This paper presents, new compact and multiband frequency reconfigurable planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). The antenna is designed and optimized to cover mobile application devices like GPS, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and satellite applications. The frequency reconfigurability is obtained by using only a single RF switch (PIN diode) for changing the operating frequency. The antenna dimensions are 45.6x39.6x1.6 mm3 printed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with relative dielectric constant εr = 4.3, loss tangent tan (δ) = 0.002 and 50 Ω coaxial feed line. The proposed antenna has two patches connected by a single PIN diode. The antenna introduces nine resonant frequencies under (S11 ≤ -10 dB) which are: 0.980 GHz, 3.392 GHz, 3.924 GHz, 4.554 GHz, 5.82 GHz, 6.81 GHz, 7.305 GHz, 8 GHz and 8.105 GHz in the ON and OFF states of the PIN diode which are applicable to cover GSM900, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and satellite systems. The obtained maximum simulated gain is 8.45 dB at 6.81 GHz. The lowest return loss is obtained to be -42 dB at 5.854 GHz. Detailed simulation and measurement results are explored and studied in this research. The CST software is used to simulate and optimize the proposed PIFA antenna. The proposed antenna has been fabricated and produced a good agreement with the simulation results.
Mode Field Diameter (MFD) is a measure of light intensity in the core of a single mode fiber. It is traditionally defined as the width where intensity falls to 1/e of its peak value, but standards now define it via the Petermann II integral of the far-field intensity distribution. MFD represents the effective area of light propagation in both the core and cladding. It provides important information about a cable's performance and impacts from bending or improper source-fiber coupling that could lead to excessive loss. MFD is tested using an optical time domain reflectometer to obtain the far-field profile and calculate the Petermann II integral to determine the MFD value.
This document outlines a plan for a company reorganization that will close underperforming departments and lay off 20% of the workforce. It discusses consolidating marketing, sales, and customer support teams to reduce costs. The changes aim to make the company more efficient and profitable after a decline in revenue over the past year.
This document discusses aperture antennas. It begins by defining an aperture antenna as an antenna that uses an opening or closed surface as the radiating element. It then lists the main types of aperture antennas like horn antennas, reflector antennas, slot antennas, and microstrip antennas. The document focuses on analyzing aperture antennas using techniques like the current distribution method, aperture analysis, and the Fourier transform method. It explains key principles used in aperture analysis like the field equivalence principle, Huygens' principle, and Babinet's principle. The document provides examples of analyzing specific aperture antenna types and their radiation patterns.
Mobile Communication Academic Assignment
For B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering 7th Semester
Index:
1. Introduction
2. Techniques
3. Schemes
4. History
5. Digital an Analog Beamforming
6. Difference between Digital and Analog Beamforming
7. Analog Beamforming Working
8. Digital Beamforming Working with receiver and transmitter
9. Digital Beamforming Challenges with receiver and transmitter
10. Solutions to the Challenges
11. For Speech Audio
Source: Wikipedia, Research Papers etc
This document summarizes a seminar report on the design and implementation of a log-periodic antenna. It was submitted by three students - Shruti Nadkarni, Gargi Mohokar, and Sneha Vyavahare - to the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication at Pune's Modern College of Engineering as partial fulfillment of their degree requirements. The report describes the design of a log-periodic antenna with an operational bandwidth of 1150MHz from 350MHz to 1500MHz. It will use two such antennas pointing in four cardinal directions connected to a receiver to determine the direction of signal interference.
The document discusses horn antennas, which consist of a flaring metal shape like a horn. Horn antennas were first constructed in 1897 and became widely used in the 1960s as feed horns for satellite dishes and radio telescopes. They work by converting electric power to radio waves and vice versa, providing a gradual impedance transition between a waveguide and free space to efficiently radiate waves. Common types include rectangular, sectoral, pyramidal, and conical horns. Horn antennas are used for applications like radar guns and satellite communications due to properties like high directivity, gain, and bandwidth.
DSP_2018_FOEHU - Lec 08 - The Discrete Fourier TransformAmr E. Mohamed
The document provides an overview of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). It begins by discussing limitations of the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) and z-transform in that they are defined for infinite sequences and continuous variables. The DFT avoids these issues by being a numerically computable transform for finite discrete-time signals. It works by taking a finite signal, making it periodic, and computing its discrete Fourier transform which is a discrete frequency spectrum. This makes the DFT highly suitable for digital signal processing. The document then provides details on computation of the DFT and its relationship to the DTFT and z-transform.
Mode Field Diameter (MFD) is a measure of light intensity in the core of a single mode fiber. It is traditionally defined as the width where intensity falls to 1/e of its peak value, but standards now define it via the Petermann II integral of the far-field intensity distribution. MFD represents the effective area of light propagation in both the core and cladding. It provides important information about a cable's performance and impacts from bending or improper source-fiber coupling that could lead to excessive loss. MFD is tested using an optical time domain reflectometer to obtain the far-field profile and calculate the Petermann II integral to determine the MFD value.
This document outlines a plan for a company reorganization that will close underperforming departments and lay off 20% of the workforce. It discusses consolidating marketing, sales, and customer support teams to reduce costs. The changes aim to make the company more efficient and profitable after a decline in revenue over the past year.
This document discusses aperture antennas. It begins by defining an aperture antenna as an antenna that uses an opening or closed surface as the radiating element. It then lists the main types of aperture antennas like horn antennas, reflector antennas, slot antennas, and microstrip antennas. The document focuses on analyzing aperture antennas using techniques like the current distribution method, aperture analysis, and the Fourier transform method. It explains key principles used in aperture analysis like the field equivalence principle, Huygens' principle, and Babinet's principle. The document provides examples of analyzing specific aperture antenna types and their radiation patterns.
Mobile Communication Academic Assignment
For B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering 7th Semester
Index:
1. Introduction
2. Techniques
3. Schemes
4. History
5. Digital an Analog Beamforming
6. Difference between Digital and Analog Beamforming
7. Analog Beamforming Working
8. Digital Beamforming Working with receiver and transmitter
9. Digital Beamforming Challenges with receiver and transmitter
10. Solutions to the Challenges
11. For Speech Audio
Source: Wikipedia, Research Papers etc
This document summarizes a seminar report on the design and implementation of a log-periodic antenna. It was submitted by three students - Shruti Nadkarni, Gargi Mohokar, and Sneha Vyavahare - to the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication at Pune's Modern College of Engineering as partial fulfillment of their degree requirements. The report describes the design of a log-periodic antenna with an operational bandwidth of 1150MHz from 350MHz to 1500MHz. It will use two such antennas pointing in four cardinal directions connected to a receiver to determine the direction of signal interference.
The document discusses horn antennas, which consist of a flaring metal shape like a horn. Horn antennas were first constructed in 1897 and became widely used in the 1960s as feed horns for satellite dishes and radio telescopes. They work by converting electric power to radio waves and vice versa, providing a gradual impedance transition between a waveguide and free space to efficiently radiate waves. Common types include rectangular, sectoral, pyramidal, and conical horns. Horn antennas are used for applications like radar guns and satellite communications due to properties like high directivity, gain, and bandwidth.
DSP_2018_FOEHU - Lec 08 - The Discrete Fourier TransformAmr E. Mohamed
The document provides an overview of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). It begins by discussing limitations of the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) and z-transform in that they are defined for infinite sequences and continuous variables. The DFT avoids these issues by being a numerically computable transform for finite discrete-time signals. It works by taking a finite signal, making it periodic, and computing its discrete Fourier transform which is a discrete frequency spectrum. This makes the DFT highly suitable for digital signal processing. The document then provides details on computation of the DFT and its relationship to the DTFT and z-transform.
1) The document discusses digital modulation techniques for transmitting digital information over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. It describes geometric representations of signal waveforms and orthogonalization procedures.
2) Binary and M-ary modulation schemes are covered, including binary antipodal signaling, orthogonal signaling, pulse position modulation, and frequency-shift keying. Optimal receivers for the AWGN channel using correlation and matched filtering are also described.
3) Probabilities of error are derived for various digital modulation techniques, including M-ary pulse amplitude modulation, phase-shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. Differential phase-shift keying is also introduced.
Design and Implementation of Reconfigurable AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a reconfigurable antenna that can switch between different frequency bands. It uses PIN diode switching to change the resonant frequency of the antenna. The antenna was designed using a microstrip patch structure on an FR-4 substrate. It was simulated in HFSS software and testing showed it could resonate at either 2.44 GHz or 2.62 GHz depending on the state of the PIN diode switch. This allows the single antenna structure to operate at multiple frequencies, improving performance over conventional fixed-frequency antennas.
The document describes a lesson plan for a digital communication course at Matrusri Engineering College. The lesson plan covers linear block codes, including their description, generation, syndrome detection, minimum distance, error correction capabilities, and decoding using standard arrays and Hamming codes over 10 class periods. The objectives are to distinguish different error control coding techniques and their encoding/decoding algorithms. Textbooks and references are also listed.
Design of Planar Antennas for Wireless ApplicationsAnil Pandey
Planar antennas, including microstrip and printed antennas, metal-plate antennas, ceramic chip and dielectric resonator antennas have a low profile hence, these antennas have extensive applications in mobile systems (such as 900/1800 MHz bands), wireless local area networks (WLANs, such as 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz bands), ultra-wideband (UWB, such as 3.1 ~ 10.6 GHz band) communications.
This document discusses multiple access techniques used in satellite communication. It describes four main techniques: frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), and space division multiple access (SDMA). For each technique, it provides details on how multiple users can access the satellite transponder bandwidth simultaneously, including dividing the bandwidth by frequency, time, code, or antenna beam polarization. It also compares FDMA and TDMA, discussing their differences and providing examples of each.
The document discusses different types of antennas and their properties. It describes how antennas convert radio frequency energy into electromagnetic waves and how their physical size relates to wavelength. It then summarizes the main types of antennas including directional antennas like Yagi, panel and parabolic, and omni-directional antennas. It provides examples of common antenna radiation patterns and discusses concepts like polarization, reflector optics, aperture efficiency, and Cassegrain feeds.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The document discusses various aspects of wireless channels including:
1) Large-scale path loss models like the free space and two-ray models for estimating mean signal strength over distance.
2) Small-scale fading parameters caused by multipath time delay and Doppler spread which can result in flat or frequency selective fading.
3) Characteristics of the mobile radio channel that introduce problems like fading and interference not seen in wired channels.
M-ary encoding allows for digital signals with multiple possible conditions or voltage levels through the use of multiple binary variables. The number of conditions possible is represented by M, while the number of bits needed to produce those conditions is given by the logarithmic relationship N = log2M. M-ary PSK and M-ary QAM are two common types of M-ary encoding. M-ary PSK varies the phase of a carrier signal, while M-ary QAM varies both the amplitude and phase, allowing for greater power efficiency but identical bandwidth efficiency as M-ary PSK. Both modulation schemes use a constellation diagram to represent the multiple symbol states.
The document discusses challenges and solutions for 5G antenna design in mobile terminals. Key challenges include handling high traffic volumes, supporting diverse use cases, and effects of a user's hand on antenna performance. Solutions proposed are MIMO, beamforming, mmWave frequencies, and small cells. Different antenna types are analyzed, including PIFA, SISO, MIMO, and metal rimmed designs. Performance is evaluated through simulation of factors like radiation patterns, S-parameters, and hand effects. The conclusion is that 5G antenna design must overcome past issues and dynamically support both 4G and high data flows to complete the evolution of wireless technologies.
Speech coding techniques are used to represent human speech in a digital form for applications like mobile communication and voice over IP. The main components of a speech coding system are speech encoding and decoding. Various coding techniques are used including waveform coding techniques like PCM and ADPCM, and source coding techniques like linear predictive coding (LPC) and vocoding. The aim is to enhance speech quality at a particular bitrate or minimize the bitrate at a given quality level, while considering factors like computational complexity, coding delay, and robustness to different speakers.
The document defines and describes various parameters of antennas including beam efficiency, bandwidth, polarization, input impedance, radiation efficiency, vector effective length, equivalent areas, directivity, the Friis transmission equation, radar range equation, and antenna temperature. It provides technical details on how each parameter is defined and calculated and discusses concepts like polarization types, antenna equivalent circuits, and relationships between maximum directivity and effective area.
The document discusses equalization techniques used to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) in digital communication systems. Equalization aims to remove ISI and noise effects from the channel. It is located at the receiver and uses techniques like linear equalizers, decision feedback equalization, and maximum likelihood sequence estimation to estimate the channel response and minimize the error between transmitted and received symbols while balancing noise. As the wireless channel changes over time, adaptive equalization is used where the equalizer periodically trains and tracks the changing channel response.
Design and Implementation of Log-Periodic AntennaShruti Nadkarni
The document describes a student project to design and implement a log-periodic antenna with the following properties: an operating frequency range of 350-1500 MHz, a bandwidth of 1150 MHz, a gain of 7-8 dBi, and 20 antenna elements. The project used finite element method modeling in CST Microwave Studio to simulate the antenna performance. The log-periodic antenna was physically implemented using aluminum elements and tested to have high directivity over a wide frequency range, making it suitable for applications like interference detection and direction finding.
Microwave hybrid circuits consist of microwave devices connected to transmit microwave signals as desired. Common microwave junction components include waveguide tees like E-plane, H-plane, and magic tees. Microwave networks were traditionally characterized using H, Y, and Z parameters, but S parameters became more common at microwave frequencies since they describe traveling waves. Key microwave components also include directional couplers, waveguide corners, bends, and twists which are used to change the guide direction while minimizing reflections.
Design & Study of Microstrip Patch Antenna.The project here provides a detailed study of how to design a probe-fed Square Micro-strip Patch Antenna using HFSS, v11.0 software and study the effect of antenna dimensions Length (L), and substrate parameters relative Dielectric constant (εr), substrate thickness (t) on the Radiation parameters of Bandwidth and Beam-width.
The document describes a laboratory manual for a Communication Systems course. It provides details on 14 experiments related to topics like signal sampling and reconstruction, time division multiplexing, AM and FM modulation/demodulation, pulse code modulation, delta modulation, line coding schemes, and error control coding. For each experiment, it lists the aim, apparatus required, theory, procedure, model graphs, kit diagrams, tabulations and results. The manual is meant to guide students through hands-on experiments to reinforce concepts taught in the course.
The document outlines the regulations for the B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering program at Anna University in Chennai for 2017. It includes the program educational objectives, program outcomes, program specific objectives, and mapping of these objectives and outcomes to courses. It also provides details of the curriculum over 8 semesters, including the courses offered each semester, their category (theory, practical, etc.), contact periods, and credits. The overall document provides a comprehensive overview of the objectives and structure of the ECE program.
Polarization describes the orientation of an antenna's electric field. There are several types of polarization: vertical, horizontal, and circular polarization radiate linearly, while elliptical polarization is a mix of linear and circular. Different polarization types are used for different applications - vertical polarization radiates well in all directions for mobile devices, horizontal is commonly used for television to avoid interference, and circular polarization is ideal for satellite communications since it maintains signal integrity despite environmental anomalies.
Reconfigurable ultra wideband to narrowband antenna for cognitive radio appli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Frequency reconfigurable antennas are very attractive for many wireless applications.They offer many advantages such as simplicity and compactness. In this electronicpaper, we propose a reconfigurable antenna operating in the S and C bands. Theproposed antenna uses a BAP65-02 RF diode to switch between the ultra widebandfrom 2.92 to 6.19 GHz to the narrowband from 2.92 to 3.93 GHz. The ultra widebandis obtained by a partial rectangular ground plane with a symmetrical rectangular slotand the narrowband is obtained by adding a parasitic element electrically connectedto the ground plane by the PIN diode when it is positively biased. This patch antennaoperates in the Federal Communications Commission band (FCC) and can be used forbiomedical applications such as radiometry imaging. The numerical simulation resultsbased on the finite element method and the finite integral method show a very goodagreement between them.
A novel autonomous wireless sensor node for IoT applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A novel wireless sensor network node (WSNN) is presented in this paper where the solar energy
harvester system is used as an autonomous power solution for endless battery lifetime. In this sensor
node, the meander-line Inverted-F-Antenna (MIFA) is proposed and integrated in a single-CC2650 chip of
Texas Instrument. The simple structure, low cost, compact size, high efficiency and low power
consumption are advantages of this single-chip WSNN. The experimental results show that MIFA antenna
is promising solution to enhance communication performance in WSN. In addition, the investigated
single-chip WSNN with multi-wireless technologies including Bluetooth Low Energy and Zigbee as well as
6LowPAN is an attractive device for internet of thing (IoT) applications.
1) The document discusses digital modulation techniques for transmitting digital information over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. It describes geometric representations of signal waveforms and orthogonalization procedures.
2) Binary and M-ary modulation schemes are covered, including binary antipodal signaling, orthogonal signaling, pulse position modulation, and frequency-shift keying. Optimal receivers for the AWGN channel using correlation and matched filtering are also described.
3) Probabilities of error are derived for various digital modulation techniques, including M-ary pulse amplitude modulation, phase-shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. Differential phase-shift keying is also introduced.
Design and Implementation of Reconfigurable AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a reconfigurable antenna that can switch between different frequency bands. It uses PIN diode switching to change the resonant frequency of the antenna. The antenna was designed using a microstrip patch structure on an FR-4 substrate. It was simulated in HFSS software and testing showed it could resonate at either 2.44 GHz or 2.62 GHz depending on the state of the PIN diode switch. This allows the single antenna structure to operate at multiple frequencies, improving performance over conventional fixed-frequency antennas.
The document describes a lesson plan for a digital communication course at Matrusri Engineering College. The lesson plan covers linear block codes, including their description, generation, syndrome detection, minimum distance, error correction capabilities, and decoding using standard arrays and Hamming codes over 10 class periods. The objectives are to distinguish different error control coding techniques and their encoding/decoding algorithms. Textbooks and references are also listed.
Design of Planar Antennas for Wireless ApplicationsAnil Pandey
Planar antennas, including microstrip and printed antennas, metal-plate antennas, ceramic chip and dielectric resonator antennas have a low profile hence, these antennas have extensive applications in mobile systems (such as 900/1800 MHz bands), wireless local area networks (WLANs, such as 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz bands), ultra-wideband (UWB, such as 3.1 ~ 10.6 GHz band) communications.
This document discusses multiple access techniques used in satellite communication. It describes four main techniques: frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), and space division multiple access (SDMA). For each technique, it provides details on how multiple users can access the satellite transponder bandwidth simultaneously, including dividing the bandwidth by frequency, time, code, or antenna beam polarization. It also compares FDMA and TDMA, discussing their differences and providing examples of each.
The document discusses different types of antennas and their properties. It describes how antennas convert radio frequency energy into electromagnetic waves and how their physical size relates to wavelength. It then summarizes the main types of antennas including directional antennas like Yagi, panel and parabolic, and omni-directional antennas. It provides examples of common antenna radiation patterns and discusses concepts like polarization, reflector optics, aperture efficiency, and Cassegrain feeds.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The document discusses various aspects of wireless channels including:
1) Large-scale path loss models like the free space and two-ray models for estimating mean signal strength over distance.
2) Small-scale fading parameters caused by multipath time delay and Doppler spread which can result in flat or frequency selective fading.
3) Characteristics of the mobile radio channel that introduce problems like fading and interference not seen in wired channels.
M-ary encoding allows for digital signals with multiple possible conditions or voltage levels through the use of multiple binary variables. The number of conditions possible is represented by M, while the number of bits needed to produce those conditions is given by the logarithmic relationship N = log2M. M-ary PSK and M-ary QAM are two common types of M-ary encoding. M-ary PSK varies the phase of a carrier signal, while M-ary QAM varies both the amplitude and phase, allowing for greater power efficiency but identical bandwidth efficiency as M-ary PSK. Both modulation schemes use a constellation diagram to represent the multiple symbol states.
The document discusses challenges and solutions for 5G antenna design in mobile terminals. Key challenges include handling high traffic volumes, supporting diverse use cases, and effects of a user's hand on antenna performance. Solutions proposed are MIMO, beamforming, mmWave frequencies, and small cells. Different antenna types are analyzed, including PIFA, SISO, MIMO, and metal rimmed designs. Performance is evaluated through simulation of factors like radiation patterns, S-parameters, and hand effects. The conclusion is that 5G antenna design must overcome past issues and dynamically support both 4G and high data flows to complete the evolution of wireless technologies.
Speech coding techniques are used to represent human speech in a digital form for applications like mobile communication and voice over IP. The main components of a speech coding system are speech encoding and decoding. Various coding techniques are used including waveform coding techniques like PCM and ADPCM, and source coding techniques like linear predictive coding (LPC) and vocoding. The aim is to enhance speech quality at a particular bitrate or minimize the bitrate at a given quality level, while considering factors like computational complexity, coding delay, and robustness to different speakers.
The document defines and describes various parameters of antennas including beam efficiency, bandwidth, polarization, input impedance, radiation efficiency, vector effective length, equivalent areas, directivity, the Friis transmission equation, radar range equation, and antenna temperature. It provides technical details on how each parameter is defined and calculated and discusses concepts like polarization types, antenna equivalent circuits, and relationships between maximum directivity and effective area.
The document discusses equalization techniques used to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) in digital communication systems. Equalization aims to remove ISI and noise effects from the channel. It is located at the receiver and uses techniques like linear equalizers, decision feedback equalization, and maximum likelihood sequence estimation to estimate the channel response and minimize the error between transmitted and received symbols while balancing noise. As the wireless channel changes over time, adaptive equalization is used where the equalizer periodically trains and tracks the changing channel response.
Design and Implementation of Log-Periodic AntennaShruti Nadkarni
The document describes a student project to design and implement a log-periodic antenna with the following properties: an operating frequency range of 350-1500 MHz, a bandwidth of 1150 MHz, a gain of 7-8 dBi, and 20 antenna elements. The project used finite element method modeling in CST Microwave Studio to simulate the antenna performance. The log-periodic antenna was physically implemented using aluminum elements and tested to have high directivity over a wide frequency range, making it suitable for applications like interference detection and direction finding.
Microwave hybrid circuits consist of microwave devices connected to transmit microwave signals as desired. Common microwave junction components include waveguide tees like E-plane, H-plane, and magic tees. Microwave networks were traditionally characterized using H, Y, and Z parameters, but S parameters became more common at microwave frequencies since they describe traveling waves. Key microwave components also include directional couplers, waveguide corners, bends, and twists which are used to change the guide direction while minimizing reflections.
Design & Study of Microstrip Patch Antenna.The project here provides a detailed study of how to design a probe-fed Square Micro-strip Patch Antenna using HFSS, v11.0 software and study the effect of antenna dimensions Length (L), and substrate parameters relative Dielectric constant (εr), substrate thickness (t) on the Radiation parameters of Bandwidth and Beam-width.
The document describes a laboratory manual for a Communication Systems course. It provides details on 14 experiments related to topics like signal sampling and reconstruction, time division multiplexing, AM and FM modulation/demodulation, pulse code modulation, delta modulation, line coding schemes, and error control coding. For each experiment, it lists the aim, apparatus required, theory, procedure, model graphs, kit diagrams, tabulations and results. The manual is meant to guide students through hands-on experiments to reinforce concepts taught in the course.
The document outlines the regulations for the B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering program at Anna University in Chennai for 2017. It includes the program educational objectives, program outcomes, program specific objectives, and mapping of these objectives and outcomes to courses. It also provides details of the curriculum over 8 semesters, including the courses offered each semester, their category (theory, practical, etc.), contact periods, and credits. The overall document provides a comprehensive overview of the objectives and structure of the ECE program.
Polarization describes the orientation of an antenna's electric field. There are several types of polarization: vertical, horizontal, and circular polarization radiate linearly, while elliptical polarization is a mix of linear and circular. Different polarization types are used for different applications - vertical polarization radiates well in all directions for mobile devices, horizontal is commonly used for television to avoid interference, and circular polarization is ideal for satellite communications since it maintains signal integrity despite environmental anomalies.
Reconfigurable ultra wideband to narrowband antenna for cognitive radio appli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Frequency reconfigurable antennas are very attractive for many wireless applications.They offer many advantages such as simplicity and compactness. In this electronicpaper, we propose a reconfigurable antenna operating in the S and C bands. Theproposed antenna uses a BAP65-02 RF diode to switch between the ultra widebandfrom 2.92 to 6.19 GHz to the narrowband from 2.92 to 3.93 GHz. The ultra widebandis obtained by a partial rectangular ground plane with a symmetrical rectangular slotand the narrowband is obtained by adding a parasitic element electrically connectedto the ground plane by the PIN diode when it is positively biased. This patch antennaoperates in the Federal Communications Commission band (FCC) and can be used forbiomedical applications such as radiometry imaging. The numerical simulation resultsbased on the finite element method and the finite integral method show a very goodagreement between them.
A novel autonomous wireless sensor node for IoT applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A novel wireless sensor network node (WSNN) is presented in this paper where the solar energy
harvester system is used as an autonomous power solution for endless battery lifetime. In this sensor
node, the meander-line Inverted-F-Antenna (MIFA) is proposed and integrated in a single-CC2650 chip of
Texas Instrument. The simple structure, low cost, compact size, high efficiency and low power
consumption are advantages of this single-chip WSNN. The experimental results show that MIFA antenna
is promising solution to enhance communication performance in WSN. In addition, the investigated
single-chip WSNN with multi-wireless technologies including Bluetooth Low Energy and Zigbee as well as
6LowPAN is an attractive device for internet of thing (IoT) applications.
A rectangular tuneable ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip patch (MP) antenna based on a single sheet of graphene (SSG) is designed in this study. The antenna band can be tuned by applying a DC voltage bias perpendicular to the SSG at various values via adjusting the input impedance. The antenna has been analyzed by computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio (MWS) software using an FR4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm with a dielectric permittivity 휀푟= 4.4 and loss tangent tan = 0.02 fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line frequency. The design is compact since the antenna consists mostly of copper and the SSG. Graphene’s low weight, high flexibility, and strength make it more attractive than other semiconductor materials. Then, the study investigates the effects of applying the electrical characteristics of graphene to the antenna’s length, which varies with the ON and OFF states. This UWB MP antenna is also designed with notch characteristics so that it can reject undesired interference signals. Subsequently, this compact UWB MP antenna with tuneable resonance frequency is suitable for most wireless communication applications. The simulation results work in the 3.1 to 10 GHz range, as required for UWB technology.
A New Compact CPW-Fed Dual-Band Uniplanar Antenna for RFID ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents a new compact CPW-fed dual-band uniplanar antenna designed for RFID applications. The antenna structure includes a CPW feed line and achieves dual-band operation through a G-shaped folded design. Simulations and experiments show the antenna operates in two bands centered at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz with return losses less than -10 dB. Measured results validate the antenna exhibits broadband impedance matching, consistent radiation patterns, and appropriate gain for RFID applications while maintaining a compact size of 30x45 mm2.
IRJET - Microstrip Patch Antenna for Low Power Transceiver ApplicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a microstrip patch antenna for low power transceiver applications operating at 9GHz. A microstrip patch antenna was designed using FR4 substrate with dimensions optimized for 9GHz operation. The antenna was simulated using HFSS and was found to achieve a return loss of -21.1dB and impedance bandwidth of 1.1GHz centered at 9GHz. Radiation patterns showed good directionality and the antenna achieved a gain of 4dB and directivity of 4.6dB at 9GHz, making it suitable for low power applications like mobile devices.
Single Band MIMO Antenna for WLAN/Wi-MAX ApplicationIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a compact single band MIMO antenna for WLAN applications operating from 2.3719-2.5839 GHz. The antenna consists of two bowtie antennas placed above and below an FR-4 substrate with a triangular microstrip feed to provide port isolation. Simulation results show the antenna achieves 8.4% bandwidth and low envelope correlation coefficient, making it suitable for MIMO technology.
Octa-band reconfigurable monopole antenna frequency diversity 5G wirelessIJECEIAES
An octa-band frequency-reconfigurable antenna (28×14×1.5 mm 3 ) with a broad tuning range is shown. Antenna mode1 (4.31 GHz) works in one single-band mode and two dual-band in modes 2 and 3 (i.e., 3.91 and 5.9 GHz) as well as one tri-band in mode 4 (i.e., 3.09, 5.65, and 7.92 GHz) based on the switching situation of the antenna. Changing capacitance for frequency reconfigurability is accomplished with the use of lumped components. The antenna’s observed tuning spans from 3.09 GHz to 7.92 GHz. for all the resonant bands, the suggested antenna has a voltage standing waves ratio (VSWR)<1.45 except for one band with a VSWR<1.85. From 70.57% to 97.93%, the suggested structure’s radiation efficiency may be calculated. For a better understanding proposed antenna’s far field and scattering characteristics, we used CST Microwave Studio 2021. We may conclude that our suggested antenna is suitable for today’s wireless applications, which need multiband and multimode small antennas. Using a small stainless-steel wire as a switch, a prototype of the antenna design is built and tested to verify the simulation findings. The suggested reconfigurable antenna’s strong concordance between simulated and measured findings.
Frequency Reconfiguration Mechanism of a PIN Diode on a Reconfigurable Antenn...IJECEIAES
Microstrip patch antennas are increasingly gaining popularity for usage in portable wireless system applications due to their light weight, low profile structure, low cost of production and robust nature. The patch is generally made of a conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shapes, but rectangular shapes are generally used to simplify analysis and performance prediction. Microstrip patch antenna radiates due to the fringing fields between the patch edge and ground plane. In this work, a frequency reconfigurable antenna with a BAR63-02V Positive-IntrinsicNegative (PIN) diode is designed, simulated and fabricated. The antenna operates at 2.686GHz for Long-Term Evolution (LTE2500) and 5.164GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. In the OFF state, the antenna operates at 5.302GHz, which is also suitable for WLAN application. The proposed antenna is fabricated on a FR-4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant, ε r of 4.5, thickness, h of 1.6mm and loss tangent, tan δ of 0.019. The fabrication process is carried out at the Advanced Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design Laboratory in UTHM.
Frequency reconfigurable monopole antenna with harmonic suppression for IoT a...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes a frequency reconfigurable monopole antenna designed for IoT applications. The antenna can reconfigure its operating band between 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz using a single PIN diode. Two stubs are added to suppress harmonic components that appear near 5 GHz when the antenna operates at 2.4 GHz. Simulation results show the antenna achieves impedance bandwidths of 10.1% and 25.4% at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz respectively. Radiation patterns are omnidirectional in the H-plane and bidirectional in the E-plane. Gains of 1.5 dB and 3.5 dB are achieved at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz with maximum efficiencies of 80% and 95%.
Design of antennas for the latest upcoming standards of WLAN is considered as a key challenge in the RF Communication Engineering. Micro-strip antennas are supposed to have some quality features in mobile and wireless communication systems. Their weight and size are reduced and they are capable of having low power capacity. All these interesting features enabled these type of antennas suitable for the communication of IEEE 802.11ax-2019 high speed WLANs. Shape of these antennas can be designed in an efficient manner to achieve required gain and bandwidth. In this paper the concept of circular polarization has been introduced along with compact design of antennas in order to achieve return loss and axial ratio of less than -10 dB and 3dB respectively. Antenna has been designed and simulated on CST MW studio software and usage of dual bands 2.4 and 5.2GHz having circular polarization is properly elucidated for 802.11ax-2019.
Planar Internal Antenna Design for Cellular Applications & SAR AnalysisIJERD Editor
This paper presents a new design of direct-fed Multi band printed Planar Internal Antenna (PIA), for
cellular applications. The PIA antenna is composed of ground plane, meander radiating strip and two other
parasitic strips are printed on a common substrate. The designed antenna has been simulated in CST
environment. The simulated results for the resonant frequency, return loss, radiation pattern and gain are
presented and discussed. The bandwidths for three resonance achieved on the basis of -6 dB return loss.These
Bandwidths can be utilized for GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900, LTE 2300 and Bluetooth/WLAN as an
acceptable reference in mobile phones applications. Further the antenna was placed in proximity to the SAR
head on CST environment. The simulated results of SAR analysis are presented in this paper with acceptable
range.
Electrically Controlled Frequency Reconfigurable Comb Type Antenna for Wirele...IDES Editor
Electrically controlled frequency reconfigurable
comb type antenna is presented in this paper. Reconfigurability
is achieved by placing a PIN diode in each slot of the comb
type antenna. The proposed antenna has very compact size
and works on 8 different bands depending upon the state and
number of PIN diode (ON/OFF). Ansoft Designer 7 is used to
simulate the equivalent model for the PIN diode and proposed
antenna is fabricated on FR4 substrate using photolithography
process. As the antenna reconfigure its resonating frequency
from 1st band to 8th band, directivity increases from 3.28 to 4.02
and radiation efficiency increases from 75.3% to 93.45% due
to the improvement in impedance matching at higher band.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A Simple Uhf Rfid Circularly-Polarized Reader Antenna DesignIJERA Editor
In this paper, the simple antenna is proposed for ultra high- frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification
(RFID) application. It is designed to achieve circular polarization with unidirectional beam. The antenna is
composed of the truncated radiation patch and ground plane. The simulation results show that the antenna
achieves the return loss of -31.92 dB, gain of 8 dBic, axial ratio (AR) of 1.8 dB and 3 dB AR beamwidth of 60
degree over the band width of 915-928 MHz.
This document proposes a dual-band printed inverted F antenna (PIFA) MIMO antenna for wireless applications operating from 2-4 GHz. The antenna consists of two identical PIFA antennas printed on an FR4 substrate with a vertical conducting line and T-shaped element inserted between the antennas to increase isolation. A neutral line connected to the PIFAs is also used to enhance isolation. Simulation results show the antenna achieves isolation between ports of over 15 dB and matches impedances of 50 ohms within the operating bands, making it suitable for wireless local area network and personal communication system applications.
This thesis focuses on mobile phones antenna design with brief description about the historical development, basic parameters and the types of antennas which are used in mobile phones. Mobile phones antenna design section consists of two proposed PIFA antennas. The first design concerns a single band antenna with resonant frequency at GPS frequency (1.575GHz). The first model is designed with main consideration that is to have the lower possible PIFA single band dimensions with reasonable return loss (S11) and the efficiencies. Second design concerns in a wideband PIFA antenna which cover the range from 1800MHz to 2600MHz. This range covers certain important bands: GSM (1800MHz & 1900MHz), UMTS (2100MHz), Bluetooth & Wi-Fi (2.4GHz) and LTE system (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, and 2.6GHz). The wideband PIFA design is achieved by using slotted ground plane technique. The simulations for both models are performed in COMSOL Multiphysics.
The last two parts of the thesis present the problems of mobile phones antenna. Starting with Specific absorption rate (SAR) problem, efficiency of Mobile phones antenna, and hand-held environment.
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applicationtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A Multiband Printed Antenna Suitable for Wireless ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study deals with a new research work on a low cost multiband printed antenna
which can be used for three operating frequency bands GSM900/PCS/WIFI/Bluetooth. The
achieved antenna is mounted on an FR-4 substrate. In this study, the solts technique is used to
obtain the multiband behavior. The different solts are inserted in the radiator face and the back
face that is the ground. The whole circuit is optimized taking into account the good matching of
the input impedance in the operating frequency bands with a stable radiation pattern. In order to
optimize the proposed antenna structure we have used CST-MW and to compare the obtained
simulation results we have conducted another electromagnetic simulation by using HFSS
solver. The final circuit validated into simulation has been fabricated and tested which permits to
validate the proposed multiband antenna.
Design of Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN ApplicationEditor IJMTER
In this paper we propose a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with inset fed which can
operate at 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b) & 5.8 GHz (IEEE 802.11a) WLAN applications. Various slot is
cut into the antenna structure which changes the surface current path resulting in dual resonant
frequency. Further by embedding any switch into a slot, reconfiguration can be achieved i.e. the
antenna can only be used in unlicensed 2.4 GHz band. The achieved directivity is greater than 5db and
the bandwidth obtained is much greater than the required bandwidth. The proposed antenna is
simulated using High Frequency Structure Simulator.
Design and modification of circular monpole uwb antenna for wpan applicationAlexander Decker
This document describes the design and modification of a circular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna for wireless personal area network (WPAN) applications. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with a 50-ohm microstrip feed line. Simulation results show the return loss is better than -10 dB and voltage standing wave ratio is less than 2 at the operating frequency of 7 GHz. The proposed antenna geometry was designed and simulated using HFSS11 software. Details of the antenna design, geometry, and measured results are presented.
Similar to Compact reconfigurable PIFA antenna for wireless applications (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Compact reconfigurable PIFA antenna for wireless applications
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control
Vol. 18, No. 2, April 2020, pp. 595~602
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i2. 13427 595
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA
Compact reconfigurable PIFA antenna for wireless applications
Abdullah Ali Jabber, Ali Khalid Jassim, Raad H. Thaher
Electrical Engineering Department, Al Mustansiriyh University, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jun 28, 2019
Revised Dec 28, 2019
Accepted Feb 6, 2020
This paper presents, new compact and multiband frequency reconfigurable
planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). The antenna is designed and optimized to
cover mobile application devices like GPS, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G
LTE, UWB, and satellite applications. The frequency reconfigurability is
obtained by using only a single RF switch (PIN diode) for changing
the operating frequency. The antenna dimensions are 45.6x39.6x1.6 mm3
printed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with relative dielectric constant εr = 4.3,
loss tangent tan (δ) = 0.002 and 50 Ω coaxial feed line. The proposed antenna
has two patches connected by a single PIN diode. The antenna introduces
nine resonant frequencies under (S11 ≤ -10 dB) which are: 0.980 GHz,
3.392 GHz, 3.924 GHz, 4.554 GHz, 5.82 GHz, 6.81 GHz, 7.305 GHz, 8 GHz
and 8.105 GHz in the ON and OFF states of the PIN diode which are
applicable to cover GSM900, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and
satellite systems. The obtained maximum simulated gain is 8.45 dB at 6.81
GHz. The lowest return loss is obtained to be -42 dB at 5.854 GHz. Detailed
simulation and measurement results are explored and studied in this research.
The CST software is used to simulate and optimize the proposed PIFA
antenna. The proposed antenna has been fabricated and produced a good
agreement with the simulation results.
Keywords:
CST
PIFA
PIN diode
Reconfigurable antenna
VSWR
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Abdullah Ali Jabber,
Electrical Engineering Department,
Al Mustansiriyh University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Email: aalhusseini742@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The continuous development in communications especially in the wireless communications needed
more compact and multifunctional devices to be designed and applicated. The communication standards like
(PCS, GPS, DCS1800, UMTS, LTE2100 GSM1800/1900, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX, etc.) require to be developed
by using small radio receivers with small and low profile antennas. To cover such different standards, small
structures and multiband antennas are requested for such applications. The decreasing in the antenna
dimensions can still while the specifications allow switching between different standards [1-10]. Microstrip
patch is commonly used in the design of the PIFA antenna due to the compact size, low cost, low profile and
multifunctional, more details in [11, 12]. Slot-type antennas, monopole antennas, and planar inverted-F
antenna (PIFAs) are the most current multi-band antenna designs being used in mobile applications.
A multiband PIFA is well-known and most likely used for mobile application devices [5]. Because of
suitable Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), low profile, low cost, omnidirectional pattern, and easy fabrication
the PIFA antennas are generally used for internal antenna, but it has some drawbacks such as narrow
bandwidth, low gain, and low efficiency [2, 6, 13, 14]. There are four classes of reconfiguration techniques,
frequency reconfigurability [3, 5, 15, 16], radiation pattern reconfigurability [17], polarization
2. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 2, April 2020: 595 - 602
596
reconfigurability [18], and the combination of them [17, 19]. Frequency reconfigurability can be achieved by
using electronic switches like PIN [2, 7, 13, 20] and varactor diodes [21, 22] to adjust the frequency of
operation, and by an electromechanical switch (MEMS) [1, 23]. In this paper, a new multiband and compact
size frequency reconfigurable PIFA is designed to cover the operation bands of mobile application devices.
The contributions behind this research are:
− A New compact frequency reconfigurable PIFA antenna with wide frequency reconfigurability range
from 0.6 to 9 GHz, which is applicable to cover nine different systems such as GSM900, WLAN/Wi-Fi,
WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and satellite systems using only single PIN diode.
− A new compact frequency reconfigurable PIFA antenna design having a single patch and partial GND
plane with areas of 33 x 30 mm2
and 45.6 x 39.6 mm2
respectively, which it can operate with
a maximum gain of 8.43 dB.
2. PIFA ANTENNA THEORY
A rectangular element with a short metallic plate to the ground plane made up a PIFA. The first
resonant frequency of the non-slotted PIFA is given by (1):
𝑓𝑟 =
𝐶
4(𝐿𝑝+𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑠)
(1)
where C is the speed of light, Lp is the length and Hres is the height of the radiating element [1]. The antenna
takes the inverted-F shape as shown in Figure 1 (a), and it resonates at a quarter-wavelength because of
the short-pin at the end. The feeding of the antenna found between the shorted and open end, and the distance
from the feeding to the short-pin controls the input impedance, whenever it closed to the short-pin
the impedance decreased as shown in Figure 1 (b) [24]. From Figure 1 (b) the PIFA antenna has a length
(L1), width (L2), short-pin width (W), and distance (D) from the short-pin. The short-pin at high frequencies
(≥1 GHz) introduces parallel inductance (jXL) with the antenna impedance (ZA) and it shifts the resonant
frequency as shown in Figure 2.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. Planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA)
3. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Compact reconfigurable PIFA antenna for wireless applications (Abdullah Ali Jabber)
597
Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of PIFA antenna
The resonant frequency can be found by (2), which represents the general form of a PIFA antenna
according to the far-field criteria from the farthest point on the antenna clockwise and counterclockwise
the resonant frequency is given by:
𝐿1 + 𝐿2 − 𝑊 =
𝜆
4
(2)
if (W<<L2), W is just a pin, so (1) can be approximated to:
𝐿1 + 𝐿2 =
𝜆
4
(3)
if (W = L2) the antenna operates in maximum efficiency and (1) becomes:
𝐿1 = 𝜆/4 (4)
after that to find the resonant frequency substitute (5):
𝐹𝑟 =
𝐶0
𝜆√𝜀𝑟
(5)
3. PROPOSED PIFA ANTENNA DESIGN AND PIN DIODE MODELING
3.1. Proposed PIFA antenna design
The proposed design of multiband reconfigurable PIFA can be shown in Figure 3. After the study of
the latest researches and determine which applications to cover by the antenna the proposed antenna shape is
chosen after some parametric study of the patch dimensions to be completely different from the literature.
The antenna is consists of a patch printed on an FR-4 substrate with εr = 4.3, tan (δ) =0.002 relative dielectric
constant and loss tangent respectively, the thickness of (1.6 mm) and 50Ω coaxial feed line. The patch height
above the ground by a distance of (1.67 mm). a short plate from the patch to the ground with (4 mm) width is
produced. The overall antenna size is 45.6 x 39.6 x1.6 mm3
, which is applicable in the mobile application
devices and meet the compact antenna properties and classifications. All optimum parameters of the antenna
are summarized in Table 1. (4 mm) the width of the short-pin, and only single (DSM8100-000 Mesa
Beam-Lead) from Skyworks PIN diode used to modify the length of the PIFA to reconfigure the resonant
frequency to meet other bands of frequencies. The PIN diode is placed in an optimized position to achieve
the desired operation.
3.2. Pin diode modelling
The states of the electronic switch are ON and OFF. They can be realized by biasing the PIN diode
in the forward or reverse bias. At the ON state, the switch is forward bias and it has low impedance acts as
a short circuit and the current can pass through the diode, while in the OFF state the switch is reversed bias
and it presents a high impedance and acts as an open circuit which indicates no current flown through
the diode. An electrical circuit is shown in Figure 4, which explain the forward and reverse biased,
where the only resistor of (3.5 ohms) in series with an inductor of (0.15 nH) in the ON state and
a combination of (1Kohm) resistor in parallel with the capacitance of (0.025 pF) all in series with an inductor
of (0.15 nH) [25].
4. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 2, April 2020: 595 - 602
598
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 3. The proposed multiband reconfigurable PIFA antenna
Table 1. The Optimum parameters of reconfigurable PIFA antenna
Parameters Values in mm Parameters Values in mm
Wg 39.6 L4 5
Lg 45.6 W4 4
L1 33 L5 5.9
W1 10 Rs 11
L2 33 t 0.035
W2 19 h 1.6
L3 5.2 L6 17.9
W3 9 L7 8.2
Ld 1 W7 10
Ws 4 Ls 1.67
(a) (b)
Figure 4. PIN diode modeling under (a) forward (b) reversed biased condition
5. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Compact reconfigurable PIFA antenna for wireless applications (Abdullah Ali Jabber)
599
4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The CST software is used to simulate the proposed reconfigurable PIFA. The fabricated antenna is
shown in Figure 5. The obtained simulated and measured multi-bands with the (S11) through the two states
of the PIN diode is pragmatically shown in Figure 6, where obtained lowest S11 of (-39.054) in
the (5.75 GHz). There are five frequency bands under the (S11 ≤ -10 dB) condition have resulted in the ON
state of the PIN diode, they are 0.980 GHz, 3.392 GHz, 3.924 GHz, 4.554 GHz, 5.82 GHz, 6.81 GHz,
7.305 GHz, 8 GHz, and 8.105 GHz, which are applicable to cover (GSM900, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX,
4G LTE, UWB, and satellite systems) systems, where these bands are obtained from the F-shaped sidearm of
the patch, after some important parametric study on the antenna dimensions. The maximum simulated gain is
(8.181) dBi at 6.81 GHz. As shown in Figure 7. The simulated VSWR of the proposed PIFA meets
the practical requirements of (VSWR ≤ 2) at all the multiband frequencies resulted, where the VSWR is
a measure for how the line is matching with the load.
Figure 5. The fabricated PIFA antenna
Figure 6. The simulated (S11) parameter versus frequency
Figure 7. The gain variation with the frequency of the proposed reconfigurable PIFA antenna
The radiation pattern and surface current distribution of the proposed PIFA are shown in Figures 8
and 9 respectively, they represent the 2D/3D results. The surface current distribution presented in the left side
of Figure 9 shows the OFF state of the PIN diode where no current flown to the second arm of the patch,
while the other state present the ON state. The proposed antenna can be compared with the literature to
produce the strength of the system and is listed in Table 2.
6. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 2, April 2020: 595 - 602
600
(a)
(b)
Figure 8. The (2D/3D) radiation pattern of the proposed reconfigurable PIFA antenna:
(a) 2D radiation pattern, (b) 3D radiation pattern
Figure 9. The (3D) surface current distribution of the proposed PIFA
7. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Compact reconfigurable PIFA antenna for wireless applications (Abdullah Ali Jabber)
601
Table 2. A Comparison between the proposed PIFA antenna and the literature
References
Antenna dimensions (mm2) No. and type
of switches
Bands (GHz)
Peak gain
(dB)
Applications
GND Patch
2 100x60 40x16 1-PIN 0.74, 1.85, 2.17 4.62
GSM850, GSM900, DCS,
PCS,UMTS, LTE
3 95x60 15x25 2-PIN 1.54-5.75 4
GPS, 3G, WiFi, GSM 4G
UMTS and LTE
4 42.5x80 42.5x20 3-PIN
1.93, 2.18, 2.46,
3.58, 3.64, 5.47
6.98
GSM1800, WCDMA,
m-WiMAX, WLAN
5 50x50 28x38 3-PIN 1.9, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4
Bluetooth, Wifi, WLAN, 3G,
UMTS, WCDMA, GSM,
CDMA
6 105x70 15x25 2-PIN
0.77, 0.9 1.54,
1.8, 2.1, 3.55
9
LTE, GSM, GPS,3G,WiMAX,
Wi-Fi
Proposed
PIFA
45.6x39.6 33x30 1-PIN
0.980, 2.392,
3.924, 4.554,
5.2, 6.81, 7.305,
9 and 9.105
8.45
GSM900, WLAN/Wi-Fi,
WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and
satellite
5. CONCLUSION
A new compact multiband reconfigurable PIFA antenna for wireless communications application is
presented in this paper with a compact to meet the requirements for mobile integration. The proposed
structure operates with only a single PIN diode to obtains six resonant frequency bands appropriate for
various wireless devices applications. The proposed structure is universal in the ultra-wideband frequency
range (UWB) due to a compact size and planar structure, good characteristics such as gain, efficiency,
radiation pattern return loss, and VSWR. The system has been fabricated and produced good agreement
between the results from the simulation with the measurement one.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank Al-Mustansiriyah University for the support and the opportunity of work.
REFERENCES
[1] Patrice Panaiat, et al., “MEMS-Based Reconfigurable Antennas,” 2004 IEEE International Symposium on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 1, pp. 175-179, 2004.
[2] J. H. Lee, Y. Sung., “A Reconfigurable PIFA using A PIN-Diode for LTE/GSM850/GSM900/DCS/PCS/UMTS,”
Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1-2, 2012.
[3] F. A. Assadallah, et al., “A Multiband and Reconfigurable PIFA for Mobile Devices,” IEEE International
Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), pp. 7-12, 2016.
[4] P. T. Minh, T. T. Thao, N. T. Duc, and V. V. Yem., “A Novel Multiband Frequency Reconfigurable PIFA
Antenna,” 2016 International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC), pp. 7-12, 2016.
[5] Vinutha B, N. Kumari, Rakshitha V., and Bhavana B., “Design of Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Mobile
Communication,” Int. Journal of Latest Research in Engineering and Technology (IJLRET), pp. 124-128, 2016.
[6] F. A. Asadallah, J. Costantine, and Y. Tawk, “A Multiband Compact Reconfigurable PIFA Based on Nested Slots,”
IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 331-334, 2018.
[7] A. M Khade, and A. S. Deshpande, “Review on Frequency Reconfigurable Planar Inverted F Antenna,”
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE), vol. 13, pp. 51-53, 2018.
[8] Hattan F., et al., “Reconfigurable Penta-Band PIFA for Small and Slim Mobile Handsets,” Microwave and Optical
Technology Letters; vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 725-729, 2012.
[9] M. Liu and B. Zhao, “Dual-Feed Small-Size Penta-Band PIFA for LTE/WWAN Mobile Handset Applications,”
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2014, pp. 1-7, 2014.
[10] H. F. A. Tarboush, R. Nilavalan, and T. Peter, “PIFA based Reconfigurable Multiband Antenna for Wireless
Applications,” 2010 Int. Conf. on Electromagnetics in Advan Application (ICEAA), 2010.
[11] A. K. Jassim, and R. H. Thaher, “Design and Analysis of Broadband Elliptical Microstrip Patch Antenna for
Wireless Communication,” TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control, vol. 16, no. 6,
pp. 2493-2500, 2018.
[12] A. K. Jassim, and R. H. Thaher, “Enhancement Gain of broadband Elliptical Microstrip Patch Array Antenna with
Mutual Coupling for Wireless Communication,” IJEECS, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 401-408, 2019.
[13] J. H. Lim, Z. J. Jin, and T. Y. Yun, “A Frequency Reconfigurable PIFA Using a PIN Diode for Mobile-WiMAX
Applications,” IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Workshop Series on Intel. Radio for Future Personal Terminals, 2011.
[14] M. A. Al-alaa, H. A. Elsadek, and E. A. Abdallah, “Effects of Human Head on Frequency Reconfigurable PIFA
Antenna Performance and SAR Calculations,” IEEE MTT-S International Conference on Numerical
Electromagnetic and Multiphysics Modeling and Optimization (NEMO), 2015.
8. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 2, April 2020: 595 - 602
602
[15] J. M. Floc’h and I. Ben Trad, “Printed Planar Double Inverted-F Antenna with Large Frequency Reconfigurability
Range,” 47th European Microwave Conference (EuMC), pp. 1289-1292, 2017.
[16] J. M. Floc’h and I. Ben Trad, “Printed Frequency Reconfigurable Planar Inverted-F Antenna for ISM
Applications,” IEEE Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC), 2016.
[17] K. Yang, et al., “Printed Inverted-F Antenna with Reconfigurable Pattern and Polarization,” IEEE 10th European
Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2016.
[18] H. Wong, W. Lin, L. Huitema, and E. Arnaud, “Multi-Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless
Biomedical System,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems; pp. 1-9, 2017.
[19] A. Ghaffar, X. J. Li, and Boon-Chong Seet, “Dual Frequency Band and Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna for
Mobile Devices,” 17th IEEE International Conference on Communication Technology, pp. 696-700, 2017.
[20] Trong Duc Nguyen, Yvan Duroc, Van Yem Vu, and Tan Phu Vuong, “Frequency Reconfigurable PIFA Antenna
Driven By Microcontroller,” Conference: Communications and Electronics (ICCE), pp. 406-410, 2012.
[21] M. -J. Lee, Y. -S. Kim, and Y. Sung, “Frequency Reconfigurable Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) For Cell-Phone
Applications,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, vol. 32, pp. 27-41, 2012.
[22] M. N. M. Kehn, Ó. Quevedo-Teruel, and E. Rajo-Iglesias, “Reconfigurable Loaded Planar Inverted-F Antenna
Using Varactor Diodes,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 10, pp. 466-568, 2011.
[23] M. Unlu, et al., “Reconfigurable, Tri-band RF MEMS PIFA Antenna,” 2011 IEEE International Symposium on
Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), pp. 1563-1565, 2011.
[24] S. Shaheen, S. Dharanya, V. Divya, and A. Umamakeswari, “Design of PIFA Antenna for Medical Applications,”
International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), vol. 5, no. 1; pp. 127-132, 2013.
[25] Skyworks, “Data Sheet DSM8100-000 : Mesa Beam-Lead PIN Diode Applications,” Skyworks Solutions, Inc,
pp. 1–5, 2008.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Mr. Abdullah Ali Jabber, he was born in Hilla-Iraq in 1992. He has the B.Sc. in Electrical
Engineering Department in Babylon University/College of Engineering at 2013 in Iraq, and
M.Sc. in Babylon University/College of Engineering/Electronic and Communications
Engineering at 2016 in Iraq, and now he is a P.h.D student at Mustansiriyh University/College of
Engineering/Electrical Engineering Department with specialization in Communications
Engineering. Research Interests in mobile Healthcare systems, Communication systems,
Electronics, Antennas.
Dr. Ali Khalid Jassim, he was born in Baghdad-Iraq. He has the B.Sc. from Electrical
Engineering Department, Al Mustansiryha University, Baghdad, Iraq in 1999 and the M.Sc.
in Electrical Engineering Department, Al Mustansiryha University, Baghdad, Iraq 2010 and
P.h.D. Electrical Engineering Department, Al Mustansiryha University, Baghdad, Iraq in 2019.
He is a lecturer, in Electrical Engineering Department, Al Mustansiryha University, Baghdad,
Iraq. My interest research field is communication and antenna.
Prof. Dr. Raad Hamdan Thaher, he was born in Baghdad-Iraq in 1956. He has the M.Sc.
at 1981 in Iraq, and P.h.D. at 1997 in Romania-Bucharest. He works as a Profesor in
Mustansiriyah University/College of Engineering/Electrical Engineering Department, Baghdad,
Iraq. His Specializations Electronic Communication Engineering and his research Interests in
Communication systems, Electronics, Microwaves, Antennas, and Communication networks.