. Tughlaq Dynasty (1320—1414 AD)
• تغلق سلسلہ
• Dynasty was of Turkic origin.
• This Dynasty Ruled around 95 years
Sultans of Tughlaq Dynasty
1) Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
2) Muhammad bin Tughluq
3) Firuz Shah Tughlaq
4) Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah
5) Abu Bakr Shah
6) Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah
7) Alauddin Mahmud Shah
8) Nusrat Shah ( Few say: Nasiruddin Muhammad was a real Sultan)
17. Sayyid Dynasty (1414 – 1451 AD )
• Founded by Sayyid Khizr Khan
• Continued around 37 years
Sultans of Sayyid Dynasty
1) Khizr Khan
2) Mubark Shah
3) Muhammad Shah
4) Alam Shah
18. Lodhi Dynasty (1451 – 1526 AD)
• Bahlol Lodhi laid the foundation
• Lodhis were Afghans
• Rule continued around 75 years
19. Mughal Dynasty (1526—1857 AD)
• مسلطنت غلیہ
• Founded by Zaheer -ud-Din Babur
• He defeated ’’Ibrahim Lodi’’, (the last Sultan of Lodhi Dynasty in
the ’’First Battle of Panipat’’ (1526).
• Total rulers of the dynasty are fifteen (15) Bahadur Shah being the
last.
• Most of them were able ”rulers, administrators, generals,
builders, patrons of art & architecture”.
• Great Rulers---Few Names----Are:
– Zaheer Ud Din Babur
– Akbar The Great
– Shah Jahan
– Aurangzeb etc.
•
20. The Birtish Raj (1857—1947 AD)
• East India Company in 1600 AD.
• British Rule In Sub-Continent.
• Defeat of Bahadur Shah Zafar, last Ruler of the Mughal
Dynasty.
• War of Independence 1857 AD
• Due to his involvement in the War of Independence
1857, the British exiled him (Bahadur)to Rangoon in
British-controlled Burma, after convicting him on
conspiracy.
21. Downfall of Muslim Rule
In Sub-continent (1/3)
• Weak Administration of Last Rulers of Mughal Empire.
• Rise of Maratha Empire (1674 to 1818).
• In 1761, Ahmad Shah Abdali (Durrani Empire) defeated
the Maratha Army in the Third Battle of Panipat & resisted
their expansion into Afghanistan.
• Aurangzeb's death (1707) started the downfall of the Mughal
Empire.
• The Sikh Empire (1799–1849 AD)
• Fight Over Succession ()جانشینی
22. Downfall of Muslim Rule
In Sub-continent (2/3)
• Advent of the British in Sub-continent.
• Incompetent Successors
• Fight Between Muslim Dynasties
• No Educational Efforts by Rulers like Abbassid
Caliphate did in Baghdad.
• Huge Empires could not be administered efficiently
by the incompetent Sultans/Rulers.
23. Downfall of Muslim Rule
In Sub-continent (3/3)
• As Mughal Rulers did great work on Art,
Architecture, forts,Parks, Mosques, buildings
but did not establish educational Institutions.
• Bankruptcy of Morality amongst Rulers and
subjects.
• Defeat at War of Independence 1857 AD.