This document provides an introduction and outline for a course on computer applications. It covers the following topics: - The course outline includes introductions to information technology, computer hardware and software, operating systems like Windows and Office applications. - It defines key computer terms like information, technology, hardware, software and provides a brief history of computers from the dark ages to modern computers. - The document explains the five generations of computers defined by their underlying technologies from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors. Each generation brought improvements in size, cost, reliability and capabilities. - It provides examples of some representative computers from each generation like ENIAC, IBM 360, personal computers and modern devices. The latest generation

1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS
By
Sir Syed Asif Ali

2. COURSE OUTLINE
 Introduction to information Technology.
 Basic Computer Knowledge
 Generations of the Computer
 Classifications of the Computer
 Types of the Computer
 Different Part of Computer
 Hardware and Software
 Devices
• Internal
• External
 IPOS
 User
 Operator
 Programmer
 Disk Operating System
 MS- Windows
 MS Office
• MS-Word
• MS – Excel
• MS- Power Point

3. RECOMMENDED
TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS:
 Introduction to Computer by Peter Norton,
 Computer Concepts by Capron, MS Disk
Operating System, MS Windows and MS Office XP
by Series of Visually.

4. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
 What is Information?
 Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be meaningful to the
person who receives it. It is anything that is communicated. "Information is any kind of
knowledge that is exchangeable amongst people, about things, facts, concepts, etc., in
some context."
 What is Technology?
 The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in computer industry.
 Machinery and equipment developed from such scientific knowledge is called Technology.
 Machinery that is built for ease of Human, such as pencil, pen, cycle, mechanical and electronic
devices are called Technology.

5. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
 Information technology is a contemporary term that describes the
combination of computer and technology (Hardware and Software)
with telecommunication technology (data, Image, and voice
networks).
 As computers are central to information management, computer
departments within companies and universities are often called it as IS
(Information Services) or MIS (Management Information Services).

6. THE WORD COMPUTER
 COMPUTER
 C Common
 O Operated
 M Machine
 P Particularly
 U Use for
 T Trade
 E Education and,
 R Research

7. HISTORY OF COMPUTER.
By Ages
 THE DARK AGES (3000 B.C. – 1890 A.D.)
 THE MIDDLE AGES (1890 A.D. – 1944 A.D.)
 THE MODERN AGES (SINCE 1944)

8. THE DARK AGES (3000 B.C. – 1890 A.D.)
 3000 B.C, “Abacus” was developed, probably in China, consists of a
frame with beads strung on wires or rods.
 1617, JohnNapier, developed “Napier’s Bone” consisted of a set of
eleven bones or rods with numbers marked on them.
 1632, WilliamOughtred, developed “Oughtred’s Slide Rule” this device
used Logarithm’s concept.
 1642, BlaisePascal, invented a calculator called “Pascal’s Calculator”.

9. THE DARK AGES (3000 B.C. – 1890 A.D.)
 1673, Leibniz, much improved Pascal’s calculator, such in a way that it could
perform multiplication and division.
 1810, Joseph Marie Jacquard, invented the first punched card mechanism. This
mechanism is called “Jacquard’s Loom”.
 1823, Babbage’s Difference Engine was constructed. This was based on some
pre-defined formulae.
 1833, Charles Babbage introduced another device called Babbage’s Analytical
Engine”.

10. THE MIDDLE AGES (1890 A.D. – 1944 A.D.)
 Dr. Herman Hollerith, developed a 3x5 (31/2)-inch punched card to record data.
He also constructed a box to sort data and an electro-magnetic counting mechanism
to tabulate data.
 In 1908, Dr. James Powers developed 20-coloumn punching machine. In the
same year Dr. Herman Hollerith developed vertical sorting machine which
processed about 200 cards per minute.
 In 1911, Hollerith developed horizontal sorter machine, which could process
almost 275 cards per minute.

11. THE MODERN AGES (SINCE 1944)
The dawn of a new Era.
 In 1944, IBM (International Business Machines) Corporation built “Mark-I” an
electro-mechanical computer.
 The IBM launched its new version as “Mark-II” in 1945. Afterwards, fully
electronic computers were developed.

13. THE GENERATION OF COMPUTER

14. History of computer involves five stages normally known as
GENERATION OF COMPUTER. Each generation
of computer is characterized by a major technological
development that fundamentally changed the way computers
operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, and more
powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
THE GENERATION OF COMPUTER

15.  First generation of computer started with using vacuum tubes as
the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU(Central
Processing Unit).
 These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat and were
prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very
expensive and could be afforded only by Very Large
Organisations.
 In this generation mainly batch processing operating system were
used.
 Punched cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input & Output device
were used.
 There were Machine code and electric wired board languages used.
FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER
(1946 – 1956– VACUUM TUBES)

16. MAJOR DEVELOPMENT
FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Vacuum Tubes

17. MAJOR APPLICATIONS
FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER
These computers were used for record keeping
and payroll processing.

18. ADVANTAGES
FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Vacuum tubes were used as electronic components.
Electronic digital computers were developed.
These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time.
Computations were performed in mille-seconds.

19. DIS-ADVANTAGES
FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Too large in size and Unreliable.
Exerted large amount of heat due to vacuum tubes therefore Air-
conditioning required.
Frequent hardware failures. Constant maintenance required.
Non-portable.
Commercial production was difficult and costly. Limited commercial use.
Supported Machine language only
Very costly
Slow Input / Output device
Consumed lot of electricity

20. SOME COMPUTER OF THIS GENERATION
FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER
ENIAC
EDVAC
UNIVAC
IBM-701
IBM-650

21. ENIAC
FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER
ENIAC stands for Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Computer.
It was the first electronic general purpose
computer.
Completed in 1946.
Developed by John Presper Eckert and
John W. Mauchl.

22. EDVAC
FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER
EDVAC stands for Electronic
Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer
The First Stored Program
Computer
Designed by Von Neumann in
1952.
It has a memory to hold both a
stored program as well as data.

23. UNIVAC
FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER
The UNIVAC I
(UNIVersal
Automatic
Computer 1) was the
first commercial computer.
Designed by J. Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly.

24. IBM-701
FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER
April 7, 1953 as the IBM 701
Electronic Data Processing
Machines.
The first IBM large-scale electronic
computer manufactured in quantity;
IBM's first commercially available
scientific computer;
The first IBM machine in which
programs were stored in an internal,
addressable, electronic memory.

25.  This generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed less power,
more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation
machines made of vaccum tubes.
 In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and
magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.
 In this generation assembly language and high level programming
language like FORTRAN, COBOL were used.
 There were Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating system
used.
 One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.
 Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine
language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers
to specify instructions in words.
SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTER
(1956-1963 -- TRANSISTORS)

26. MAJOR DEVELOPMENT
SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Transistors

27. MAJOR APPLICATIONS
SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTER
The major applications record keeping, payroll
processing, updating files and batch oriented
applications.

28. ADVANTAGES
SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Smaller in size and much reliable.
Less heat exerting,
Computations were performed in microseconds.
Less Hardware failures
Better Portability
Consumed less electricity
Commercially used.
Support machine and assembly languages

29. DIS-ADVANTAGES
SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Frequent maintenance required.
Commercial production was costly
Air-conditioning required
Still large in size.

30. SOME COMPUTER OF THIS GENERATION
SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTER
IBM 1620
IBM 7094
CDC 1604
CDC 3600
UNIVAC 1108

31.  The third generation of computer is marked by the use of
Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors.
 A single I.C has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along
with the associated circuitry.
 The I.C was invented by Jack Kilby.
 This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and
efficient.
 In this generation Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time,
Multi-programming Operating System were used.
THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER
(1964-1971 -- INTEGRATED CIRCUITS)

32.  Users interacted with third generation computers through
keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an
operating system, which allowed the device to run many
different applications at one time with a central program that
monitored the memory.
 Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience
because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors
 High level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL
PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.
THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER
(1964-1971 -- INTEGRATED CIRCUITS)

33. MAJOR DEVELOPMENT
THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER
IC – Integrated Circuits

34. MAJOR APPLICATIONS
THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER
With previous application
the computer was used for
airline reservations,
marketing, forecasting, credit
card, billing, etc.

35. ADVANTAGES
THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Smaller in size as compared to previous generation.
Reliability increased.
Heat generation was rare.
Computations were performed in neno seconds.
Hardware failure was very rare.
Low maintenance cost.
Portable.
These computers were very general purpose.
Less electricity consumption.
Commercial production was easier and cheaper.

36. DIS-ADVANTAGES
THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Still Air conditioning required.
Very advance technology was required to made IC.
Still costly.

37. SOME COMPUTER OF THIS GENERATION
THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER
IBM-360 series
Honeywell-6000 series
PDP(Personal Data Processor)
IBM-370/168
TDC-316

38.  The era of Variation of IC; (typically based on the number of
transistors used).
 Small Scale Integration (SSL)
 Consists of only a few transistors (tens of transistors on a chip), these ICs
played a critical role in early aerospace projects.
Medium Scale Integration (MSI)
 Consists of some hundreds of transistors on the IC chip developed in
the 1960s and achieved better economy and advantages compared to
the SSI ICs.
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER
(1971 TO 1981 --- MICROPROCESSORS)

39.  Large Scale Integration (LSI)
 Consists of thousands of transistors on the chip with almost the same
economy as medium scale integration ICs. The first microprocessor,
calculator chips and RAMs of 1Kbit developed in the 1970s had below four
thousand transistors.
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
 Consists of transistors from hundreds to several billions in
number.(Development period: from 1980s to 2009)
Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) (5th)
 Consists of transistors in excess of more than one million, and later
Wafer Scale Integration (WSI), System on a Chip (SoC)
and Three Dimensional Integrated circuit (3D-IC) were
developed.
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER
(1971 TO 1981 --- MICROPROCESSORS)

40.  The fourth generation of computers is marked by the use of Very
Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits.
 VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit
elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it
possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation the
Microprocessor.
 Fourth Generation computers became more powerful, compact,
reliable, and affordable.
 As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution.
 All the Higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE etc. were
used in this generation.
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER
(1971 TO 1981 --- MICROPROCESSORS)

41.  As these small computers became more powerful, they could be
linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the
development of the Internet.
 Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs,
the mouse and handheld devices.
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER
(1971 TO 1981 --- MICROPROCESSORS)

42. MAJOR DEVELOPMENT
FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Microprocessor

43. MAJOR APPLICATIONS
FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Now computers are
used in mathematical
modeling, simulation,
electronic funds
transfer and computer
aided designing.

44. ADVANTAGES
FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Smallest in size.
Very reliable.
Heat generated was negligible.
No air conditioning was required in many cases.
Much faster computations were possible.
Minimal maintenance was required.
Hardware failure was negligible.
Very easily movable.
Totally general purpose.
Very inexpensive.

45. DIS-ADVANTAGES
FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Very sophisticated technology was required to made IC.

46. SOME COMPUTER OF THIS GENERATION
FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
DEC 10
STAR 1000
PDP 11
Series of 80 PCs
CRAY-1(Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

47.  In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra
Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of
microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.
 This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI
(Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging
branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of
making computers think like human beings.
 The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language
input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
 There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are
being used today.
 All the Higher level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc. are
used in this generation.
FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
(PRESENT AND BEYOND ---- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)

48. MAJOR DEVELOPMENT
FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Microprocessor of Type (COREs as ULSI)

49. MAJOR APPLICATIONS
FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Robotics
Neural Networks
Game Playing
Development of Expert
Systems (ES) to make
decisions in real life
situations.
Natural language
understanding and
generation.

50. ADVANTAGES
FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
All the previous advantage.
Very huge storage capacity available.
Long bit processors were built.
Laptop computers introduced.
Development of true artificial intelligence
Development of Natural language processing
Advancement in Parallel Processing
Advancement in Superconductor technology
More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates

51. DIS-ADVANTAGES
FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Not yet reported.

52. SOME COMPUTER OF THIS GENERATION
FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Desktop
Laptop
Note Book
Ultra Book

53. ANY QUESTIONS??