The document summarizes higher education in Japan. It notes that most higher education institutions are private, including over 75% of 4-year institutions and 85% of junior colleges. It also discusses reforms to management structures, including incorporating national universities, and increasing autonomy and accountability. Accreditation of institutions has been institutionalized. Government expenditures on higher education amount to around 3% of GDP.

1. Country Report: Higher Education in Japan IFE2020, EWC, Hawai’i 12 th Sept., 2007 Helga TABUCHI Rie MORI

4. Private-Sector Dominant System II 4-Year+ Institutions (FY2007) 11.4 11.7 76.9 22.2 4.6 73.2

5. Private-Sector Dominant System III Junior Colleges (FY2007) 84.9 94.1

6. Raising Enrollment Rate/ Declining College-Age Population

7. Reform of the Management System: Nationwide ○ Incorporatizaon of National Public Universities in FY2004 ・ Introduction of more corporate governance top-down style management ・ Introduction of a flexible, non-civil servant type personnel system ・ Thorough disclosure of information and evaluations ・ Wide autonomous examination of possibility of reorganization and merger from viewpoint of further development of education and research *The number of universities is {scheduled} to be reduced from 101 in April 2002 to 86 by October 2007 ○ Establishment of the Local Public University Incorporatization System (FY2004) ・ Incorporation is now possible at the discretion of each institution’s founder (local government) ・ Number of corporations (as of FY2006): 22 (27 universities) ○ Revision of the Private School Law (passed by Parliament in FY2004, implemented from FY2005) ・ Establish rules for executive committees ・ Mandatory disclosure of information such as financial statements

11. Promotion and Development of Higher Education Local subsidies tax Subsidies to private universities (Y328.1 billion) Basic Expenditures Basic financial measures, whereby each can manifest autonomy and independence Student Aid Expenditures Direct financial measures for students National universities Public universities Private universities Substantiation of scholarship programs (total project expenses: Y850.8 billion) Promotion of foreign student exchanges (Y40.6 billion) ○ Guaranteeing basic expenditures ○ Strengthening support for each university’s individual undertakings ○ Increasing the number of personnel lent Japan Student Services Organization scholarships ○ Substantiation of support for accepting foreign exchange students and support for Japanese students to study abroad Administrative expense subsidies (Y1204.4 billion) Budget for Higher Education in FY2007 (Higher Education Bureau) Substantiation of support for education in national, public, and private universities (Y61.5 billion) Support for education in national, public and private universities (Y57.5 billion) ・ Global COE Program (new) ・ Program to Support Reform of Graduate School Education (new) ・ Support Program for Distinctive University Education ・ Support Program for Contemporary Education Needs etc. Regional Medical Care. (Y2.7 billion) ・ Plan for Fostering Cancer Care Professionals (new) Industry-Academia Collaborations (Y1.3 billion) ・ Project to Promote the Fostering of Manufacturing Technicians (new) ・ Program to Promote the Fostering of Service Innovation Personnel (new) Competitive Funding Support for education and research projects at national, public and private universities Student Aid Expenditures Dual Support

12. Geographical distribution of National universities （ As of October 1, 2007 ）

13. Composition of Income of National Universities (FY2005)

14. Composition of Expenses of National Universities (FY2005)

16. Change in Subsidies for Operational Expenses for Private Universities etc.

17. Public expenditure on higher education as a percentage of GDP OECD Average ※ as of 2003 ※ＯＥＣＤ「 Education at a Glance 」 (2006Edition)

18. Research Potential of Universities in Japan 1:US 32.7% ２ :Japan 10.3% 3:Germany 9.2% 4:UK 9.1% 5:France 6.8% Others 31.9% 4:Japan 8.5% Others 12.0% 1:US 49.6% 2:UK 12.1% 3:Germany 10.9% 5:France 6.9% ○ Share in the number of papers （ quantitative aspect ） ○ Share in the number of citations （ qualitative aspect ） ○ Rankings in the number of citation by research areas （ 1996 to 2006 ） （ Source) 「 National Science Indicators,1981-1999 」 【 Physics 】 （ out of 608 ） ２（２） Univ. of Tokyo ９（ 13 ） Tohoku Univ. 23 （ 24 ） Osaka Univ. 27 （ 27 ） Kyoto Univ. （ Thomson Scientific, “Citation trends of Japanese Scholarly Papers, 1996-2006, Japanese Research Citation Ranking”) 【 Chemistry 】 （ out of 796 ） ４（３） Kyoto Univ. ５（４） Univ. of Tokyo 11 （ 13 ） Osaka Univ. 20 （ 17 ） Tokyo Inst. Tech. 21 （ 22 ） Tohoku Univ. 【 Material Science 】 （ out of 553 ） ３（２） Tohoku Univ. ９（ 11 ） Osaka Univ. 11 （９） Kyoto Univ. 16 （ 15 ） Univ. of Tokyo 17 （ 17 ） Tokyo Inst. Tech. 28 （ 29 ） Kyushu Univ. ※ （ ） :Ranking in the last year 【 Biology/ Biochemistry 】 （ out of 602 ） ５ Univ. of Tokyo 25 Kyoto Univ. 27 Osaka Univ. １ US ２ Japan ３ Germany ４ UK ５ France １ US ２ UK ３ Germany ４ Japan ５ France Univ. of Tokyo is ranked No.2 in physics Tohoku Univ. is ranked No3 in material science

19. Trends in the Number of Foreign Students by Type of Educational Institution