Power Amplifiers (PA) are very indispensable components in the design of numerous types of communication transmitters employed in microwave technology. The methodology is exemplified through the design of a 2.45GHz microwave power Amplifier (PA) for the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications using microstrip technology. The main design target is to get a maximum power gain while simultaneously achieving a maximum output power through presenting the optimum impedance which is characteristically carried out per adding a matching circuit between the source and the input of the power amplifier and between the load and the output of the power amplifier. A "T" matching technique is used at the input and the output sides of transistor for assure in band desired that this circuit without reflections and to obtain a maximum power gain. The proposed power amplifier for microwave ISM applications is designed, simulated and optimized by employing Advanced Design System (ADS) software by Agilent. The PA shows good performances in terms of return loss, output power, power gain and stability; the circuit has an input return loss of -38dB and an output return loss of -33.5dB. The 1-dB compression point is 8.69dBm and power gain of the PA is 19.4dBm. The Rollet's Stability measure B1 and the stability factor K of the amplifier is greater than 0 and 1 respectively, which shows that the circuit is unconditionally stable. The total chip size of the PA is 73.5× 36 mm 2 .
A Novel Design of a Microstrip Microwave Power Amplifier for DCS Application ...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a 1.80GHz class-A Microwave power amplifier (PA). The proposed power amplifier is designed with single-stage architecture. This power amplifier consists of a bipolar transistor and improved by Collector-Feedback Biasing fed with a single power supply. The aim of this work is to improve the performance of this amplifier by using simple stubs with 50Ω microstrip transmissions lines. The proposed PA is investigated and optimized by utilizing Advanced Design System (ADS) software. The simulation results show that the amplifier achieves a high power gain of 13dB, output power rise up to 21dBm and good impedances matching ;For the input reflection coefficient (S11) is below than - 46.39dB. Regarding the output reflection coefficient (S22) is below than -29.898dB, with an overall size of about 93 x 59mm². By the end; we find that this power amplifier offers an excellent performance for DCS applications.
A Novel Configuration of a Microstrip Microwave Wideband Power Amplifier for ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
RF/microwave power amplifier (PA) is one of the components that has a large effect on the
overall performance of communication system especially in transmitter system and their design is decided
by the parameters of transistor selected. This letter presents a new concept of a wide-band microwave
amplifier using scattering parameters that is often used in the radio frequency communication systemas an
application of the active integrated antenna[1- 2]. This power amplifier operates from 1.75 GHz to 2.15GHz
frequency and it is based on AT-41410 NPN transistor that has a high transition frequency of 10GHz. The
proposed Single Stage PA is designed by microstrip technology and simulated with Advanced Design
System (ADS) software. The simulation results indicate good performances; the small power gain (S21) is
changed between 11.8 and 10dB. For the input reflection coefficient (S11) is varied between -11 and -
22.5dB. Regarding the output reflection coefficient (S22) is varied between -13.1 and -18.7dB over the
wide frequency band of 1.75-2.15GHz and stability without oscillating over a wide range of frequencies.
Abstract:
This paper reports on the design of an ultra wideband power amplifier using 0.25um GaN- HEMT Technology device obtained from the Triquint Semiconductor. There is huge interest in transistors based on Gallium Nitride in recent years due to its high breakdown voltage and its capability to operate in High frequency applications. The load pull analysis is carried out to obtain both the required source and load impedances. The
power amplifier with over 10W output power and 42% power added efficiency in the frequency range of 3-5GHz is presented in this paper. The PA is designed using a computer aided design tool called Advanced System Design (ADS).ADS provide two different simulation opportunities. These are referred as schematic simulation and
electromagnetic simulation called Momentum. Schematic Simulations are performed on the proposed PA in this paper.
Keywords:- GaN-HEMT Technology, Load pull analysis, Advanced system design(ADS)
An inverter system applied with the PV source typically has a problem of lower input voltage due to constraint in the PV strings connection. As a countermeasure a DC-DC boost converter is placed in between to achieve a higher voltage at the inverter DC link for connection to the grid and to realize the MPPT operation. This additional stage contributes to losses and complexity in control thus reducing the overall system efficiency. This work discussed on the design and development of a grid-connected quasi-Z-source PV inverter which has different topology and control method compared to the conventional voltage source inverter and able to overcome the above disadvantages. Modelling and performance analysis of the voltage and current controller to achieve a good power transfer from the PV source, as well sycnchronization with the grid are presented in detail. Results from both simulation and experimental verification demonstrate the designed and developed grid-connected qZSI PV inverter works successfully equivalent to the conventional voltage source inverter system.
A 60 GHz CMOS Power Amplifier for Wireless CommunicationsIJECEIAES
This paper presents a 60 GHz power amplifier (PA) suitable for wireless communications. The two-stage wideband PA is fabricated in 55 nm CMOS. Measurement results show that the PA obtains a peak gain of 16 dB over a -3 dB bandwidth from 57 GHz to 67 GHz. It archives an output 1 dB compression point (OP1dB) of 4 dBm and a peak power added efficiency (PAE) of 12.6%. The PA consumes a total DC power of 38.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply voltage while its core occupies a chip area of 0.45 mm 2 .
A Novel Design of a Microstrip Microwave Power Amplifier for DCS Application ...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a 1.80GHz class-A Microwave power amplifier (PA). The proposed power amplifier is designed with single-stage architecture. This power amplifier consists of a bipolar transistor and improved by Collector-Feedback Biasing fed with a single power supply. The aim of this work is to improve the performance of this amplifier by using simple stubs with 50Ω microstrip transmissions lines. The proposed PA is investigated and optimized by utilizing Advanced Design System (ADS) software. The simulation results show that the amplifier achieves a high power gain of 13dB, output power rise up to 21dBm and good impedances matching ;For the input reflection coefficient (S11) is below than - 46.39dB. Regarding the output reflection coefficient (S22) is below than -29.898dB, with an overall size of about 93 x 59mm². By the end; we find that this power amplifier offers an excellent performance for DCS applications.
A Novel Configuration of a Microstrip Microwave Wideband Power Amplifier for ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
RF/microwave power amplifier (PA) is one of the components that has a large effect on the
overall performance of communication system especially in transmitter system and their design is decided
by the parameters of transistor selected. This letter presents a new concept of a wide-band microwave
amplifier using scattering parameters that is often used in the radio frequency communication systemas an
application of the active integrated antenna[1- 2]. This power amplifier operates from 1.75 GHz to 2.15GHz
frequency and it is based on AT-41410 NPN transistor that has a high transition frequency of 10GHz. The
proposed Single Stage PA is designed by microstrip technology and simulated with Advanced Design
System (ADS) software. The simulation results indicate good performances; the small power gain (S21) is
changed between 11.8 and 10dB. For the input reflection coefficient (S11) is varied between -11 and -
22.5dB. Regarding the output reflection coefficient (S22) is varied between -13.1 and -18.7dB over the
wide frequency band of 1.75-2.15GHz and stability without oscillating over a wide range of frequencies.
Abstract:
This paper reports on the design of an ultra wideband power amplifier using 0.25um GaN- HEMT Technology device obtained from the Triquint Semiconductor. There is huge interest in transistors based on Gallium Nitride in recent years due to its high breakdown voltage and its capability to operate in High frequency applications. The load pull analysis is carried out to obtain both the required source and load impedances. The
power amplifier with over 10W output power and 42% power added efficiency in the frequency range of 3-5GHz is presented in this paper. The PA is designed using a computer aided design tool called Advanced System Design (ADS).ADS provide two different simulation opportunities. These are referred as schematic simulation and
electromagnetic simulation called Momentum. Schematic Simulations are performed on the proposed PA in this paper.
Keywords:- GaN-HEMT Technology, Load pull analysis, Advanced system design(ADS)
An inverter system applied with the PV source typically has a problem of lower input voltage due to constraint in the PV strings connection. As a countermeasure a DC-DC boost converter is placed in between to achieve a higher voltage at the inverter DC link for connection to the grid and to realize the MPPT operation. This additional stage contributes to losses and complexity in control thus reducing the overall system efficiency. This work discussed on the design and development of a grid-connected quasi-Z-source PV inverter which has different topology and control method compared to the conventional voltage source inverter and able to overcome the above disadvantages. Modelling and performance analysis of the voltage and current controller to achieve a good power transfer from the PV source, as well sycnchronization with the grid are presented in detail. Results from both simulation and experimental verification demonstrate the designed and developed grid-connected qZSI PV inverter works successfully equivalent to the conventional voltage source inverter system.
A 60 GHz CMOS Power Amplifier for Wireless CommunicationsIJECEIAES
This paper presents a 60 GHz power amplifier (PA) suitable for wireless communications. The two-stage wideband PA is fabricated in 55 nm CMOS. Measurement results show that the PA obtains a peak gain of 16 dB over a -3 dB bandwidth from 57 GHz to 67 GHz. It archives an output 1 dB compression point (OP1dB) of 4 dBm and a peak power added efficiency (PAE) of 12.6%. The PA consumes a total DC power of 38.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply voltage while its core occupies a chip area of 0.45 mm 2 .
A Two-stages Microstrip Power Amplifier for WiMAX ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Amplification is one of the most basic and prevalent microwave analog circuit functions. Wherefore
power amplifiers are the most important parts of electronic circuits. This is why the designing of power
amplifiers is crucial in analog circuit designing. The intent of this work is to present an analysis and design
of a microwave broadband power amplifier by using two stages topology. A two stages power amplifier using
a distributed matching network for WiMAX applications is based on ATF-21170 (GaAs FET). The
configuration aims to achieve high power gain amplifier with low return loss over a broad bandwidth. The
proposed BPA is designed with a planar structure on an epoxy (FR4) substrate. The planar structure is also
utilized for getting the good matching condition. The advanced design system (ADS) software is used for
design, simulation, and optimization the proposed amplifier. The complete amplifier achieves an excellent
power gain; is changed between 28.5 and 20 dB with an output power of 12.45dBm at 1dB compression
point. For the input reflection coefficient (S11) is varied between -20 and -42 dB. While the output reflection
coefficient (S22) is varied between -10 dB and -49 dB over the wide frequency band of 3.2-3.8 GHz.
0.5GHz - 1.5GHz Bandwidth 10W GaN HEMT RF Power Amplifier Design IJECEIAES
With the current development in wireless communication technology, the need for a wide bandwith in RF power amplifier (RF PA) is an essential. In this paper, the design and simulation of 10W GaN HEMT wideband RF PA will be presented. The Source-Pull and Load-Pull technique was used to design the input and output matching network of the RF PA. From the simulation, the RF PA achieved a flat gain between 15dB to 17dB from 0.5GHz to 1.5GHz. At 1.5GHz, the drain efficiency is simulated to achieve 36% at the output power of 40 dBm while the power added efficiency (PAE) was found to be 28.2%.
Enhancing the BER and ACLR for the HPA Using Pre-Distortion TechniqueIJECEIAES
Power amplifiers are key components in wireless transceivers. Their function is to amplify signal and generate the required Radio Frequency (RF) power that allows to transmit the signal over an appropriate range. The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems are highly sensitive to nonlinear distortion introduced by High Power Amplifier (HPA). The HPA nonlinearity causes in-band and out-of-band distortions. The linearization techniques are used to compensate the nonlinear effects of the high power amplifier. These techniques correct the distortion effects resulting from nonlinearities in the transmitted signal. Many linearization techniques have been developed to improve power amplifier linearity and to decrease both Bit Error Rate (BER) and Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR). This work is set to run the high power amplifier in the nonlinear region. It is also attempting to analyze the resulting signal in terms of the BER and ACLR, next employs pre-distortion linearization techniques to reduce the distortion introduced in this region. According to Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) standard the linearization techniques, circuit and the OFDM transmitter and receiver is designed and implemented through using computer simulation of AWR Design Environment.
Design of Wide-band Power Amplifier Based on Power Combiner Technique with Lo...IJECEIAES
RF power amplifiers are one of challenging blocks in designing radio frequency transceivers, this is due to non-linearity behavior of power amplifiers that leads to inter-modulation distortion. This paper presents the design of wide-band power amplifier which combined with parallel coupled line band pass filter at the input and output of power amplifier to allow the only required frequency band to pass through the power amplifier. Class-A topology and ATF-511P8 transistor are used in this design. Advanced Design System software used as a simulation tool to simulate the designed wideband power amplifier. The simulation results showed an input return loss (S11) which less than -10dB, and gain (S21) is higher than 10 dB over the entire frequency band and considers as flat as well. The designed amplifier is stable over the bandwidth (K>1). Inter-modulation distortion is -56.919dBc which is less than -50dBc with 10dBm input power. The designed amplifier can be used for the microwave applications which include weather radar, satellite communication, wireless networking, mobile, and TV.
Comparative Analysis of Linear Controllers used for Grid Connected PV System IJECEIAES
Requirement for electrical energy is increasing in a ramp function manner. To meet the steady increasing in energy demand it is required to find some alternate source of energy. Except the conventional source of energy one type of renewable energy i.e PV may be regarded as a clean source of energy to meet the energy demand. PV modules generating DC power cannot be directly connected to the electrical infrastructure as most of the grid infrastructure uses either 230volt or 120 volt. Therefore power electronic device most be connected (inverter) between PV and grid. In order to make a competitive market between the renewable generated power and conventional way of generating the power it is required to design a cost effective inverter, qualitative output which is pure sinusoidal and harmonics free. In this paper a comparative analysis among the various linear controllers are presented. Proposed Optimised PID Controller is Presented through MATLAB Simulink based environment.
Wireless power transmission (WPT) has attracted a wide variety of subjects in various disciplines and has also become a highly active research field due to its capacity to facilitate charging systems. Wireless power transmission will be compulsory to use soon as this technology enables electrical energy to be transmitted from a power source to an electrical load over an air gap without connecting wires. Wireless power transmission has been developed in the low power (1W to 10W) and high power (100W-500W) region. While the low power region development focuses on powering medical transplants and mobile charging, the higher end of the power spectrum is being developed for the electric vehicle (EV) applications. However medium power range (10W to 100W) is relatively unexplored due to lack of proper applications. The commercial WPT scheme is mainly used for the charging of lithium-ion batteries. Sensitive medium power loads like Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries do not have a wireless modular charging system. This paper discusses a proposed scheme for wireless charging of medium-range loads. LiPo batteries are used as the targeted charging load. A minimalistic approach has been considered while designing the electronics for efficiency improvement and a compact, modular scheme. The proposed scheme has been developed for drone and robotics applications and the results are validated.
The converter control scheme plays an important role in the performance of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. In this work, a model has been analysed, designed and simulatedon Power Simulator software and in Matlab Simulink.A hardware implementation using a microcontroller (Arduino Mega 2560 based on ATmega2560) is provided, that operateson feedback from a PV panel voltage and current to control the operation of DCDC converter in order to draw maximum power. Newactive disturbance rejection control (ADRC) algorithm is required to extract the maximum power of the solar energy. This MPPT controller incorporates a boost topology that ensuresa two continuous battery in series (12V, 5Ah) charging in various conditions. The whole of the results shows in one hand that the converter efficiency is very satisfactory, and in the other hand a very good agreement between the results simulated and those experimental in terms of performance. The proposed system is designed in Proteus, and implemented on hardware with a graphical user interface built throughout Labview software.
Modeling and simulation of three phases cascaded H-bridge grid-tied PV inverterjournalBEEI
In this paper a control scheme for three phase seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter for grid tied PV system is presented. As power generation from PV depends on varing environmental conditions, for extractraction of maximum power from PV array, fuzzy MPPT controller is incorporated with each PV array. It gives fast and accurate response. To maintain the grid current
sinusoidal under varying conditions, a digital PI controller scheme is adopted. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for this purpose and results are presented. At last THD analysis is carried out in order to validate the performance of the overall system. As discussed, with this control strategy the balanced grid current is obtained keeping THD values with in the specified range of IEEE-519 standard.
A Review of Low-Energy 1-Bit Full Adder Techniques for Power Deprived Applica...ijsrd.com
In this work a comparison and study of different low power 1-bit full adder techniques at deep submicron technologies is carried out. The study concentrates in the crucial factors which determine the applicability of the design for particular applications. The comparison of different adders has been carried out on the basis of these parameters i.e. delay, power consumption, output swing, PDP etc. The comparison is carried out between designs with low device count. On the basis of comparison a conclusion has been drawn in which the shortcomings of present designs have been discussed with future possibilities of improvement. The designs compared are TGA, SERF and modified SERF.
Anything we transmit without protection is being raid by the intruders. Hence it is necessary to impart
security to the signal transmitted. In this paper we present the concept of giving security to the transmitted
power signal which is to be received by a receiver in a wireless medium. The present techniques of wireless
power transmission consists of a pair of strongly magnetically coupled resonators that allow power
transmission of tens of watts over a few meters, but anything without security becomes unreliable. With the
goal in achieving security to the power signal, we introduce the concept of encryption decryption algorithm
using RF module.
Review on 75 305 Ghz Power Amplifier MMIC with 10 14.9 dBm Pout in a 35 nm In...ijtsrd
The broadband power amplifier monolithic microwave ICs with an operating frequency of more than 200 GHz is demonstrated. It is fabricated in a 35 nm gate length metamorphic high electron mobility transistor. The power amplifier produces a minimum output power of 10 dBm with an average value of 12.8 dBm at 75 to 305 GHz. A peak output power of 14.9 dBm and power added efficiency of 6.6 is obtained at 200 GHz. Padmam Kaimal "Review on 75-305 Ghz Power Amplifier MMIC with 10-14.9 dBm Pout in a 35-nm InGaAs mHEMT Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49251.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/49251/review-on-75305-ghz-power-amplifier-mmic-with-10149-dbm-pout-in-a-35nm-ingaas-mhemt-technology/padmam-kaimal
A 28 GHz high efficiency fully integrated 0.18 µm combined CMOS power amplifi...journalBEEI
A 28 GHz power amplifier (PA) using CMOS 0.18 µm Silterra process technology for milimeter wave applications is reported. Maximizing the power added efficiency (PAE) and output power are achieved by optimize the circuit with power divider and cascade configuration. In addition, reverse body bias is also employed for realizing excellent PAE and power consumption. A three stage CMOS PA with power combiner is designed and simulated. The simulation results show that the proposed PA consumes 62.56 mW and power gain (S21) of 8.08 dB is achieved at 28 GHz. The PA achieves saturated power (Psat) of 12.62 dBm and maximum PAE of 23.74% with output 1-dB compression point (OP1dB) 10.85 dBm. These results demonstrate the proposed power amplifier architecture is suitable for 5G applications.
LOW POWER SI CLASS E POWER AMPLIFIER AND RF SWITCH FOR HEALTH CAREieijjournal1
This research was to design a 2.4 GHz class E Power Amplifier (PA) for health care, with 0.18um
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation CMOS technology by using Cadence software.
And also RF switch was designed at cadence software with power Jazz 180nm SOI process. The ultimate
goal for such application is to reach high performance and low cost, and between high performance and
low power consumption design. This paper introduces the design of a 2.4GHz class E power amplifier and
RF switch design. PA consists of cascade stage with negative capacitance. This power amplifier can
transmit 16dBm output power to a 50Ω load. The performance of the power amplifier and switch meet the
specification requirements of the desired.
A Two-stages Microstrip Power Amplifier for WiMAX ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Amplification is one of the most basic and prevalent microwave analog circuit functions. Wherefore
power amplifiers are the most important parts of electronic circuits. This is why the designing of power
amplifiers is crucial in analog circuit designing. The intent of this work is to present an analysis and design
of a microwave broadband power amplifier by using two stages topology. A two stages power amplifier using
a distributed matching network for WiMAX applications is based on ATF-21170 (GaAs FET). The
configuration aims to achieve high power gain amplifier with low return loss over a broad bandwidth. The
proposed BPA is designed with a planar structure on an epoxy (FR4) substrate. The planar structure is also
utilized for getting the good matching condition. The advanced design system (ADS) software is used for
design, simulation, and optimization the proposed amplifier. The complete amplifier achieves an excellent
power gain; is changed between 28.5 and 20 dB with an output power of 12.45dBm at 1dB compression
point. For the input reflection coefficient (S11) is varied between -20 and -42 dB. While the output reflection
coefficient (S22) is varied between -10 dB and -49 dB over the wide frequency band of 3.2-3.8 GHz.
0.5GHz - 1.5GHz Bandwidth 10W GaN HEMT RF Power Amplifier Design IJECEIAES
With the current development in wireless communication technology, the need for a wide bandwith in RF power amplifier (RF PA) is an essential. In this paper, the design and simulation of 10W GaN HEMT wideband RF PA will be presented. The Source-Pull and Load-Pull technique was used to design the input and output matching network of the RF PA. From the simulation, the RF PA achieved a flat gain between 15dB to 17dB from 0.5GHz to 1.5GHz. At 1.5GHz, the drain efficiency is simulated to achieve 36% at the output power of 40 dBm while the power added efficiency (PAE) was found to be 28.2%.
Enhancing the BER and ACLR for the HPA Using Pre-Distortion TechniqueIJECEIAES
Power amplifiers are key components in wireless transceivers. Their function is to amplify signal and generate the required Radio Frequency (RF) power that allows to transmit the signal over an appropriate range. The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems are highly sensitive to nonlinear distortion introduced by High Power Amplifier (HPA). The HPA nonlinearity causes in-band and out-of-band distortions. The linearization techniques are used to compensate the nonlinear effects of the high power amplifier. These techniques correct the distortion effects resulting from nonlinearities in the transmitted signal. Many linearization techniques have been developed to improve power amplifier linearity and to decrease both Bit Error Rate (BER) and Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR). This work is set to run the high power amplifier in the nonlinear region. It is also attempting to analyze the resulting signal in terms of the BER and ACLR, next employs pre-distortion linearization techniques to reduce the distortion introduced in this region. According to Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) standard the linearization techniques, circuit and the OFDM transmitter and receiver is designed and implemented through using computer simulation of AWR Design Environment.
Design of Wide-band Power Amplifier Based on Power Combiner Technique with Lo...IJECEIAES
RF power amplifiers are one of challenging blocks in designing radio frequency transceivers, this is due to non-linearity behavior of power amplifiers that leads to inter-modulation distortion. This paper presents the design of wide-band power amplifier which combined with parallel coupled line band pass filter at the input and output of power amplifier to allow the only required frequency band to pass through the power amplifier. Class-A topology and ATF-511P8 transistor are used in this design. Advanced Design System software used as a simulation tool to simulate the designed wideband power amplifier. The simulation results showed an input return loss (S11) which less than -10dB, and gain (S21) is higher than 10 dB over the entire frequency band and considers as flat as well. The designed amplifier is stable over the bandwidth (K>1). Inter-modulation distortion is -56.919dBc which is less than -50dBc with 10dBm input power. The designed amplifier can be used for the microwave applications which include weather radar, satellite communication, wireless networking, mobile, and TV.
Comparative Analysis of Linear Controllers used for Grid Connected PV System IJECEIAES
Requirement for electrical energy is increasing in a ramp function manner. To meet the steady increasing in energy demand it is required to find some alternate source of energy. Except the conventional source of energy one type of renewable energy i.e PV may be regarded as a clean source of energy to meet the energy demand. PV modules generating DC power cannot be directly connected to the electrical infrastructure as most of the grid infrastructure uses either 230volt or 120 volt. Therefore power electronic device most be connected (inverter) between PV and grid. In order to make a competitive market between the renewable generated power and conventional way of generating the power it is required to design a cost effective inverter, qualitative output which is pure sinusoidal and harmonics free. In this paper a comparative analysis among the various linear controllers are presented. Proposed Optimised PID Controller is Presented through MATLAB Simulink based environment.
Wireless power transmission (WPT) has attracted a wide variety of subjects in various disciplines and has also become a highly active research field due to its capacity to facilitate charging systems. Wireless power transmission will be compulsory to use soon as this technology enables electrical energy to be transmitted from a power source to an electrical load over an air gap without connecting wires. Wireless power transmission has been developed in the low power (1W to 10W) and high power (100W-500W) region. While the low power region development focuses on powering medical transplants and mobile charging, the higher end of the power spectrum is being developed for the electric vehicle (EV) applications. However medium power range (10W to 100W) is relatively unexplored due to lack of proper applications. The commercial WPT scheme is mainly used for the charging of lithium-ion batteries. Sensitive medium power loads like Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries do not have a wireless modular charging system. This paper discusses a proposed scheme for wireless charging of medium-range loads. LiPo batteries are used as the targeted charging load. A minimalistic approach has been considered while designing the electronics for efficiency improvement and a compact, modular scheme. The proposed scheme has been developed for drone and robotics applications and the results are validated.
The converter control scheme plays an important role in the performance of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. In this work, a model has been analysed, designed and simulatedon Power Simulator software and in Matlab Simulink.A hardware implementation using a microcontroller (Arduino Mega 2560 based on ATmega2560) is provided, that operateson feedback from a PV panel voltage and current to control the operation of DCDC converter in order to draw maximum power. Newactive disturbance rejection control (ADRC) algorithm is required to extract the maximum power of the solar energy. This MPPT controller incorporates a boost topology that ensuresa two continuous battery in series (12V, 5Ah) charging in various conditions. The whole of the results shows in one hand that the converter efficiency is very satisfactory, and in the other hand a very good agreement between the results simulated and those experimental in terms of performance. The proposed system is designed in Proteus, and implemented on hardware with a graphical user interface built throughout Labview software.
Modeling and simulation of three phases cascaded H-bridge grid-tied PV inverterjournalBEEI
In this paper a control scheme for three phase seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter for grid tied PV system is presented. As power generation from PV depends on varing environmental conditions, for extractraction of maximum power from PV array, fuzzy MPPT controller is incorporated with each PV array. It gives fast and accurate response. To maintain the grid current
sinusoidal under varying conditions, a digital PI controller scheme is adopted. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for this purpose and results are presented. At last THD analysis is carried out in order to validate the performance of the overall system. As discussed, with this control strategy the balanced grid current is obtained keeping THD values with in the specified range of IEEE-519 standard.
A Review of Low-Energy 1-Bit Full Adder Techniques for Power Deprived Applica...ijsrd.com
In this work a comparison and study of different low power 1-bit full adder techniques at deep submicron technologies is carried out. The study concentrates in the crucial factors which determine the applicability of the design for particular applications. The comparison of different adders has been carried out on the basis of these parameters i.e. delay, power consumption, output swing, PDP etc. The comparison is carried out between designs with low device count. On the basis of comparison a conclusion has been drawn in which the shortcomings of present designs have been discussed with future possibilities of improvement. The designs compared are TGA, SERF and modified SERF.
Anything we transmit without protection is being raid by the intruders. Hence it is necessary to impart
security to the signal transmitted. In this paper we present the concept of giving security to the transmitted
power signal which is to be received by a receiver in a wireless medium. The present techniques of wireless
power transmission consists of a pair of strongly magnetically coupled resonators that allow power
transmission of tens of watts over a few meters, but anything without security becomes unreliable. With the
goal in achieving security to the power signal, we introduce the concept of encryption decryption algorithm
using RF module.
Review on 75 305 Ghz Power Amplifier MMIC with 10 14.9 dBm Pout in a 35 nm In...ijtsrd
The broadband power amplifier monolithic microwave ICs with an operating frequency of more than 200 GHz is demonstrated. It is fabricated in a 35 nm gate length metamorphic high electron mobility transistor. The power amplifier produces a minimum output power of 10 dBm with an average value of 12.8 dBm at 75 to 305 GHz. A peak output power of 14.9 dBm and power added efficiency of 6.6 is obtained at 200 GHz. Padmam Kaimal "Review on 75-305 Ghz Power Amplifier MMIC with 10-14.9 dBm Pout in a 35-nm InGaAs mHEMT Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49251.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/49251/review-on-75305-ghz-power-amplifier-mmic-with-10149-dbm-pout-in-a-35nm-ingaas-mhemt-technology/padmam-kaimal
A 28 GHz high efficiency fully integrated 0.18 µm combined CMOS power amplifi...journalBEEI
A 28 GHz power amplifier (PA) using CMOS 0.18 µm Silterra process technology for milimeter wave applications is reported. Maximizing the power added efficiency (PAE) and output power are achieved by optimize the circuit with power divider and cascade configuration. In addition, reverse body bias is also employed for realizing excellent PAE and power consumption. A three stage CMOS PA with power combiner is designed and simulated. The simulation results show that the proposed PA consumes 62.56 mW and power gain (S21) of 8.08 dB is achieved at 28 GHz. The PA achieves saturated power (Psat) of 12.62 dBm and maximum PAE of 23.74% with output 1-dB compression point (OP1dB) 10.85 dBm. These results demonstrate the proposed power amplifier architecture is suitable for 5G applications.
LOW POWER SI CLASS E POWER AMPLIFIER AND RF SWITCH FOR HEALTH CAREieijjournal1
This research was to design a 2.4 GHz class E Power Amplifier (PA) for health care, with 0.18um
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation CMOS technology by using Cadence software.
And also RF switch was designed at cadence software with power Jazz 180nm SOI process. The ultimate
goal for such application is to reach high performance and low cost, and between high performance and
low power consumption design. This paper introduces the design of a 2.4GHz class E power amplifier and
RF switch design. PA consists of cascade stage with negative capacitance. This power amplifier can
transmit 16dBm output power to a 50Ω load. The performance of the power amplifier and switch meet the
specification requirements of the desired.
LOW POWER SI CLASS E POWER AMPLIFIER AND RF SWITCH FOR HEALTH CAREieijjournal
This research was to design a 2.4 GHz class E Power Amplifier (PA) for health care, with 0.18um
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation CMOS technology by using Cadence software.
And also RF switch was designed at cadence software with power Jazz 180nm SOI process. The ultimate goal for such application is to reach high performance and low cost, and between high performance and low power consumption design. This paper introduces the design of a 2.4GHz class E power amplifier and
RF switch design. PA consists of cascade stage with negative capacitance. This power amplifier can
transmit 16dBm output power to a 50Ω load. The performance of the power amplifier and switch meet the specification requirements of the desired.
LOW POWER SI CLASS E POWER AMPLIFIER AND RF SWITCH FOR HEALTH CAREieijjournal
This research was to design a 2.4 GHz class E Power Amplifier (PA) for health care, with 0.18um
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation CMOS technology by using Cadence software.
And also RF switch was designed at cadence software with power Jazz 180nm SOI process. The ultimate
goal for such application is to reach high performance and low cost, and between high performance and
low power consumption design. This paper introduces the design of a 2.4GHz class E power amplifier and
RF switch design. PA consists of cascade stage with negative capacitance. This power amplifier can
transmit 16dBm output power to a 50Ω load. The performance of the power amplifier and switch meet the
specification requirements of the desired
LOW POWER SI CLASS E POWER AMPLIFIER AND RF SWITCH FOR HEALTH CAREieijjournal
This research was to design a 2.4 GHz class E Power Amplifier (PA) for health care, with 0.18um
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation CMOS technology by using Cadence software.
And also RF switch was designed at cadence software with power Jazz 180nm SOI process. The ultimate
goal for such application is to reach high performance and low cost, and between high performance and
low power consumption design. This paper introduces the design of a 2.4GHz class E power amplifier and RF switch design. PA consists of cascade stage with negative capacitance. This power amplifier can transmit 16dBm output power to a 50Ω load. The performance of the power amplifier and switch meet the specification requirements of the desired.
Low Power SI Class E Power Amplifier and Rf Switch for Health Careieijjournal1
This research was to design a 2.4 GHz class E Power Amplifier (PA) for health care, with 0.18um Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation CMOS technology by using Cadence software. And also RF switch was designed at cadence software with power Jazz 180nm SOI process. The ultimate goal for such application is to reach high performance and low cost, and between high performance and low power consumption design. This paper introduces the design of a 2.4GHz class E power amplifier and RF switch design. PA consists of cascade stage with negative capacitance. This power amplifier can transmit 16dBm output power to a 50Ω load. The performance of the power amplifier and switch meet the specification requirements of the desired.
A new design of a microstrip rectenna at 5.8 GHz for wireless power transmiss...IJECEIAES
Due to the ever-increasing power demand, the need of electricity and eco-friendly power in every nook and corner of the world, many reaserch topics have been devoted to deal with this problematic. This paper is taking part of the proposed solutions with the presentation of a novel 5.8 GHz rectenna system for wireless power transmission applications. In one hand, a miniaturized 5.8 GHz circular polarized patch antenna has been designed and simulated by using the Advanced Design System (ADS). In the other hand, a rectifier structure has been investigated and optimized by the use of the Harmonic Balance method available in ADS. The circuit is based on 5 HSMS2820 Schottky diodes implemented in a voltage multiplier topology and a load resistance of 1 KOhm. Both of the structures have been validated by simulation and experimental results and good agreement has been concluded.
A Two Channel Analog Front end Design AFE Design with Continuous Time ∑-∆ Mod...IJECEIAES
In this context, the AFE with 2-channels is described, which has high impedance for low power application of bio-medical electrical activity. The challenge in obtaining accurate recordings of biomedical signals such as EEG/ECG to study the human body in research work. This paper is to propose Multi-Vt in AFE circuit design cascaded with CT modulator. The new architecture is anticipated with two dissimilar input signals filtered from 2-channel to one modulator. In this methodology, the amplifier is low powered multi-VT Analog Front-End which consumes less power by applying dual threshold voltage. Type -I category 2 channel signals of the first mode: 50 and 150 Hz amplified from AFE are given to 2nd CT sigmadelta ADC. Depict the SNR and SNDR as 63dB and 60dB respectively, consuming the power of 11mW. The design was simulated in a 0.18 um standard UMC CMOS process at 1.8V supply. The AFE measured frequency response from 50 Hz to 360 Hz, depict the SNR and SNDR as 63dB and 60dB respectively, consuming the power of 11mW. The design was simulated in 0.18 m standard UMC CMOS process at 1.8V supply. The AFE measured frequency response from 50 Hz to 360 Hz, programmable gains from 52.6 dB to 72 dB, input referred noise of 3.5 µV in the amplifier bandwidth, NEF of 3.
Reconfigurable ultra wideband to narrowband antenna for cognitive radio appli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Frequency reconfigurable antennas are very attractive for many wireless applications.They offer many advantages such as simplicity and compactness. In this electronicpaper, we propose a reconfigurable antenna operating in the S and C bands. Theproposed antenna uses a BAP65-02 RF diode to switch between the ultra widebandfrom 2.92 to 6.19 GHz to the narrowband from 2.92 to 3.93 GHz. The ultra widebandis obtained by a partial rectangular ground plane with a symmetrical rectangular slotand the narrowband is obtained by adding a parasitic element electrically connectedto the ground plane by the PIN diode when it is positively biased. This patch antennaoperates in the Federal Communications Commission band (FCC) and can be used forbiomedical applications such as radiometry imaging. The numerical simulation resultsbased on the finite element method and the finite integral method show a very goodagreement between them.
A 10 d bm 25 dbm, 0.363 mm2 two stage 130 nm rf cmos power amplifierVLSICS Design
This paper proposes a 2.4 GHz RF CMOS Power amplifi
er and variation in its main performance
parameters i.e, output power, S-parameters and powe
r added efficiency with respect to change in supply
voltage and size of the power stage transistor. The
supply voltage was varied form 1 V to 5 V and the
range
of output power at 1dB compression point was found
to be from 10.684 dBm to 25.08 dBm respectively.
The range of PAE is 16.65 % to 48.46 %. The width o
f the power stage transistor was varied from 150 μm
to 500 μm to achieve output power of range 15.47 dB
m to 20.338 dBm. The range of PAE obtained here is
29.085 % to 45.439 %. The total dimension of the la
yout comes out to be 0.714 * 0.508 mm
2
.
A 28 GHz 0.18-μm CMOS cascade power amplifier with reverse body bias techniqueTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A 28 GHz power amplifier (PA) using CMOS 0.18 μm Silterra process technology is reported. The cascade configuration has been adopted to obtain high Power Added Efficiency (PAE). To achieve low power consumption, the input stage adopts reverse body bias technique. The simulation results show that the proposed PA consumes 32.03mW and power gain (S21) of 9.51 dB is achieved at 28 GHz. The PA achieves saturated power (Psat) of 11.10 dBm and maximum PAE of 16.55% with output 1-dB compression point (OP1dB) 8.44 dBm. These results demonstrate the proposed power amplifier architecture is suitable for 5G applications.
Integrated cmos rectifier for rf-powered wireless sensor network nodesjournalBEEI
This article presents a review of the CMOS rectifier for radio frequency energy harvesting application. The on-chip rectifier converts the ambient low-power radio frequency signal coming to antenna to useable DC voltage that recharges energy to wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes and radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags, therefore the rectifier is the most important part of the radio frequency energy harvesting system. The impedance matching network maximizes power transfer from antenna to rectifier. The design and comparison between the simulation results of one- and multi-stage differential drive cross connected rectifier (DDCCR) at the operating frequencies of 2.44GHz, and 28GHz show the output voltage of the multi-stage rectifier doubles at each added stage and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of rectifier at 2.44GHz was higher than 28GHz. The (DDCCR) rectifier is the most efficient rectifier topology to date and is used widely for passive WSN nodes and RFID tags.
Design of Low Power, High PSRR Error Amplifier for Low Drop-Out CMOS Voltage...IJEEE
This paper presents design of an improved Error amplifier (EA) for Low Drop-Out Voltage Regulator. The proposed circuit shows good behaviour as compared to the previous Error Amplifier. The Gain, Unity Gain Bandwidth, Phase Margin, CMRR and PSRR of an Error Amplifier is analysed. The proposed circuit is designed on UMC 180nm CMOS technology with supply voltage of 1.8Volts. All the simulation results are calculated through SPECTRE Simulator of cadence.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
DOWNLOAD
The main objective of this project is to develop a device for wireless power transfer. The concept of wireless power transfer was realized by Nikolas tesla. Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.
Based on this concept, the project is developed to transfer power within a small range. This project can be used for charging batteries those are physically not possible to be connected electrically such as pace makers (An electronic device that works in place of a defective heart valve) implanted in the body that runs on a battery.
The patient is required to be operated every year to replace the battery. This project is designed to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly for the purpose. Since charging of the battery is not possible to be demonstrated, we are providing a DC fan that runs through wireless power.
This project is built upon using an electronic circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, High frequency. The output is fed to a tuned coil forming as primary of an air core transformer. The secondary coil develops a voltage of HF 12volt.
Thus the transfer of power is done by the primary(transmitter) to the secondary that is separated with a considerable distance(say 3cm). Therefore the transfer could be seen as the primary transmits and the secondary receives the power to run load.
Moreover this technique can be used in number of applications, like to charge a mobile phone, iPod, laptop battery, propeller clock wirelessly. And also this kind of charging provides a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be galvanically isolated.
Design of 10 to 12 GHz Low Noise Amplifier for Ultrawideband (UWB) SystemIJECEIAES
Balanced amplifier is the structure proposed in this article, it provides better performance. In fact, the single amplifier meets the specification for noise figure and gain but fails to meet the return loss specification due to the large mis-matches on the input & outputs. To overcome this problem one solution is to use balanced amplifier topography. In this paper, a wide-band and highgain microwave balanced amplifier constituted with branch line coupler circuit is proposed. The amplifier is unconditionally stable in the band [9-13] GHz where the gain is about 20dB. The input reflection (S11) and output return loss (S22) at 11 GHz are -33.4dB and -33.5dB respectively.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
DOWNLOAD
The main objective of this project is to develop a device for wireless power transfer. The concept of wireless power transfer was realized by Nikolas tesla. Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.
Based on this concept, the project is developed to transfer power within a small range. This project can be used for charging batteries those are physically not possible to be connected electrically such as pace makers (An electronic device that works in place of a defective heart valve) implanted in the body that runs on a battery.
The patient is required to be operated every year to replace the battery. This project is designed to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly for the purpose. Since charging of the battery is not possible to be demonstrated, we are providing a DC fan that runs through wireless power.
This project is built upon using an electronic circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, High frequency. The output is fed to a tuned coil forming as primary of an air core transformer. The secondary coil develops a voltage of HF 12volt.
Thus the transfer of power is done by the primary(transmitter) to the secondary that is separated with a considerable distance(say 3cm). Therefore the transfer could be seen as the primary transmits and the secondary receives the power to run load.
Moreover this technique can be used in number of applications, like to charge a mobile phone, iPod, laptop battery, propeller clock wirelessly. And also this kind of charging provides a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be galvanically isolated.
Similar to A Novel Configuration of A Microstrip Power Amplifier based on GaAs-FET for ISM Applications (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
A Novel Configuration of A Microstrip Power Amplifier based on GaAs-FET for ISM … (Amine Rachakh)
3883
Recently [10], [11], many researchers contacted study in designing and developing microwave amplifier but
most of the reported power amplifier has been implemented for low frequency.
This work proposes a novel and a simple power amplifier architecture is intended for applications
ISM at 2.45GHz. This power amplifier consists of a Gallium Arsenide Field-effect transistor (GaAs FET)
technology. To improve circuit performance, the mirostrip lines technology will be used. A “T” type
matching is used at the input and the output side of transistor for assure in band desired that this circuit
without reflections and to obtain a maximum power gain. This PA is printed on an FR4 substrate having the
following specification: a relative permittivity =4.4, a tangent loss tan ( ) =0.025, a metallization thickness
t=0.035mm and a substrate thickness h=1.6mm.
The result of the work is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the theoretical aspects while
Section 3 presents design procedure of proposed PA in detail, the simulation results including a discussion is
presented in Section 4 and lastly, Section 5 offers the conclusion.
2. THEORETICAL ASPECTS
Fundamentally, for the concept of an amplifier, the input and output matching network are designed
to carry out the required small signal gain, stability, and bandwidth. Hyper-frequency amplifier is a typical
active circuit utilized to amplify the amplitude of RF signal. Basic concept and consideration in design of
hyper frequency amplifier is presented below. For the power amplifier designed, the expression and equation
were referred to [12]-[17]. Figure 1, presents a typical single-stage microwave amplifier with an input/output
matching networks.
Figure 1. Block diagram of power amplifier
Where:
The reflection coefficient of the source:
0
0
S
S
S
Z Z
Z Z
(1)
The reflection coefficient of the load:
0
0
L
L
L
Z Z
Z Z
(2)
The input reflection coefficient:
0 12 21
11
0 221
IN L
IN
IN L
Z Z S S
S
Z Z S
(3)
The output reflection coefficient:
0 12 21
22
0 111
OUT S
OUT
OUT S
Z Z S S
S
Z Z S
(4)
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2018 : 3882 – 3889
3884
The key concept of microwave power amplifier design is to match input/output networks of a transistor at
hyper-frequencies utilizing scattering-parameters frequency characteristics at a specific DC-bias point with
source and load impedances. Matching networks circuit is essential to ameliorate efficiency of transmission
from source to load and to minimize undesirable reflection of signal [12] and [14].
2.1. Condition for matching
The scattering parameters of transistor were determined. The merely flexibility permitted to the
designer is the network matching circuit. The input circuit should match to the source while the output circuit
should match to the load for to transfer maximum power to the load. After stability condition of active device
is achieved, network matching circuits should be designed in order that reflection coefficient of every port
can be correlated with conjugate complex number as defined below [15]:
* 12 21
11
221
L
IN S
L
S S
S
S
(5)
* 12 21
22
111
S
OUT L
S
S S
S
S
(6)
2.2. Stability condition
Stability condition is a great attention in RF/Microwave amplifier designing. It have be stabilized by
attenuating any oscillations that may happen and damage the amplifier. Stability has been established by
deriving the selected scattering-parameters and calculating the stability factor (K) and stability measure (B1)
using equations (7) and (8) .the microwave amplifier will be unconditionally stable if the k-factor is greater
than unity (K>1) and the B1-factor is greater than zero (B1>0), and if the K is less than unity and B1 less
than zero , the microwave amplifier would be conditionally stable and plotting stable circle in smith chart is
needed to determine in which region the amplifier is not stable to avoid oscillation condition [16] and [17].
By using the Rollelt's condition that is given as:
11 22
12 21
1 | S | ² | S | ² | | ²
1
2 | S S |
k
(7)
1 11 221 |S | ² |S | ² | | ² 0B (8)
11 22 12 21| | | S S S S | (9)
Where
K is the Rolett factor.
B1 is the Stability measure
2.3. Power gain
A single-stage microwave PA “Power Amplifier” can be modeled by the circuit of Figure 1, where
matching networks are used on both sides of the transistor to transform the input and output impedance Z0 to
the source impedance ZS and load impedance ZL. Various power gains were defined for to comprehend
operation of microwave amplifier, power gains are classified into Operating Power Gain, Available Power
Gain and Transducer Power Gain [14].
2.3.1. Operating power gain
Operating Power Gain is the ratio of power dissipated in the load ZL to the power delivered to the
input of the 2-port network. This gain is independent of ZS, although the characteristics of some active
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
A Novel Configuration of A Microstrip Power Amplifier based on GaAs-FET for ISM … (Amine Rachakh)
3885
devices may be dependent on ZS [13], [14]. Operating Power Gain is given by:
2
2
212 2
22
11
1 1
LL
P
IN IN L
P
G S
P S
(10)
Where:
PL: Power delivered to the load
PIN: Power input to the network
2.3.2. Available power gain
Available Power Gain is the ratio of the power available from the 2-port network to the power
available from the source. This assumes conjugate matching of both the source and the load, and depends on
ZS, but not ZL [14]. Available Power Gain is defined by:
2
2
212 2
11 22
1 1
1 1
Savn
A
avs S L
P
G S
P S S
(11)
Where:
Pavn: Power available from the network
Pavs: Power available from the source
2.3.3. Transducer power gain
Transducer Power Gain is the ratio of the power delivered to the load to the power available from
the source. This depends on both ZS and ZL [14]. Transducer Power Gain is expressed by:
2 2
2
212 2
22
1 1
1 1
S LL
T
avs S IN L
P
G S
P S S
(12)
The transducer power gain is the most useful gain definition for amplifier design, which accounts
for both source and load mismatch.
3. DESIGN PROCEDURE
Gallium Arsenide Field Effect Transistor (GaAs FET) technologies have been chosen to be utilized
for the proposed ISM-band microwave amplifier due to its performance in UHF range and it's become an
excellent choice for high frequency circuit and it meets the required specifications of the proposed ISM-band
microwave amplifier. DC-biasing voltage and current circuit have been designed based on the data sheet of
ATF-21170 which biased at VDS = 4 v and Ids = 50 mA.
DC-biasing circuits consist of Radial stub directly after a quarter-wavelength line (λ/4) add at the
Drain and at the Gate, this Biasing circuit will help to achieve proper isolation at desired RF frequency and to
play the role of an RF choke. The capacitors at input/output ports are utilized as DC blocking capacitors [18].
All capacitors value have been tuned to meet the available commercial at the market, along with different
capacitors used in the proposed amplifier in Table 1. At the source paths, a Taper line was added in series to
improve the stability. The PA requires both input and output matching network. The matching networks
provides matching impedances by microstrip transmission lines technology. It is well known that the
impeccable matching of an amplifier is gotten only when the amplifier is matched for maximum power gain
with a narrow bandwidth. However, in the design of power amplifiers, good matching is preferred rather than
maximum high gain just as the stability should be achieved in the design of PAs. Moreover the impedance
matching will not be excellent when the power gain is in extreme condition somewhat inherently in the single
stage topology. In order to overcome this problem and get the good matching with high power gain. A “T”
type matching is used at the input and the output side of transistor. The detailed Circuitry of the proposed
5. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2018 : 3882 – 3889
3886
design is represented in the Figure 2. The printed circuit of the ISM power amplifier were implemented in
microstrip technology using Epoxy substrate (FR4) with a relative permittivity of 4.4, a thickness of 1.6mm, a
metallization thickness t=0.035mm and a tangential loss of 0.025. For more realizable results, Momentum tool
is performed. Layout architecture utilized for to show the location of the components and the real circuit size.
The layout of the final proposed power amplifier structure is illustrated in Figure 3, where the overall size of
this power amplifier is 73.5 mm (L) * 36 mm (W).
Table 1. Different Capacitors used in the Proposed Power Amplifier
Capacitors Values (pF)
Cin 220
Cout 220
CD_Bias 220
CG_Bias 220
Figure 2. Topology of the proposed amplifier designed with a “T” type matching
Figure 3. Layout of the proposed amplifier
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
A Novel Configuration of A Microstrip Power Amplifier based on GaAs-FET for ISM … (Amine Rachakh)
3887
4. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The DC voltage of power amplifier is adjusted to VDS=4V and VGS=0.5V .during the simulation,
optimization technique was used to get better performance and to reduce the size of power amplifier. The
proposed microwave power amplifier was characterized by small signal performance and power performance
simulations.
Both small signal performance and power performance simulations have been executed using the
advanced Design System (ADS) software.
Small-signal simulations are performed using an S-parameters which run from 2 to 3GHz. Figure 4
presents the simulated small-signal of performance of the proposed microwave power amplifier. the small
signal performance shows the power gain of this power amplifier is about 19.4dB with an isolation coefficient
(S12) lower than -24dB over the bandwidth, and the return loss is lesser than -10dB over the interested band; it
can be observed that the input return loss (S11) is less than -38dB and the output return loss (S22) is less than
-33.5dB at 2.45GHz. The stability condition of this power amplifier is determined through small-signal
performance, According to the Rolett Criteria. The necessary and adequate conditions for unconditional
stability are determined by the Equations (7), (8). From figures below, it can be seen that B1> 0 and K >1 over
operating frequency band. Consequently, the conditions for unconditional stability of proposed power
amplifier are confirmed on the interested band, which means there is no risk of oscillations. Figure 5 and
Figure 6 illustrates the curves of the stability measure B1 and the stability factor K versus frequency.
The power performance (the large-signal performance) is simulated using a Harmonic Balanced
simulator. This PA was run at the frequency of 2.45GHz for power input range from -30 to 30dBm under
VDS=4V supply voltage. The circuit achieves a maximum saturated output power of 8dBm at 1dB compression
point. Figure 7 shows the simulation results of output power versus input power at the frequency of 2.45GHz.
Figure 4. S-parameters versus frequency of the
proposed ISM-amplifier
Figure 5. Stability factor versus frequency
characteristics
Figure 6. Stability measure versus frequency
characteristics
Figure 7. Input power versus output power for
2.45 GHz
The proposed power amplifier performances were compared to some existing works in the literature
in terms of Power Gain and Reflection Coefficients , the comparison results are presented in Table 2, we can
conclude that the proposed amplifier has a excellent performances compared to the reported works.
7. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2018 : 3882 – 3889
3888
Table 2. Comparison of Proposed Power Amplifier Performance with some Existing PAs
Ref Technology Frequency
(GHz)
Supply Voltage
(V)
Power Gain
(dB)
Input Return
Loss(dB)
Output Return
Loss (dB)
[18] Si BJT 1.7 - 2.2 10 11.5 ± 1 -22 -24
[19] PHEMT 1.9 4.75 13 -15 -
[20] GaAs PHEMT 2.45 3 7.51 -7.49 -10.95
[21] 180nm CMOS 2.45 1.8 15 -12.66 -9.22
[22] GaN HEMT 1.9 - 2.5 28 18.9 -17 -
[23] SiGe HBT 2.4 2.75 15.6 -10 -15.8
This Work GaAs FET 2.45 4 19.4 -38 -33.5
5. CONCLUSION
This paper presents a new design of microwave single stage power amplifier intended for
applications ISM at 2.45GHz. This is performed by employing a GaAs FET (ATF-21170). The aim of this
manuscript is design, simulate and optimize a microwave power amplifier with a microstrip technology. The
use of T matching technique at the input and the output stages of the PA has contributed the best performance
for the amplifier. From the design parameters and simulation result. The proposed PA is biased at supply
voltage of VDS=4V with drain current of 50mA. The microwave power amplifier has an isolation coefficient
(S12) lower than -24dB with a power gain of 19dB, input return loss of -38dB and output return loss of
-33.5dB and stability without oscillating in its required frequency band.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to take this opportunity to thank Mr. Mohamed Latrach Professor in ESEO,
engineering institute in Angers, France, for allowing us to use electromagnetic solvers available in his
laboratory.
REFERENCES
[1] F. Oktafiani, et al., “Measurement and Evaluation of Tx/Rx Antennas for X-Band Radar System”, TELKOMNIKA
(Telecommunication Comput. Electron. Control. vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 555-562, 2016.
[2] T. Van Hoi, et al., “Design of a Front-End for Satellite Receiver”, International Journal of Electrical and Computer
Engineering (IJECE), vol. 6, no. 5, p. 2282, 2016.
[3] T. K. Quach, et al., “Ultrahigh-efficiency Power Amplifier for Space Radar Applications”, IEEE J. Solid-State
Circuits, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 1126-1134, 2002.
[4] S. Rezanezhad, “Design of Fuzzy Optimized Controller for Satellite Attitude Control by Two State actuator to
reduce Limit Cycle based on Takagi-Sugeno Method”, International Journal of Electrical and Computer
Engineering (IJECE), vol. 4, no. 3, p. 303, 2014.
[5] W. R. Curtice and M. Ettenberg, “A Nonlinear GaAs FET Model for use in the Design of Output Circuits for Power
Amplifiers”, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 1383-1394, 1985.
[6] C. Duvanaud, et al., “High-efficient Class F GaAs FET Amplifiers Operating with very low bias Voltages for use in
Mobile Telephones at 1.75 GHz”, IEEE Microw. Guid. Wave Lett, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 268-270, 1993.
[7] A. Materka and T. Kacprzak, “Computer Calculation of large-signal GaAs FET Amplifier Characteristics”, IEEE
Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 129-135, 1985.
[8] R. S. Pengelly and J. A. Turner, “Monolithic Broadband GaAs FET Amplifiers”, Electron. Lett. vol. 12, no. 10, pp.
251-252, 1976.
[9] E. T. Watkins, et al., “A 60 GHz GaAs FET Amplifier,” in 1983 IEEE MTT-S Digest, 1983, pp. 145-147.
[10] P. B. Khannur, “A CMOS Power Amplifier with Power Control and T/R switch for 2.45-GHz Bluetooth/ISM band
Applications”, in Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, 2003 IEEE, 2003, pp. 145-148.
[11] B. Tuch, “Development of WaveLAN®, an ISM band wireless LAN”, Bell Labs Tech. J., vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 27-37,
1993.
[12] Inder J. Bahl, Fundamentals of RF and Microwave Transistor Amplifiers, 2009.
[13] Guillermo Gonzalez, “Microwave Transistor Amplifiers”, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc, 1997, 1984.
[14] David M. Pozar, “Microwave Engineering”, Second Edition, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, John Wiely &
Sons, Inc., 1998.
[15] A. R. Othman, et al., “High Gain Cascaded Low Noise Amplifier Using T-Matching Network”, J. Telecommun.
Electron. Comput. Eng., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 63-69, 2010.
[16] G. Su, et al., “An Estimable Stability Method Applied to Power Amplifier Design”, in Electrical Design of
Advanced Packaging and Systems Symposium (EDAPS), 2011 IEEE, 2011, pp. 1-4.
[17] E. L. Tan, et al., “Geometrical Stability Criteria for two-port Networks in Invariant Immittance Parameters
Representation”, in Microwave Conference, 2008. APMC 2008. Asia-Pacific, 2008, pp. 1-4.
8. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
A Novel Configuration of A Microstrip Power Amplifier based on GaAs-FET for ISM … (Amine Rachakh)
3889
[18] A. Rachakh, et al., “A Novel Design of a Microstrip Microwave Broadband Power Amplifier for DCS, PCS and
UMTS Bands”, in Wireless Technologies, Embedded and Intelligent Systems (WITS), 2017 International Conference
on, 2017, pp. 1-5.
[19] F. Y. Ng-Molina, et al., “Band-pass Distributed Power Amplifier in Monolithic Technology for the LTE Band”, in
Integrated Nonlinear Microwave and Millimetre-Wave Circuits (INMMIC), 2012 Workshop on, 2012, pp. 1-3.
[20] A. Rasmi, et al., “A 2.4 GHz Packaged Power Amplifier using GaAs PHEMT Technology”, in Micro and
Nanoelectronics (RSM), 2011 IEEE Regional Symposium on, 2011, pp. 148-151.
[21] Santosh B. Patil and Rajendra D. Kanphade, “Design and Analysis of A 2.4 Ghz Fully Integrated 1.8V Power
Amplifier in TSMC 180nm CMOS RF Process for Wireless Communication”, International Conference on VLSI
Systems, Architecture, Technology and Applications, 2015.
[22] M. Iqbal and A. Piacibello, “A 5W Class-AB Power Amplifier based on a GaN HEMT for LTE Communication
Band”, in Microwave Symposium (MMS), 2016 16th Mediterranean, 2016, pp. 1-4.
[23] P. Saad and N. B. Carvalho, “Power Amplifier Design for 2.4 GHz, 802.11 b Standard using SiGe
HBTTechnology”, in 6th Conference on Telecommunications (Conftele 2007), Portugal, 2007, pp. 9-11.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Amine Rachakh was born in Youssoufia, Morocco, in June 1990. He received the Master's degree
in Microelectronics and Embedded Systems from the Faculty of Science Dhar El Mahrez, University
Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fes, Morocco, in 2014. He is currently prepared a Ph.D. degree in
RF/Microwave and Electronics at Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Hassan 1st, Settat,
Morocco, since 2015. His research interests include the study, design and realization of microwave
power amplifiers.
Larbi El Abdellaoui was born in Tiflet, Morocco, in 1961. He received the Ph.D. degree in
electronics from the University of Metz, in 1994, France. He is currently an associate Professor of
Electronics in Faculty of sciences and techniques, University Hassan 1st, Settat, Morocco. He is
involved in the design of hybrid, monolithic active and passive microwave electronic circuits
Jamal Zbitou was born in Fes, Morocco, in June 1976. He received the Ph.D. degree in electronics
from Polytech of Nantes, the University of Nantes, Nantes, France, in 2005. He is currently an
associate Professor of Electronics in FST University Hassan 1st, Settat, Morocco. He is involved in
the design of hybrid, monolithic active and passive microwave electronic circuits.
Ahmed Errkik was born in July 1960 in Morocco. He received the Ph.D. degree in physics from
the University of Technology Compiegne (UTC), France. He is currently an associate Professor of
physics in FST University Hassan 1st, Settat, Morocco. He is involved in the design of hybrid,
monolithic active and passive microwave electronic circuits.
Abdelali Tajmouati was born in, Morocco, in 1962. He received the Ph.D. degree in science
engineering from the University of Perpignan, France, in 1992. He is currently an associate
Professor of Electronics, thermal transfer and thermodynamic in Faculty of sciences and techniques
University Hassan 1st, Settat, Morocco. He is involved in the design of hybrid, monolithic active
and passive microwave electronic circuits.
Mohamed Latrach was born in Douar Ksiba, Sless, Morocco, in 1958. He received the Ph.D.
degree in electronics from the University of Limoges, Limoges, France, in 1990. He is currently a
Professor of microwave engineering with the Ecole Suprieure d’Electronique de l’Ouest (ESEO),
Angers, France, where his research involves RF and microwaves. His field of interest is the design
of hybrid, monolithic active, and passive microwave circuits, metamaterials, LH materials, antennas
and their applications in wireless Communications.