The document discusses the history of information technology and systems through four periods: premechanical, mechanical, electromechanical, and electronic. It describes key developments in each period such as the development of writing systems, advances in input and storage technologies like paper and pens, and the creation of early calculators and computers using technologies like vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits. The document concludes with an overview of different types of modern computers including mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, laptops, and embedded systems.

1. IntroductionIntroduction
COMP1 ACOMP1 A
Mrs. Annalie P. GoloMrs. Annalie P. Golo

2. TopicsTopics
 Four basic periodsFour basic periods
 The Computer Age Generation
 The Computer TodayThe Computer Today

3. A History of InformationA History of Information
Technology and SystemsTechnology and Systems
 Four basic periodsFour basic periods
Characterized by a principal technologyCharacterized by a principal technology
used to solve theused to solve the input, processing,input, processing,
output and communication problemsoutput and communication problems
of the time:of the time:
– Premechanical,Premechanical,
– Mechanical,Mechanical,
– Electromechanical, andElectromechanical, and
– ElectronicElectronic

4. A. The Premechanical Age:A. The Premechanical Age:
3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.
1. Writing and Alphabets--1. Writing and Alphabets--
communication.communication.
– speaking and picture drawings.speaking and picture drawings.
– 3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia
(what is today southern Iraq) devised(what is today southern Iraq) devised
cuneiformcuneiform ---- the first true writtenthe first true written
language and the first reallanguage and the first real informationinformation
systemsystem

5. CuneiformCuneiform

6. - Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols- Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols
- The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and- The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and
added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names toadded vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to
create the alphabet we use today.create the alphabet we use today.

7. A. The Premechanical Age:A. The Premechanical Age:
3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.
2.2. Paper and Pens--inputPaper and Pens--input
technologies.technologies.
– Sumerians' inputSumerians' input
technology was a stylustechnology was a stylus
that could scratch marksthat could scratch marks
in wet clay.in wet clay.
– About 2600 B.C., theAbout 2600 B.C., the
Egyptians write on theEgyptians write on the
papyrus plantpapyrus plant
 around 100 A.D., thearound 100 A.D., the
Chinese made paper fromChinese made paper from
rags, on which modern-dayrags, on which modern-day
papermaking is based.papermaking is based.

8. A. The Premechanical Age:A. The Premechanical Age:
3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.
3.3. Books and Libraries: PermanentBooks and Libraries: Permanent
Storage Devices.Storage Devices.
– Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept theReligious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the
earliest "books"earliest "books"
– The Egyptians kept scrollsThe Egyptians kept scrolls
– Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to foldAround 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold
sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves andsheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and
bind them together.bind them together.

9. A. The Premechanical Age:A. The Premechanical Age:
3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.
4.4. The First Numbering Systems.The First Numbering Systems.
– Egyptian system:Egyptian system:
 The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10
as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope,as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope,
and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom.and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom.
– The first numbering systems were inventedThe first numbering systems were invented
between 100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus inbetween 100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in
IndiaIndia
– Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero wasAround 875 A.D., the concept of zero was
developed.developed.

10. 5.5. The First Calculators: TheThe First Calculators: The
Abacus.Abacus.
“abax” or “abakos = board

11. B. The Mechanical Age:B. The Mechanical Age:
1400’s – 1800’s1400’s – 1800’s
The Pascaline
The first mechanical calculator invented by
Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician,
in 1642.

12. The Stepped Reckoner
was invented by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
in 1674. An Ambitious calculator that
performed multiplication and division
which uses a stepped Cylindrical gear.

13. Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine
and Punch Cards
an electromechanical punched-card tabulating
machine for use in the 1890 census; this was
invented by Herman Hollerith in 1889

14. The Dawn of the
Computer Age
The ElectromechanicalThe Electromechanical
Age: 1840 - 1940Age: 1840 - 1940

15. The Harvard Mark I
Howard Aiken in 1973
submitted a proposal to IBM
for a digital calculating
machine capable
of performing the four
fundamental operations
of arithmetic and operating in
a predetermined sequence.
-First fully automatic computer to be
completed.
- It was 51 feet long and
8 ft. high.

16. The ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
was built starting 1943 by John Presper Echert
and John W. Mauchly which was built with vacuum
tubes that were purely electronic switches that
replaced relays and is regarded as the first
successful general digital

17. The EDVAC
(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
this machine was planned by John von Neuman with
Eckert and Mauchly in 1945 and their aim was to
store programs as well as data and numbers in memory.

18. IBM 701
this was IBM’s first entry into the commercial
computer market. This marked the
beginning of the computer age.

19. The Computer
Age Generation
The Electronic Age: 1940 -The Electronic Age: 1940 -
Present.Present.

20. The Age of Vacuum Tube: First Generation
Computer (1951-1958)
Were used as the internal components of the
First generation computer which begun with the
introduction of the first commercially viable electronic
computer: the UNIVAC , was designed and patterned
after the ENIAC.

21. Second Generation Computer
1959-1964
• The transistor were used as the internal components of the
second generation computer.
• Were much smaller, faster, and reliable than vacuum tubes.
• They consumed less electrical energy and needed no
warm-up time.
• Languages moved from machine language to assembly
languages then high-level languages

22. Third Generation Computer
1965-1970
The Age of Integrated Circuit
IC in 1965, began to
replace transistors
as the internal
components used
to construct the
computer.
Even the entire circuit
board of transistors
Can be replaced
completely with
one chip.
are made of silicon
(is a semiconductor
crystalline
substance that
can conduct
electric current)
chip.

23. Third Generation ComputerThird Generation Computer
Offered many advantagesOffered many advantages
– ReliabilityReliability
– CompactnessCompactness
– Low costLow cost
 Can be manufactured inexpensivelyCan be manufactured inexpensively

24. Fourth Generation Computer
1971 - present
The Age of Microprocessor
is just an extension of the third generation technology which
is to put more power and capabilities in one chip called
microprocessor which is considered as the brain of
the computer and almost all computations and
operations of the computer
circuitry are being done and coordinated. It can be
used and applied for digital watches, pocket calculators etc.

25. Fifth Generation (Onward):
Information Superhighway
The fifth generation’s
focus is more on
connectivity.
This is to permit
computer users to
connect their computers
To other computers.
The Japanese coined the term fifth
generation computer to describe
their plan to build a powerful
Computer by mid-1990s. Later the
term evolved to encompass
computer intelligence: artificial
intelligence, natural language,
and expert system.

26. The Computer
Today

27. Mainframes
are housed inside an air-conditioned
room in big companies to keep them in
good working condition.

28. Mainframes
• a single mainframe can replace dozens or
even hundreds of smaller servers.
• critical applications typically bulk datatypically bulk data
processing such as census, industry andprocessing such as census, industry and
consumer statistics.consumer statistics.

29. also mainframes, though they are
smaller and less expensive compared
to mainframes.
Minicomputers

30. Minicomputers
 Minicomputers are computers that areMinicomputers are computers that are
somewhere in between a microcomputersomewhere in between a microcomputer
and a mainframe computer.and a mainframe computer.

31. .when the computer is connected to
a main computer called “server”
(to form a network).
Workstations

32. Personal Computer
is for single or personal use by
a certain individual

33. Laptop Computers
they are so light and handy enough to rest in our
lap while we are Working with our daily activity. In
our present, the typical laptop is called
NOTEBOOK COMPUTER that weighs much less
and can be carried like a book.

34. Pocket PCs
are the fast emerging type of portable computers
now. They are small enough to be put into a
jacket’s pocket. They are more expensive.

35. Supercomputers
used for scientific research that involves
with the manipulation of highly complex
mathematical data and equations. These data
requires trillions of operations to solve.

36. Embedded and Special
Purpose computers
They perform specific tasks such as controlling the
temperature and humidity in a big building offices, and to
monitor the heart rate of patients in the hospital. Usually
built-in to a chip (integrated circuit) with a special-
purpose program inside.

37. Just a thought…Just a thought…
A value has aA value has a
value only if itsvalue only if its
value is valued.value is valued.