The document discusses the history of Mexico and the Mexican Far North region from 1821 to 1848. It covers several topics: - The political and economic situation in Mexico prior to independence, including the dominant role of the Spanish crown and Catholic church. - The rise of independence movements in the early 19th century influenced by Enlightenment thinkers and revolutions in North America and France. - Miguel Hidalgo's declaration of independence from Spain in 1810. - The post-independence period saw political instability and a rise in caudillos like Santa Anna seizing power. - Economic activities in the northern borderlands including fur trapping, whaling, and the hide and tallow trade

1. The Mexican Far North 1821-1848

2. The Eve of Mexican Independence
• Was there at the eve of the Mexican Revolution of 1810 a national identity?
• Three hundred years of mercantilism had left Mexico without its own
commercial or manufacturing infrastructure.
• The Church owned between one-quarter and one-half of the land and
controlled most schools, hospitals, and charitable institutions.

3. The Eve of Mexican Independence
• Criollo and Mestizo discontent towards “peninsulares” or “gachupines”
• Interest for independence increased with the successful revolt of the
English colonist to the north
• Haiti’s & the French revolution
• 1807-1808 French under the command of Napoleon occupy the Iberian
peninsula

4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the most influential thinkers during
the Enlightenment in eighteenth century Europe

5. Political Ideologies During the 19th Century
Liberals Conservatives
• Influenced by the the French • Or aka Royalist wanted to remain
Revolution, wanted to end royal to the interest of the Spanish
privileges and secularize Mexico. Crown.
• Anti-clericalism was a central • The clergy saw Liberalism as
tenet “God less” ideology.
• Criollos, and Mestizos tended to • Peninsulares, or clergy tended to
fall under this category fall under this category

6. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
• The night of September 15 1810 Miguel Hidalgo proclaimed Mexico’s
Independence from Spain.

8. Post-independence Mexico and the Rise of Caudillos
• Between 1833 and August 1855 the presidency in Mexico changed
hands thirty-six times, the average term being about seven and a half
months.
• The first caudillos were often generals who, leading private armies, used
their military might to achieve power in the newly independent states.
• The borderlands would see a resurgence of the Indian threat due to the
lack of military presence in the region.

9. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna 1794-1876
• General Santa Anna was a dominant figure of the first-half of the 19th
century, he served in the presidency on eleven different occasions.

10. • Franciscan missions controlled the most valuable land in the province,
some fourteen million acres along the fertile and accessible coast.

11. • Secularization of the missions made possible the raise of the rancho aristocracy.

13. • Hide and tallow was the most valuable trade in California during the
first half of the 19th century.

14. • (Left) California method of killing cattle for hide and tallow.
Sight common at the mission and ranchos during its apogee.
• Tallow, a hardy fatty substance made from rendered animal
fat, used in the making of soap and candles.

15. Californios 19th Century

16. Louisiana Purchase & Anglo Westward Expansion

17. The Santa Fe Trail, 1821

18. • In 1829-1830 Antonio Armijo blazed the Old Spanish Trail.

19. Fur Trappers & The Fur Trade

20. Fur and its uses

21. Maritime Fur Trade & Whaling Commerce
Sea Otter

22. Russian Explorations and settlements in Alaska were seen as a threat.
1802

23. Russian Ship Sets Anchor in the Bering Sea
Ludwig, Louis Choris 1795-1828

25. The French and Americans depended on the natives for the trapping of beaver and otter

26. • American Traders and French had provided the natives
guns

27. The Whaling Maritime Industry, 1790-1924

28. Onshore Whaling

30. Offshore Whaling

31. • The whaling industry embodied in many ways the American spirit of the time.

33. In
the
19th
century
San
Francisco,
the
yard
of
the
Pacific
Steam
Whaling
Co.
brims
with
whale
bone.
The
use
of
baleen
products
in
women’s
fashion
prolonged
the
life
of
the
industry.

35. American presence in the Frontier
• The
hide
and
tallow
trade
• Fur
trade
• Pioneers,
farmers
who
followed
overland
trails
blazed
by
mountain
men.

36. Natural Resources & Their Role Shaping History
• Economic trade between California and New England was to help lay
the foundation for its later political incorporation into the U.S. and
formal integration as a semi-peripheral and then core zone of the
capitalist world economy.” (63) Gonzales citing Almaguer