1. HISTORY OF CULTURE
Ar.Smita Kasat
Professor
Dept.of Architecture
Sipna school of planning
and architecture
Amravati.
2. HISTORY OF CULTURE-I
Sources of history:
Historian
Manuscript
Archaeological sources
inscriptions
Coins
Monuments
Sclupture
paintings
3. UNIT-I:Early Stone age
• Homo sapiens:
• Palaeolithic age or old stone age(500000 BCE-10000BCE)crude stone
tools,hunters,raw food,stay in cave,wear animal skin,cave paintings.
• Mesolithic age or middle stone age(10000-8000BCE)advanced stone
tools,hunters ,started growing crops.
• Neolithic age or new stone age (8000BCE-4000BCE)polished and shaped
stones,use of stones-digging,cuttinf
plants,meat,fruits.agriculture,domestication of animals,invention of
wheel,pottery,settlement of early villages,division of labour,barter
system,started social life.
• Chalcolithic age or copper stone age(4000 BCE-2000 BCE)discovery of
metals,iron age,society n economy
4. old stone age
Palaeolithic age or old stone age(500000 BCE-10000BCE)crude
stone tools,hunters,raw food,stay in cave,wear animal skin,cave
paintings.
5. Middle stone age
• Mesolithic age or middle stone age(10000-
8000BCE)advanced stone tools,hunters ,started growing crops
Microliths:stone tools were smaller ,sharper and more effective.
6. New stone age
Neolithic age or new stone age (8000BCE-4000BCE)polished and
shaped stones,use of stones, use of stones-digging,cutting
plants,meat,fruits.agriculture,domestication of animals,invention of
wheel,pottery,settlement of early villages,division of labour,barter
system,started social life.
8. River valley civilization
• Land was fertile and crops grew in plenty giving people
adequate free time to devote to creative activities and other
occupation.rivers also acted as means of transport
,hunting,abode blocks, pottery work,cooking etc.
11. Indus valley civilization,
near indus river,india,pakistan
• Town –planning constitutes the most
striking feature ,Grid iron pattern.
12. The great bath
12x7x2.44m
Material used were
kiln-burnt
bricks,english
bond,under ground
drainage and water-
supply
system,bathroom,privi
es,great granary.
14. Mesopotamian civilization,near Tigris and
Euphrates river
•Cradle of all civilization
•1]Summerian period
•King sargon of uruk … Ruler ur-nammu
•Constructed-ZIGGURAT
•Metal work
•Cuneiform, hand writing,with stylus
•Hours,minute,second calculations.
•Maths,science,
•Astronomy,
•The chariot
•Mass production bricks
•Mass production pottery
•The plow
•Textile mills
•Surveying of land contours.
•Ayurvedic medicine
•music
16. King Nebuchadnezzar build hanging
garden for his wife ,an artifical
mountain with rooftop garden.
City of khorsabad,by
SARGON-II
17. GREEK ART
•MINOAN CIVILIZATION OF CRETE-3000
BCE-1400 BCE
•MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION ON MAIN
LAND OF GREECE-1600 BCE-1200 BCE.
•AFTER DARK AGE,CENTURY LATER
AROUND 800 BCE,THE AGE WAS KNOWN
AS CLASSICAL GREECE.
•MARBLE WAS THE MAIN MATERIAL
•DEVELOPMENT :POLITICAL LIFE
•PHILOSOPHY
•RELIGION
•SOCIAL LIFE,OLYMPIC
•LITERATURE
•ART AND ARCHITECTURE
•SCIENTIFIC
DEVELOPMENT,PYTHAGORAS(GEOMETRY)
DEMOCRITIES(ATOMIC)HIPPOCRATES(MED
ICINE)
THE PARTHENON,GOD ATHENA AT ACROPOLIS HILL
19. ROMAN ART
•ROME ON BANK OF RIVER-TIBER
•DOMINATED ALMOST 500 YEARS
•MOST POWERFUL ARMY
•UPPER CLASS:PATRICIANS
•LOWER CLASS:PLEBIAN
•ROMAN LAW –OPPRESIVE
•DEVELOPMENT-LITERATURE
•ART N ARTCHITECTURE
•FORUM,ARCHES,ROADS,CITY
PLANNING,AQUEDUCTS,RELIGION
•RECREATION-SPORTS
•CONCRETE WAS THE MAIN MATERIAL.
THE COLOSSEUM,AMPHITHEATRE
21. EARLY-CHRISTANITY ART
CATACOMB:GALLERY WITH LOCULI
ARCOSOLIUM,ROME
•IT COINCIDE WITH LATE ROMAN ART-200-700 AD
•IT SHOWS HOW THE COMING OF JESUS
FULFILLED MAN’S EXPECTATION OF A SAVIOUR.
•SYMBOLS WERE USED,BUT GRADUALLY FIGURE
REPRESENTATION DEVELOPED.
•BASILICA OF ST.JOHN,ST.PAUL OLD
ST.PETER,ST.MARY MAJOR SANTA MARIA.
22. Symbols of early christanity
1]dove
2]lamb
3]Fish and anchor
4]Fish carrying a basket of bread
5]Anchor and cross
23. BYZANTINE ART
•BELONGS TO EASTERN ROMAN
EMPIRE.
•CONSTANTINE TRANSFERRED HIS
CAPITAL FRM ROME TO BYZANTINE
AND GAVE NAME CONSTANTINOPLE.
•HEMISPHERICAL DOME ON SQUARE
OR OCTAGONAL BASE.
•HAGIA SOPHIA
•ST.MARK BASILICA,VENICE,ITALY
24. •MOSAICS WORK
•WALL PAINTINGS
•GARMENTS ARE HEAVY AND STIFF WITH STYLISED FOLDS.
•1]JUSTANIAN WITH HIS RETINUE
•2]THEODORA WITH HER ATTENDANTS.
•3]MADONNA AND CHILD.[MOSAIC]
VLADIMIR MADONNA,MOSCOW,PAINTING
THEODORA WITH HER ATTENDANTS,MOSAIC,SAN
VITALE,RAVENNA
25. ROMANESQUE ART
•BELONGS TO WESTERN ROMAN
EMPIRE.,ITALY
•10TH-11TH CENTURY
•CRUCIFORM PLANFORM
•ABUDANT USE OF ROUND ARCH.
•ARCHIVOLT,BLIND ARCH ETC.,CREATES
HARMONY.
•LEANING TOWER ,PISA
•ABBEY-CHRUCH OF ST.SERNIN,FRANCE
•CHRUCH OF ST.MICHAEL ,GERMANY.
26. •4 DEGREE ,PISA TOWER
•PEDIMENT OF CHRUCH
OF ST.PIERRE AI
MOTSSAC
•HUGE WALL FRESCOES
27. GOTHIC ART
•GOTHIC IS CULMINATION OF THE IDEALS
AND ARTISTIC FORM OF MEDIVAL
CHRISTIAN ART-1200-1275.
•FRANCE,PARIS
•CATHEDRAL OF CHARTRES
•CATHEDRAL OF SALISBURY
•RIBBED VAULTING
•FLYING BUTTRESS
•ROSE WINDOW
•FLAMBOYANT TRACERY
•CATHEDRAL OF SALISBURY
•CATHEDRAL OF CHARTRES
29. RENAISSANCE ART
MICHELANGELO-SISTENE CHAPEL,VATICAN
•REBIRTH OF CLASSICAL GREEK N ROMAN
CULTURE
•ITALY,ROME
•ST.PETER BASILICA,ROME
•MOVEMENT STARTED –
•HUMANISM
•RATIONALISM
•ARTIST-MICHELANGELO,GIOTTO,FILIPPO
BRUNELLESCHI,LENARDO-DA-
VINCI,RAPHEAL,MASACCIO
MOSE OF MICHELANGELO,IN MARBLE,ROME
31. RAPHAEL,1487-1520
•BETROTHED OF THE VIRGIN
•MADONNA DEL GRAN DUCA
•DISPUTA DEL SACRAMENTO
•SCHOOL OF ATHENS
•BETROTHED OF THE VIRGIN
•SCHOOL OF ATHENS
32. CAVE PAINTINGS IN INDIA
•AJANTA,ELLORA,BAGH
,BADAMI,HAMPI
•AJANTA:2ND CENTURY B.C
•HORSE-SHOE SHAPED
VALLEY,30 CAVES
•RIVER-WAGHOR
•ELLORA:34 CAVES OF
THREE FAITH.
•BODHISATVA PADAMPANI
•CAVE-16 KAILASA
TEMPLE,MADE UP OF
SINGLE MONOLITHIC ROCK
FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
•BODHISATVA PADAMPANI
•CAVE NO.1
•BLUE LOTUS IN RIGHT HAND
34. GANDHAR SCHOOL
NORTH –WESTERN REGION
MIXTURE OF HELLENISTIC
AND BUDDHIST FORMS
THE STANDING BUDDHA,GREAT MIRACLE FROM PAITAVA
SEATED
BUDDHA,TAKHT-
I-BAHAI
Oval face,more
western
influence.
35. MATHURA SCHOOL
SOUTH-EAST OF DELHI
RED SPOTTED SANDSTONE,MARRED
BY YELLOW AND WHITE VEINS
Round face,less detail on anatomy,no
western influence
SEATED
BUDDHA,KATRA
37. MINIATURES
• WORK DONE ON CLOTH,WOODEN BOARDS
• INDIAN MINIATURES:PALA,RAJPUT,RAJASTHANI,PAHARI
• MUGHAL MINIATURE
38. RAJPUT MINIATURE
BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO RAJASTHANI
SCHOOL N PAHARI SCHOOL.
THEMES-
RAMAYANA,MAHABHARATA,ETC.
KISHANGARH POTRAIT OF BANI-THANI
AS RADHA ,LONG EYES,LOTUS PINK
HUE,CURVED UPWARDS,ARCH OF
EYEBROWS ,CURL OF HAIRS,LONG
STRAIGHR NOSE,THIN LIPS AND
PRONOUNCED CHIN.
41. PALA MINIATURE
• Pala School represents the earliest examples of miniature painting in
India. The Buddhist monasteries (mahaviharas) of Nalanda, Odantapuri,
Vikramsila and Somarupa were great centres of Buddhist learning and art.
The paintings are in the form a large number of manuscripts on palm-leaf
relating to the Buddhist themes.
Prajnaparamita
43. IMPRESSIONISM
• ARTIST-CLAUDE
MONET-
SUNRISE SUNSET
Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet
visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its
changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject
matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial .
The major French Impressionists included: Claude Monet (1840-1926), Renoir (1841-
1919), Alfred Sisley (1839-99), Camille Pissarro (1830-1903), Berthe Morisot (1841-95),
44. NEO-IMPRESSIONISM
• ARTIST-GEORGE SEURAT
The term Neo-Impressionism refers to a pictorial technique where color pigments are no
longer mixed either on the palette or directly on canvas, but instead placed as small dots side
by side. Mixing of colors takes place from a suitable distance, in the observor's eye, as an
"optical mixture
PAUL SIGNAC
ART INSTITUE OF CHICAGO
OIL IN CANVAS
45. POST-IMPRESSIONISM
PAUL CEZANNE
ARTIST-PAUL CEZANNE,VAN GOGH,PAUL GAUGUIN
Post-Impressionists extended Impressionism while rejecting its limitations: they continued
using vivid colours, often thick application of paint, and real-life subject matter, but were
more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, distort form for expressive effect, and use
unnatural or arbitrary colour.
46. EXPRESSIONISM
W.KANDINSKY
Autumn in bavaria
Edward
munch,chimera,
cry series.
Expressionist art tried to convey emotion and meaning rather than reality. Each artist
had their own unique way of "expressing" their emotions in their art. In order to
express emotion, the subjects are often distorted or exaggerated. At the same time
colors are often vivid and shocking
47. CUBISM
SYNTHETIC CUBISM
PABLO PICASSO-GLASS AND
BOTTLE OF SUZE
ANALYTICAL CUBISM
PABLO PICASSO-AFICIONADO
Cubism artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in Paris between 1907 and 1914. The
Cubist style emphasized the flat, two-dimensional surface of the picture plane, rejecting the
traditional techniques of perspective, foreshortening, modeling, and chiaroscuro, and
refuting time-honoured theories that art should imitate nature. Cubist painters were not
bound to copying form, texture, colour, and space; instead, they presented a new reality
in paintings that depicted radically fragmented objects.
49. FUTURISM
GIACOMO BALLA-SPEED+SOUND NATALIA GONCHAROVA-THE CYCLIST
ARTIST-MARINETTI,BOCCIONI,
early 20th-century artistic movement centred in Italy that
emphasized the dynamism, speed, energy, and power of the machine
and the vitality, change, and restlessness of modern life.
51. ART DECO
Other Art Deco examples
This movement was a
combination of many
different styles and
movements of the early
20th century, including
Constructionism, Cubism,
Modernism, Bauhaus, Art
Nouveau, and Futurism.
52. DADA
MARCEL DUCHAMP
Dada art is nonsensical to the point of whimsy. Almost all of the people who created it
were ferociously serious, though. Abstraction and Expressionism were the main
influences on Dada, followed by Cubism and, to a lesser extent, Futurism.
53. CONTEMPORARY INDIAN ARTIST
Ravi Varma is particularly noted for his paintings depicting episodes from the
story of Dushyanta and Shakuntala, and Nala and Damayanti, from the
Mahabharata. Ravi Varma's representation of mythological characters has
become a part of the Indian imagination of the epics
Abanindranath Tagore:
Ashoka's Queen (1910)
Bharat Mata (1905)
fairyland illustration
(1913) Ganesh Janani
(1908) Aurangzeb
examining the head of
Dara Shikoh (1911)
Avisarika (1892) Baba
Ganesh (1937) Banished
Yaksha (1904
54. • Jamini Roy was an Indian painter. He was honoured with the
State award of Padma Bhushan in 1954 . He was one of the most
famous pupils of Rabindranath Tagore, whose artistic originality
and contribution to the emergence of modern art in India
remains unquestionable
Maqbool Fida Husain, known as M.F. ... Using freehand drawing and vibrant
colour, he depicted Indian subject matter in the style of contemporary
European art movements, particularly Cubism.
