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July 5, 2005 Higher Education Reform in South Korea - Policy Responses to a Changing World - Gwang-Jo Kim, Ed.D Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development Republic of Korea
Contents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
I . OVERVIEW
South Korea at a Glance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Seoul Busan P’yongyang Kwangju Korea Chongjin Daegu Taech’on
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Brief history and culture
Economic development   61.4 (2003) 60.7 60.5 62.2 60.0 59.0 47.6 Labor force  Participation rate (%) 23 (2003) 22 21 21 19 14 10 Labor force (Millions) 3.5 4.1 6.8 2.6 2.4 5.2 4.4 Unemployment rate (%) 12,646 9,675 6,843 10,363 7,751 2,324 650 GNI per capita  (US$) 48 47 46 46 43 38 32 Population (Millions) 2004 2000 1998 1997 1990 1980 1970
Economy and education (’60s-’70s) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],VET/HE ,[object Object],[object Object],General Education ,[object Object],[object Object],Major Industry/ Exports ,[object Object],Economy 1960s  –  mid-1970s
Economy and education (’70s-’80s) ,[object Object],[object Object],VET/HE ,[object Object],General Education ,[object Object],[object Object],Major Industry/ Exports ,[object Object],Economy mid-1970s  –  1980s
Economy and education (’90s ~) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],VET/HE ,[object Object],[object Object],General Education ,[object Object],[object Object],Major Industry/ Exports ,[object Object],Economy 1990s through the present
II. STATE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
Formal education system Age 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 Kindergarten Elementary School Middle School General High School College/University (4-year College, University of Technology,  Industrial University) Graduate School Vocational High School (agricultural, technical, industrial, commercial, fishery, home, economies) Junior College
Education Finance (Public Investment)
  (Source : Education at a Glance, 2004)   Public educational expenditures (% GDP)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Governance of education
Higher education sector is divided into the following segments : ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Qualification framework ,[object Object],[object Object],Junior College ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],University ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Graduate School Vocational Qualifications Academic Qualifications HE Type
Financial and human resources invested in HE ,[object Object],Note) *Type A : University, Graduate School  **Type B : Junior college, Technical college Type B** Type A * 94 66 70 79 $ 26,636 $ 35,179 $ 26,685 $ 15,916 GDP per capita(’01) 0.5 1.5 1.3 0.5 Public expenditure on HE as a percentage of GDP 62 17.1 $ 22,234 US 73 15.4 $ 12,319 OECD 11.2 -  Ratio of students to teaching staff 86 74 Survival rates in tertiary education $11,164  $ 6,618  Expenditure per student(’01) Japan Korea
University Graduates by Field of Study (%) ,[object Object],1.2 1.9 1.7 7.3 3.6 40.0 6.5 11.5 Poland 0.7 8.5 3.7 9.1 8.4 38.7 8.7 20.0 Hungary 5.0 15.2 1.9 17.6 1.8 27.4 14.7 8.0 Germany 1.4 9.6 2.3 6.3 3.5 41.4 14.4 13.2 U.S.A. 3.5 7.1 2.6 27.4 2.9 22.3 21.4 5.2 Korea Physical sciences Health & Welfare Agri-culture Engineer-ing, Manu-facturing Services Social Sciences, Business, Law Humanities & Art Education
Expansion of higher education ’ 70 ’ 80 ’ 90 ’ 00 ’ 04 5.4% 11.4% 23.6% 61.7% 52.5% Elite Mass Universal (Trow) ※  The Percentage of Higher Education Attendance = (enrolled students/school age population)
School leavers choice 2002 (1990) Graduation from Year 12 Secondary School 4 year Universities 2 year Jr. Colleges  18.1% (33.7%) Post Grad Study 8.6%   (7.7%)   of Graduates 56.4%   (52.3%)   of Graduates Non-economic activity population Work 9.7% (37.8%) 23.9% (11.7%) 54.3% (20.0%) 37.7%   (48.2%)   of Graduates 12.4%   (7.4%)   of Graduates 25.0%   (22.4%)  of Graduates 31.1%   (37.0%)  of Graduates
Employment rate by education level
Earnings differentials
III. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
College admission dominates k-12 education ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Concentration in Seoul metropolitan area poses another problem ,[object Object],47.5 49.2 43.4 48.7 42.0   Hospitals  39.8 41.5 48.6 69.1 55.8 Enrollments 41.8 45.8 49.4 56.3 52.9 # Institutions   Universities 62.2 62.9 69.2 67.1 44.5 Loans 67.9 65.5 69.8 68.2 59.7 Deposits Financial Institutions 36.8 43.7 38.6 46.3 41.2 Outputs 56.6 58.1 43.8 32.8 26.7 # Firms   Business Firms 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960
Relative performance of HE is not as good as.. Science Citation Index ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Extent of specialization is too low Korea U S Associate Bachelor  Master  Doctorate 53% 19% 20% 8% 44% 4% 13% 39%
[object Object],HE  is not pertinent enough ,[object Object],87% Practice&field exp 75% Creativity 68% Field experience of faculty 70% instructions 72% Curriculum Federation of Korean Industries,  2002. 24.1 31.6 26.7 27.9 15.8 15.0 33.3 25.4 Jr.College University Well Matched Matched  Mismatched Badly Mismatched Source: Office of Statistics,  2003 (%)
Stakeholders are disconnected ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HE is not prepared for an aging population <Source : National Statistical Office>
Nor is it matched up to a structural change in the economy
Knowledge workers are in great demand (Unit : thousands)   Classification 1993 1998 2000 2002 Change (02~93) Legislators, senior official and managers 523 (2.6) 494 (2.5) 465 (2.2) 570 (2.6) 47 (0) Professionals, technicians & associate professionals 2,417 (12.6) 3,254 (16.3) 3,477 (16.4) 3,692 (16.7) 1,275 (4.1) Clerks 2,474 (12.9) 2,481 (12.4) 2,512 (11.9) 2,822 (12.7) 348 ( ▽ 0.2) Service workers and shop and market sales workers 4,053 (21.1) 4,712 (23.6) 5,501 (26.0) 5,795 (26.1) 1,742 (5.0) Skilled agricultural and fishery workers 2,322 (12.1) 2,284 (11.5) 2,115 (10.0) 1,964 (8.9) ▽ 358 ( ▽ 3.2) Craft, machine operators and assemblers 5,341 (27.8) 4,643 (23.3) 4,980 (23.5) 5,070 (22.9) ▽ 271 ( ▽ 4.9) Elementary occupations 2,105 (10.9) 2,069 (10.4) 2,107 (10.0) 2,255 (10.2) 150 ( ▽ 0.7) Total Employed Persons 19,234 (100) 19,938 (100) 21,156 (100) 22,169 (100) 2,935 (0)
The trend of knowledge-based economy is accelerating < Source : MOCIE>
IV. REFORM INITIATIVES
Globally Competetive Higher Education LB information  Restructuring &  competition Partnerships Selected funding  for specialization Top-notch  professionals (Graduate Schools) Regional  innovation  initiators   (Universities) Industrial  engineers  (Junior Colleges )
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Major strategies
Reform of college admission policy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],GPA (HS grade point average) ,[object Object],[object Object],Interview ,[object Object],[object Object],Admission based on residence, SES.. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) 2008 NOW
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Improvement of professional training
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Strengthening of research training
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Universities for regional innovation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Vicious Cycle Virtuous Cycle NURI
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Creation of external pressure
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Improving HE policy coordination
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Facilitation of university-industry partnerships Firms, Investors Researchers Prospective R&D Results Purchase R&D  Products Connect (TLO)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Linking LB information to HE
[email_address] Thank You !

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Higher Education Reform Ministry Of Education

  • 1. July 5, 2005 Higher Education Reform in South Korea - Policy Responses to a Changing World - Gwang-Jo Kim, Ed.D Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development Republic of Korea
  • 2.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. Economic development 61.4 (2003) 60.7 60.5 62.2 60.0 59.0 47.6 Labor force Participation rate (%) 23 (2003) 22 21 21 19 14 10 Labor force (Millions) 3.5 4.1 6.8 2.6 2.4 5.2 4.4 Unemployment rate (%) 12,646 9,675 6,843 10,363 7,751 2,324 650 GNI per capita (US$) 48 47 46 46 43 38 32 Population (Millions) 2004 2000 1998 1997 1990 1980 1970
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. II. STATE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
  • 11. Formal education system Age 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 Kindergarten Elementary School Middle School General High School College/University (4-year College, University of Technology, Industrial University) Graduate School Vocational High School (agricultural, technical, industrial, commercial, fishery, home, economies) Junior College
  • 13.   (Source : Education at a Glance, 2004) Public educational expenditures (% GDP)
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19. Expansion of higher education ’ 70 ’ 80 ’ 90 ’ 00 ’ 04 5.4% 11.4% 23.6% 61.7% 52.5% Elite Mass Universal (Trow) ※ The Percentage of Higher Education Attendance = (enrolled students/school age population)
  • 20. School leavers choice 2002 (1990) Graduation from Year 12 Secondary School 4 year Universities 2 year Jr. Colleges 18.1% (33.7%) Post Grad Study 8.6% (7.7%) of Graduates 56.4% (52.3%) of Graduates Non-economic activity population Work 9.7% (37.8%) 23.9% (11.7%) 54.3% (20.0%) 37.7% (48.2%) of Graduates 12.4% (7.4%) of Graduates 25.0% (22.4%) of Graduates 31.1% (37.0%) of Graduates
  • 21. Employment rate by education level
  • 23. III. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30. HE is not prepared for an aging population <Source : National Statistical Office>
  • 31. Nor is it matched up to a structural change in the economy
  • 32. Knowledge workers are in great demand (Unit : thousands) Classification 1993 1998 2000 2002 Change (02~93) Legislators, senior official and managers 523 (2.6) 494 (2.5) 465 (2.2) 570 (2.6) 47 (0) Professionals, technicians & associate professionals 2,417 (12.6) 3,254 (16.3) 3,477 (16.4) 3,692 (16.7) 1,275 (4.1) Clerks 2,474 (12.9) 2,481 (12.4) 2,512 (11.9) 2,822 (12.7) 348 ( ▽ 0.2) Service workers and shop and market sales workers 4,053 (21.1) 4,712 (23.6) 5,501 (26.0) 5,795 (26.1) 1,742 (5.0) Skilled agricultural and fishery workers 2,322 (12.1) 2,284 (11.5) 2,115 (10.0) 1,964 (8.9) ▽ 358 ( ▽ 3.2) Craft, machine operators and assemblers 5,341 (27.8) 4,643 (23.3) 4,980 (23.5) 5,070 (22.9) ▽ 271 ( ▽ 4.9) Elementary occupations 2,105 (10.9) 2,069 (10.4) 2,107 (10.0) 2,255 (10.2) 150 ( ▽ 0.7) Total Employed Persons 19,234 (100) 19,938 (100) 21,156 (100) 22,169 (100) 2,935 (0)
  • 33. The trend of knowledge-based economy is accelerating < Source : MOCIE>
  • 35. Globally Competetive Higher Education LB information Restructuring & competition Partnerships Selected funding for specialization Top-notch professionals (Graduate Schools) Regional innovation initiators (Universities) Industrial engineers (Junior Colleges )
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.