The document discusses high-pass RC circuits and their response to different input signals. It describes how a high-pass RC circuit only transmits high-frequency signals and attenuates low frequencies. The circuit's behavior depends on the relationship between the RC time constant and the input signal period. For a square wave input, if RC is much larger than the period, the output follows the input. If RC is comparable to the period, the output is exponentially charging and discharging. And if RC is much smaller, the output is nearly the same as the input.
The performance obtainable from a single-stage amplifier is often insufficient for many applications, hence several stages may be combined forming a multistage amplifier. These stages are connected in cascade, i.e. output of the first stage is connected to form input of second stage, whose output becomes input of third stage, and so on.
thank u
Hansraj MEENA
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
UNIT - III
FETs and Digital Circuits: FETs: JFET, V-I characteristics, MOSFET, low frequency CS and CD amplifiers, CS and CD amplifiers.
Digital Circuits: Digital (binary) operations of a system, OR gate, AND gate, NOT, EXCLUSIVE OR gate, De Morgan Laws, NAND and NOR DTL gates, modified DTL gates, HTL and TTL gates, output stages, RTL and DCTL, CMOS, Comparison of logic families.
A Single stage transistor amplifier has one transistor, bias circuit and other auxiliary components. The following circuit diagram shows how a single stage transistor amplifier looks like. When a weak input signal is given to the base of the transistor as shown in the figure, a small amount of base current flows.
The performance obtainable from a single-stage amplifier is often insufficient for many applications, hence several stages may be combined forming a multistage amplifier. These stages are connected in cascade, i.e. output of the first stage is connected to form input of second stage, whose output becomes input of third stage, and so on.
thank u
Hansraj MEENA
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
UNIT - III
FETs and Digital Circuits: FETs: JFET, V-I characteristics, MOSFET, low frequency CS and CD amplifiers, CS and CD amplifiers.
Digital Circuits: Digital (binary) operations of a system, OR gate, AND gate, NOT, EXCLUSIVE OR gate, De Morgan Laws, NAND and NOR DTL gates, modified DTL gates, HTL and TTL gates, output stages, RTL and DCTL, CMOS, Comparison of logic families.
A Single stage transistor amplifier has one transistor, bias circuit and other auxiliary components. The following circuit diagram shows how a single stage transistor amplifier looks like. When a weak input signal is given to the base of the transistor as shown in the figure, a small amount of base current flows.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. The High-Pass RC Circuit
𝑋 𝐶 =
1
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
When f= 0; XC = ∞ (Capacitor is open
circuited);
Vo(t) = 0; then gain A=
𝑉𝑜(𝑡)
𝑉 𝑖(𝑡)
= 0.
When f increases, XC decreases, then
output and gain increases.
When f= ∞; XC = 0 (Capacitor is short
circuited);
M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 2
The circuit which transmits only high- frequency signals and attenuates or
stops low frequency signals.
5. M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 5
𝐴𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓1, 𝐴 =
1
2
1
1 +
1
2𝜋𝑓1 𝑅𝐶
2
=
1
2
Squaring on both sides and equating the denominators,
1
2𝜋𝑓1 𝑅𝐶
= 1
∴ 𝑓1 =
1
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
6. Step Voltage input
A step signal is one which maintains the value
zero for all times t < 0; and maintains the value
V for all times t > 0.
M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 6
t =
0
-
t =
0
+
t < 0 t > 0
t = 0
The transition between the two voltage
levels takes place at t = 0.
Vi = 0, immediately before t = 0 (to be
referred to as time t= 0-) and Vi = V,
immediately after t= 0 (to be referred to as
time t= 0+).
7. Step input
M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 7
Step input Step response for different time constants
𝑉0 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 𝑒− 𝑡 𝑅𝐶
V 𝑒− 𝑡 𝑅𝐶
When Vf = 0
8. Pulse input
The pulse is equivalent to a positive step followed by a delayed negative step.
M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 8
Pulse waveform Pulse waveform in terms of step
13. Square wave input
A square wave is a periodic waveform which maintains itself at one constant
level V’ with respect to ground for a time T1, and then changes abruptly to
another level V’’, and remains constant at that level for a time T2, and repeats
itself at regular intervals of time T1+T2.
A square wave may be treated as a series of positive and negative pulses.
M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 13
18. Under steady state conditions, the capacitor charges and discharges to the
same voltage levels in each cycle. So, the shape of the output waveform is
fixed.
𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑇1, the output is given by 𝑣01 = 𝑉1 𝑒−𝑡/𝑅𝐶
At t=T1 ; 𝑣01 = 𝑉1 𝑒−𝑇1
/𝑅𝐶
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇1 < 𝑡 < 𝑇1 + 𝑇2, the output is given by 𝑣02 = 𝑉2 𝑒−(𝑡−𝑇1
)/𝑅𝐶
At t=T1 +T2, 𝑣02 = 𝑉2 𝑒−𝑇2
/𝑅𝐶
Also 𝑉1
′
− 𝑉2 = 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
′
= 𝑉
M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 18
19. Expression for the percentage tilt
The expression for the percentage tilt can be derived when the time constant RC
of the circuit is very large compared to the period of the input waveform, i.e RC
>> T.
For a symmetrical square wave with zero average value
𝑉1 = −𝑉2, 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑉1 = 𝑉2
𝑉1
′
= −𝑉2
′
, 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑉1
′
= 𝑉2
′
𝑇1 = −𝑇2 =
𝑇
2
M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 19
23. Ramp input
M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 23
When a high- pass RC circuit is excited with a ramp input, i.e 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 = 𝛼𝑡,
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼 is the slope of the ramp
then, 𝑉𝑖 𝑠 =
𝛼
𝑠2
From the Laplace transformed high-pass circuit, we get
𝑉0 𝑠 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑠
𝑅
𝑅 +
1
𝐶𝑠
=
𝛼
𝑠2
𝑅𝐶𝑠
1 + 𝑅𝐶𝑠
=
𝛼
𝑠(𝑠 +
1
𝑅𝐶
)
𝛼𝑅𝐶
1
𝑠
−
1
𝑠 +
1
𝑅𝐶
24. Taking inverse Laplace transform on both sides, we get
𝑉0 𝑡 = 𝛼𝑅𝐶 1 − 𝑒− 𝑡 𝑅𝐶
For time t which are very small in comparison with RC, we have
𝑉0 𝑡 = 𝛼𝑅𝐶 1 − 1 +
−𝑡
𝑅𝐶
+
−𝑡
𝑅𝐶
2 1
2!
+
−𝑡
𝑅𝐶
3 1
3!
+ ⋯
= 𝛼𝑅𝐶
𝑡
𝑅𝐶
−
𝑡2
2(𝑅𝐶)2
+ ⋯
= 𝛼𝑡 −
𝛼𝑡2
2𝑅𝐶
= 𝛼𝑡 1 −
𝑡
2𝑅𝐶
M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 24
25. M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 25
The above figures shows the response of the high-pass circuit for a ramp
input when (a) RC >> T and (b) RC << T, where T is the duration of the
ramp.
For small values of T, the output signal falls away slightly from the
input.
26. High-Pass RC circuit as a differentiator
Sometimes, a square wave may need to be converted into
sharp positive and negative spikes (pulses of short
duration).
By eliminating the positive spikes, we can generate a train
of negative spikes and vice-versa.
The pulses so generated may be used to trigger a
multivibrator.
If in a circuit, the output is a differential of the input
signal, then the circuit is called a differentiator.
M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 26
27. 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 ≪ 𝑇 then the circuit works as a differentiator
1/f ; here frequency must be small.
At low frequencies, 𝑋𝑐 =
1
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
= 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑅
The voltage drop across R is very small when compared to the drop across C.
𝑉𝑖 =
1
𝐶
𝑖(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖 𝑡 𝑅
𝑉𝑖 =
1
𝐶
𝑖(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑖 =
1
𝑅𝐶
𝑉0 𝑑𝑡 (𝑖 𝑡 =
𝑉0
𝑅
)
Differentiating on both sides we get
𝑑𝑉𝑖
𝑑𝑡
=
1
𝑅𝐶
𝑉0
𝑉0 = 𝑅𝐶
𝑑𝑉𝑖
𝑑𝑡
Thus , the output is proportional to the derivative of the input.
M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 27
V0 is small
28. Numerical Problem 1
A 1KHz symmetrical square wave of ±10𝑉 is applied to an RC circuit having 1ms
time constant. Calculate and plot the output for the RC configuration as a High-
Pass RC circuit.
Solution: Given 𝑓 = 1𝐾𝐻𝑧, 𝑇 = 1𝑚𝑠
∴ 𝑇𝑂𝑁 = 0.5𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑂𝐹𝐹 = 0.5𝑚𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 = 1𝑚𝑠
Peak-to –peak amplitude VPP = 10- (-10)=20V
Since RC is comparable to T, the capacitor charges and discharges exponentially.
M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 28
30. When the 1 KHz square wave shown by dotted line is applied to the RC high
pass circuit.
Under steady state conditions the output waveform will be as shown by the
thick line.
Since the input signal is a symmetrical square wave, we have
𝑉1 = −𝑉2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉1
′
= −𝑉2
′
𝑉1
′
= 𝑉1 𝑒− 𝑇 2𝑅𝐶 = 𝑉1 𝑒−0.5 1 = 0.6065 𝑉1
𝑉2
′
= 𝑉2 𝑒− 𝑇 2𝑅𝐶 = 𝑉2 𝑒−0.5 1 = 0.6065 𝑉2
M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 30
32. Numerical Problem 2
If a square wave of 5 KHz is applied to an RC high-pass circuit and the resultant
waveform measured on a CRO was tilted from 15V to 10V, find out the lower 3-
dB frequency of the high-pass circuit.
Sol: f= 5 KHz
𝑉1= 15V
𝑉1
′
= 10𝑉
𝑓1 = ? 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 3 𝑑𝐵 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
M.Balaji, Department of ECE, SVEC 32