This document discusses the need to reform Uzbekistan's social protection model to align with its future economic and social transformations through 2030. The current model effectively addressed challenges during transition but now replicates aspects of the existing system that need reform. Specifically, the labor market, social assistance, and education systems do not fully support the goals of increasing skilled employment, economic growth from industry/services, and an innovative workforce. Unless reforms are made, sustainability issues will arise for social programs due to constraints on fiscal resources and pension funding. Transforming the economy and ensuring a larger formal sector are keys to enabling necessary changes to social protection.
Accelerated economic growth and the interlinked expanding processes of economic, social and institutional transformations require social protection policies in Uzbekistan being also transformed. The new system must not just protect, but also help people to get adapted to the rapidly changing socio-economic environment, bring marginal strata of the population into the mainstream and economic activity, thereby changing the portrait of society and shaping new values and behavioral stereotypes.
This report is a joint effort of the Government of Uzbekistan and the United Nations (UN) agencies in Uzbekistan, and it aims to provide an analysis and assessment of the country’s progress towards the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals during 2000-2013. It also identifies key factors that have contributed to the achievement of the goals as well as highlighting the challenges the country will have to address in the years to come.
The MDG report is the result of a highly participatory and consultative process: 8 working groups were formed with national experts from more than 15 Ministries and institutions and representatives of eight UN agencies; 4 rounds of working group meetings and round tables were organized to discuss the structure and core content of the document; several international experts were involved in its preparation. The Center of Economic Research (CER), a coordinating body on preparation of the MDG Report, has made a presentation of MDG Report to highlight the progress towards attainment of MDGs in Uzbekistan. In turn, the UN Office in Uzbekistan has delivered information on key principles and priorities of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) at the global level.
Putting Children First: Session 1.6.D Alebel Weldesilassie - Towards ensuring...The Impact Initiative
Putting Children First: Identifying solutions and taking action to tackle poverty and inequality in Africa.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-25 October 2017
This three-day international conference aimed to engage policy makers, practitioners and researchers in identifying solutions for fighting child poverty and inequality in Africa, and in inspiring action towards change. The conference offered a platform for bridging divides across sectors, disciplines and policy, practice and research.
Presentation by Inmaculada Placencia Porrero (Deputy Head of Unit, European Commission DG JUST.D.3) on the occasion of the EESC LMO conference on 'Excluded or included' in Brussels on 6 November 2012.
Presentation by Antonia Carparelli, (acting director Europe 2020 Social Policies, DG EMPL) during the public hearing on Strengthening EU cohesion and EU social policy coordination through the new horizontal social clause in Article 9 TFEU on 13.04.2011
Presentation by Isabelle Engsted-Maquet (Policy officer, European Commission, DG EMPL A.2) on the occasion of the EESC hearing on European minimum income and poverty indicators (Brussels, 28 May 2013)
Accelerated economic growth and the interlinked expanding processes of economic, social and institutional transformations require social protection policies in Uzbekistan being also transformed. The new system must not just protect, but also help people to get adapted to the rapidly changing socio-economic environment, bring marginal strata of the population into the mainstream and economic activity, thereby changing the portrait of society and shaping new values and behavioral stereotypes.
This report is a joint effort of the Government of Uzbekistan and the United Nations (UN) agencies in Uzbekistan, and it aims to provide an analysis and assessment of the country’s progress towards the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals during 2000-2013. It also identifies key factors that have contributed to the achievement of the goals as well as highlighting the challenges the country will have to address in the years to come.
The MDG report is the result of a highly participatory and consultative process: 8 working groups were formed with national experts from more than 15 Ministries and institutions and representatives of eight UN agencies; 4 rounds of working group meetings and round tables were organized to discuss the structure and core content of the document; several international experts were involved in its preparation. The Center of Economic Research (CER), a coordinating body on preparation of the MDG Report, has made a presentation of MDG Report to highlight the progress towards attainment of MDGs in Uzbekistan. In turn, the UN Office in Uzbekistan has delivered information on key principles and priorities of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) at the global level.
Putting Children First: Session 1.6.D Alebel Weldesilassie - Towards ensuring...The Impact Initiative
Putting Children First: Identifying solutions and taking action to tackle poverty and inequality in Africa.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-25 October 2017
This three-day international conference aimed to engage policy makers, practitioners and researchers in identifying solutions for fighting child poverty and inequality in Africa, and in inspiring action towards change. The conference offered a platform for bridging divides across sectors, disciplines and policy, practice and research.
Presentation by Inmaculada Placencia Porrero (Deputy Head of Unit, European Commission DG JUST.D.3) on the occasion of the EESC LMO conference on 'Excluded or included' in Brussels on 6 November 2012.
Presentation by Antonia Carparelli, (acting director Europe 2020 Social Policies, DG EMPL) during the public hearing on Strengthening EU cohesion and EU social policy coordination through the new horizontal social clause in Article 9 TFEU on 13.04.2011
Presentation by Isabelle Engsted-Maquet (Policy officer, European Commission, DG EMPL A.2) on the occasion of the EESC hearing on European minimum income and poverty indicators (Brussels, 28 May 2013)
Presentation by Prof. Hugh Frazer, Expert, National University of Ireland on the occasion of the EESC hearing on European minimum income and poverty indicators (Brussels, 28 May 2013)
Social contract – is an implicit agreement between the government and main social groups, formulated around basic living needs of the society: sustainable livelihoods, guaranteed employment and income, as well as confidence in tomorrow. This implicit agreement determines the nature and model of the society and creates the background and the framework for human development as well as realization of social rights of individuals. Accordingly, it is social contract that defines the model of social policy at each stage of development in the country.
In future Uzbekista faces new challenges, which stipulate the need for transformation of the economy, society, and institutions. With acceleration of transformation processes, the search for new points of balance and appropriate review of the model of social contract may be required to reach the goals of structural reforms and retain social accord. The response to the question, what should be the model of social contract at the subsequent stages will be defined based on the mid-term and long-term development goals of the country.
Presentation Sian Jones (Policy coordination and advocacy work, EAPN) on the occasion of the EESC hearing on European minimum income and poverty indicators (Brussels, 28 May 2013)
This 2016 edition of the OECD Employment Outlook provides an in-depth review of recent labour market trends and short-term prospects in OECD countries.
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The situation of inequality from the youth perspective has received relatively little academic research. However, our research shows that in light of technological change and with the advent of increased automation, not only is the definition of work undergoing a change, but is the employment opportunity landscape for young people in Europe.
Using Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering Techniques, we compare the situation youth employability and inequality for 28 EU countries, before and after the crisis. Our analysis shows that with technology , especially ICT, making a bigger impact on the definition of tasks and skills, the youth of Europe can no longer simply rely on education as a way of escaping inequality. The youth today require more a more entrepreneurially nourishing landscape coupled with an infrastructure that allows for information to grow in order to have a fighting chance to overcome inequality and define a new sense of work in today's digital age.
Presentation on EU economic governance and fiscal decentralisation made at the 2nd CoR conference on sub-national public finances in Brussels on 24 June 2014, by Joaquim Oliveira-Martins, Head, Regional Policy Division, OECD. For more information see www.oecd.org/regional/regional-policy/.
Structural Funds 2014 2020 and Europe 2020 Strategy_Euromine projectMirko Podda
Presentation on the process and principles underlying the use of structural funds and related opportunities for local authorities. The presentation aims to highlight the coherence and complementarity between the objectives of the Europe 2020 strategy and the implementation of European policies through the Structural Funds.
The presentation has been shared and publicly discussed during the third event of Euromine project funded by European Commission under the Europe for Citizens program and which was held in Almadén (Spain).
The strategy of structural reforms in Uzbekistan is prepared to enhance the effectiveness of development efforts towards supporting the Republic of Uzbekistan in its aspirations to become an idustrialized upper middle-income country by the year 2030 through policy dialogue and development of a long-term strategy.
Presentation by Prof. Hugh Frazer, Expert, National University of Ireland on the occasion of the EESC hearing on European minimum income and poverty indicators (Brussels, 28 May 2013)
Social contract – is an implicit agreement between the government and main social groups, formulated around basic living needs of the society: sustainable livelihoods, guaranteed employment and income, as well as confidence in tomorrow. This implicit agreement determines the nature and model of the society and creates the background and the framework for human development as well as realization of social rights of individuals. Accordingly, it is social contract that defines the model of social policy at each stage of development in the country.
In future Uzbekista faces new challenges, which stipulate the need for transformation of the economy, society, and institutions. With acceleration of transformation processes, the search for new points of balance and appropriate review of the model of social contract may be required to reach the goals of structural reforms and retain social accord. The response to the question, what should be the model of social contract at the subsequent stages will be defined based on the mid-term and long-term development goals of the country.
Presentation Sian Jones (Policy coordination and advocacy work, EAPN) on the occasion of the EESC hearing on European minimum income and poverty indicators (Brussels, 28 May 2013)
This 2016 edition of the OECD Employment Outlook provides an in-depth review of recent labour market trends and short-term prospects in OECD countries.
Inequality, Technology & Job Polarization of the Youth Labor Market in Europe.Kariappa Bheemaiah
While Europe continues to see the ramifications of the crisis and is threatened by the exit of Greece from its fold, a bigger and more long-standing crisis has been brewing in the background since well before the crisis.
The situation of inequality from the youth perspective has received relatively little academic research. However, our research shows that in light of technological change and with the advent of increased automation, not only is the definition of work undergoing a change, but is the employment opportunity landscape for young people in Europe.
Using Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering Techniques, we compare the situation youth employability and inequality for 28 EU countries, before and after the crisis. Our analysis shows that with technology , especially ICT, making a bigger impact on the definition of tasks and skills, the youth of Europe can no longer simply rely on education as a way of escaping inequality. The youth today require more a more entrepreneurially nourishing landscape coupled with an infrastructure that allows for information to grow in order to have a fighting chance to overcome inequality and define a new sense of work in today's digital age.
Presentation on EU economic governance and fiscal decentralisation made at the 2nd CoR conference on sub-national public finances in Brussels on 24 June 2014, by Joaquim Oliveira-Martins, Head, Regional Policy Division, OECD. For more information see www.oecd.org/regional/regional-policy/.
Structural Funds 2014 2020 and Europe 2020 Strategy_Euromine projectMirko Podda
Presentation on the process and principles underlying the use of structural funds and related opportunities for local authorities. The presentation aims to highlight the coherence and complementarity between the objectives of the Europe 2020 strategy and the implementation of European policies through the Structural Funds.
The presentation has been shared and publicly discussed during the third event of Euromine project funded by European Commission under the Europe for Citizens program and which was held in Almadén (Spain).
The strategy of structural reforms in Uzbekistan is prepared to enhance the effectiveness of development efforts towards supporting the Republic of Uzbekistan in its aspirations to become an idustrialized upper middle-income country by the year 2030 through policy dialogue and development of a long-term strategy.
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa...StatsCommunications
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Tackling Youth Unemployment at the Local Level: Cambodia caseOECD CFE
This expert meeting of the ESSSA initiative will provide a unique opportunity to share international experience in addressing the issue of skills mismatch as a way to contribute to more inclusive growth and good quality job creation across Southeast Asian countries.
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Keynote Speech by Tony Fang (Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada) at the 1st International Workshop on the Chinese Development Model organized at IQS School of Management, Universitat Ramon Llull in Barcelona on July 8th, 2022
Как показывает мировой опыт, развитие ИТС требует серьезных финансовых средств. И сейчас, когда Узбекистан приступает к проектам в этой сфере, необходима выработка комплексного подхода к реализации данной политики, чтобы обеспечить (1) оптимальное, наименее затратное внедрение ИТС в транспортный сектор страны, (2) достижение максимальных позитивных экономических эффектов от развития интеллектуальных транспортных систем.
Для достижения к 2030 г. уровня развития, соответствующего верхнему сегменту группы стран со средним уровнем дохода на душу населения (4126-12745 долл. США), Узбекистану необходимо совершить экономический прорыв, который возможно осуществить только в условиях резкого роста конкурентоспособности экономики. Важнейшим фактором снижения непроизводительных затрат и повышения конкурентоспособности экономики является совершенствование внешнеторгового режима.
Несмотря на активные меры правительства по совершенствованию деловой среды, индикатор “Международная торговля” для Узбекистана в ежегодном докладе Всемирного банка “Ведение бизнеса” в последние годы практически не улучшался. Это обусловлено как спецификой применявшейся методологии, так и фактическими высокими издержками субъектов ВЭД, связанными с прохождением внешнеторговых
процедур. В 2015 г. Всемирный банк изменил методологию оценки индекса “Международная торговля” – теперь для Узбекистана он будет рассчитываться уже без привязки к морским портам. Само по себе это уже приведет к некоторому росту позиций Узбекистана. Но для значимого улучшения рейтинга страны в части показателя “Международная торговля” необходимо продолжать работу по таким направлениям, как количество разрешительных документов для осуществления экспорта и импорта, финансовые и временные издержки предпринимателей на исполнение требуемых процедур.
On August 8-14, the 29th Triennial International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE) is taking place in Milan, Italy. One of the Symposiums is titled "Food Security and Food Self-Sufficiency in Central Asia", where CER presented the results of its research on "Food Security in 2025: Availability, Accessibility and Nutrition".
The elements of Uzbekistan’s Food policy are now widely recognized and considered as internationally accepted best practices because it has proved its effectiveness and averted the threats to the nation’s food security.
By 2030 Uzbekistan needs to join the group of upper-middle income countries, maintain annual growth rates at 8% and implement structural transformation of the economy by increasing the share of manufacturing industry from 9% to 22%, and the share of services from 45% to 55%. At the same time, the population is estimated to reach 37 million by 2030.
Faster industrialization, population and income growth will significantly increase the need of the economy for resources and at the same time will augment negative manmade impact on the landscape, generating threats for biodiversity conservation. The key challenge in implementation of the long-term strategy is linked to the resource scarcity and risks of natural resource depletion needed for current and future generations.
Сегодня в Узбекистане доля среднего класса составляет около 28-30%, и в интересах социально-экономического развития страны необходимо увеличить средний класс приблизительно вдвое к 2030 году. Около 45-48% населения сегодня составляет "резерв среднего класса" – люди, которые при определенных условиях могут войти в состав среднего класса либо перейти в разряд малообеспеченных. Их переход в средний класс потребует формирования системы институтов – социальных лифтов, которые облегчат переход в средний класс из резерва.
Социальные лифты призваны обеспечить отбор индивидов, обладающих определенными характеристиками, предоставить им необходимые ресурсы и возможности для повышения своего статуса в обществе. Каждый из подобных социальных лифтов обладает как преимуществами, так и ограничениями с точки зрения реализации политик расширения среднего класса.
Сегодня доля трансакционного сектора Узбекистана составляет около 40,7% к ВВП. Вместе с тем, одна из его главных функций - содействие процессам экономического обмена - реализуется не в полной мере, что создает неравные условия для развития предприятий перерабатывающих отраслей в зависимости от их размера и формы
собственности. Расширение доли трансакционного сектора в ВВП происходит, в основном, за счет повышения цен на его услуги, в то время как рост сектора должен происходить преимущественно за счет увеличения количества сделок по оказанию услуг и диверсификации их видов. Это проявляется в высоком уровне трансакционных издержек хозяйствующих субъектов производственных отраслей, что препятствует их укрупнению и качественному развитию, а также замедляет процессы индустриализации и структурной трансформации экономики.
Эффективный транспортный сектор является важнейшей составляющей экономического развития. Ключевой стратегической задачей транспортной политики Узбекистана должно стать выстраивание транспортной системы так, чтобы обеспечить относительное снижение цен на транспортные услуги, оперативность, надежность и доступность услуг транспорта для хозяйствующих субъектов, диверсифицировать транспортные маршруты и стать связующим звеном в трансконтинентальных и региональных логистических схемах.
Efficient transport sector is the paramount component of the economic development. The key strategic task of the transport policy shall become the forming of the transport system of Uzbekistan to the effect that it would be possible to ensure the relative decrease of the costs for transportation services, increase of operational efficiency, reliability and availability of transportation services for the economic entities, diversity of transport routes and become the connecting link in transcontinental and regional logistics schemes.
Будучи совместной инициативой Правительства Узбекистана и агентств Организации Объединенных Наций (ООН) в Узбекистане, Доклад представляет собой анализ и оценку прогресса страны по достижению Целей развития тысячелетия за период 2000-2013 гг. В Докладе определены ключевые факторы, способствовавшие достижению ЦРТ, и сформулированы задачи, стоящие перед Узбекистаном в ближайшие годы.
В ходе подготовки Второго национального доклада состоялся эффективный диалог всех вовлеченных сторон: было сформировано 8 рабочих групп с участием национальных экспертов из 15 министерств и ведомств, и представителей восьми агентств ООН, организовано 4 цикла рабочих встреч и круглых столов для обсуждения логики и ключевых идей документа, были привлечены международные консультанты.
С презентацией доклада и прогресса по достижению ЦРТ в Узбекистане выступил Центр экономических исследований, являющийся координирующим институтом по подготовке доклада.
Since 2008, the role of regions in the structural transformation of the country has significantly increased. A series of measures have been adopted to improve the economic potential and competitiveness of the regions. Production, centered previously in separate centers, gradually "expands and moves" to other regions of the country. In the implementation of regional policy focus has shifted from the concept of equalization of development levels of the regions (inter-regional differentiation), to the policy of their polarized (focused) development, based on the promotion of "points" and "poles" of economic growth. The main instruments of this policy become the creation of free industrial economic zones (FIEZ), the implementation of major investment projects and others.
The emphasis on small towns as drivers of growth brings new demands to the methods of policy implementation in the regions in order to ensure optimization schemes of productive forces location and obtain the multiplier effect at creating employment, infrastructure, income. Under these conditions, the role of local authorities significantly increases. From simple solution centers they should become real managers, who are interested in the growth of the region.
Начиная с 2008 года роль регионов в структурных преобразованиях страны значительно возросла. Был принят целый ряд мер, направленных на повышение экономического потенциала и конкурентоспособности регионов. Производства, сконцентрированные ранее в отдельных центрах, поэтапно «расширяются и двигаются» в другие регионы страны. В реализации региональной политики акцент смещается от концепции выравнивания уровней развития регионов (межрегиональная дифференциация), к политике их поляризованного (сфокусированного) развития, основанного на стимулировании «точек» и «полюсов» роста экономики. Основными инструментами данной политики становятся создание свободных индустриально-экономических зон (СИЭЗ), реализация крупных инвестиционных проектов и др.
Упор на малые города как драйверы роста, выдвигает новые требования к методам реализации политики в регионах с целью обеспечения оптимизации схем размещения производительных сил и получения муль
This infographic shows Human Development Index of Uzbekistan for 2013. Also, it includes some comparison with other countries of Central Asia and Europe.
Действующую модель пенсионной системы можно охарактеризовать как распределительная система с элементами пенсионного страхования. Хотя с 2005 года был введен обязательный накопительный компонент, каркас системы по-прежнему составляет распределительный компонент. Он представлен внебюджетным Пенсионным фондом при Министерстве Финансов, который генерирует ресурсы за счет страховых взносов от ФОТ как работодателей, так и работников.
Пенсионный фонд является одновременно институтом поддержки пенсионеров и борьбы с бедностью для тех групп населения, которые не имеют отношения к пенсионной системе. Следствие такой политики – рост расходов Фонда из-за значительного числа досрочных (льготных) пенсий. Их доля в структуре расходов Пенсионного фонда достигла в 2013 году 48,5% (в 2005 году – 29,7%).
There are two viable options of transition to the resource-efficient model:
Option 1 – phased: increase in extraction of energy resources by 1% before 2020, and by 2% after 2020, while reducing energy intensity down to 40% by 2030.
Option 2 – fast-track: growth in extraction of energy resources by 1-2% until 2020 and by 2-3% after 2020, combined with reduction of energy intensity by 2.3-fold until 2030.
Рост реальных доходов населения создает условия для повышения спроса на развлекательные, туристические и рекреационные услуги.
Общемировые тенденции в сфере туризма так же оказывали благоприятное влияние на приток иностранных туристов. В 2015 году в мире прогнозируется рост числа туристов на уровне 4,7%.
Несмотря на всю критику в адрес разных международных рейтингов, одной из наиболее важных ролей в современном мире остается следующая – быть для стран мерилами успехов в развитии. Рейтинги сегодня охватывают большинство сторон жизни государства и общества – различные аспекты человеческого развития, качество управления, деловую среду и другие измерения, из которых складывается понимание уровня развития страны и, в конечном итоге, ее привлекательности для зарубежных партнеров.
На смену традиционным индикаторам пришли международные рейтинги – одновременно и продукт глобализации, и инструмент ее расширения. За короткий исторический период они превратились в самый популярный инструментарий сопоставления стран и регионов мира, широко признанный инвесторами, донорами и правительствами при принятии решений. Именно благодаря своей популярности рейтинги стали неотъемлемой частью внешнего позиционирования многих развитых и развивающихся стран.
Центр экономических исследований (ЦЭИ) совместно с Экономической и социальной комиссией ООН по Азии и Тихому океану (ЭСКАТО) в 2011-2013 гг. реализовал 2 совместных проекта:
- Совершенствование городского управления и инфраструктуры городов в Узбекистане: проблемы и поиск новых механизмов и инструментов (2011г.)
- Урбанизация в Центральной Азии: вызовы, проблемы и перспективы (2012-2013гг.).
Основная цель проектов – анализ взаимовлияния процессов урбанизации и индустриализации в Узбекистане и регионе ЦА в переходный период.
Работа над Национальной стратегией структурных реформ Узбекистана на период до 2030 г. «Видение – 2030» была запущена в рамках совместной инициативы Всемирного банка и Правительства Узбекистана, при поддержке ПРООН. ЦЭИ был выбран как один из главных национальных партнеров для разработки данной Концепции.
Стратегия структурных реформ Узбекистана разрабатывается в поддержку развития страны для перехода к 2030 году в группу стран со среднем уровнем дохода.
Прежде чем писать статью, необходимо определиться: зачем Вам эта статья? А потом уже спросите себя: зачем ваша статья публике или конкретному журналу? Данная презентация поможет вам улучшить свои навыки по написанию научных статей.
How many tons of fruits and vegetables will be produced in Uzbekistan during 2014? What share will be exported? The infographic shows some forecast for current year.
More from Center for Economic Research (CER, Uzbekistan) (20)
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the what'sapp number of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
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Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the what'sapp information for my personal pi vendor.
+12349014282
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the what'sapp contact of my personal pi vendor
+12349014282
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Effective Social Protection for a Transforming Economy and Society of Uzbekistan
1. Effective Social Protection for a
Transforming Economy and
Society of Uzbekistan
Center for Economic Research
Tashkent, 2014
2. Social Protection model of Uzbekistan:
Different from any other foreign models
Two polar models:
Option 1: focus on safety
net functions; generous
social system
redistribution and fiscal
burden
Option 2: reduced social
spending, incentives for
private sector; relieved
tax wedge;
Various models applied
at various stages
Neither of the foreign
models fully fit into a
transforming Uzbekistan
economy
Uzbekistan needs to
select its own path and
develop its own model
34,4
41,7 43,9
49,74 7,9
56,05 6,45 8,1
52,7
11,5
19,12 1,6
32,7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Taxes and Social Payments, % of GDP
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Social protection Education Healthcare
Public services National defence National security
3
2,09
3,69
1,48
2,3
1,3
5,6
0,67
3,73
10,4
8,5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
GDP per capita PPP, USD Economic growth rate, %
GDP per capita &Economic Growth rate
Government Budget Expenditures, % of GDP
0,38
0,34
0,290,30
0,26 0,250,260,250,26
0,45
0,31
0,47
0,33
0,41
0,44
0,30
0,49
0,51
0,48
0,50
0,47
0,420,43
0,41
0,47
0,34
0,45
0,460,47
0,44
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
Level of development, redistribution
and inequality
Gini 1 (excluding taxes and transfers)
GDP per capita PPP
Gini 2 (before taxes and transfers)
USA
Great Britain
France
Germany
Austria
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
Finland
China
Korea
Singapore
Japan
Turkey
Malaysia
Uzbekistan
GDP per capita & Economic Growth rate
Level of development,
redistribution and inequality
3. Period
Phases of transformation
Policy instruments
Early 1990-s
Main task – to mitigate major transitory adverse effects of a sharp drop in revenues in early years of transition
Universal social support
- Subsidized prices,
- Allowances and compensation to all families
Mid 1990-s – Early 2000-s
-Introduction of targeted financial assistance for the vulnerable + measures on improving well-being of the population
-Policies in education and public healthcare actively developed and implemented.
-Expansion and promotion of entrepreneurship, development of private form of ownership, incentives to stimulate economic activity of the population
-Reduction and elimination of price subsidies,
- Introduction of targeted financial assistance to low-income families (1994-1996),
-Introduction of targeted support for families with children (1996-2002).
-Annual investments to education at 7,6 % of GDP; public health declared as a priority sector (particularly maternal and children's health);
Early 2000-s
–Present
Further transition to targeted social protection policies + Further investment into education and healthcare programs
-Replacement of specific preferences for the population with cash payments,
-Further transition to targeted social assistance for low- income families
-Decentralization of allocation and payment of allowances to low income families - given authorities transferred to local communities - makhallas
Uzbekistan in Transition: Evolution of SP policies and schemes
4. Uzbekistan in Transition: The SP model contributed
to attainment of the development goals
44
15,0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
50
100
150
200
250
Welfare improvement
and Poverty rate
GDP per capita(2000=100)
34,6
26
18,9 14,2 10,9 10,6
65,3
32,2 33,1
29,2
21 21,4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012
Infant mortality (per 1000 live births))
Maternal mortality (per 100 000 live births)
Maternal and infant mortality
(1990-2012)
0
50
100
150
200
250
1990 2012
Consumption of basic foods 1990 VS
2012 (kg/ year)
71,25 71,2 71,6 71,4
71,85
72,557 2,65 72,8 72,9 72,9 72,9
5,3
5,4
5,3
5
5,4
5,3
5,1 5,1
4,8 4,8
4,9
70
70,5
71
71,5
72
72,5
73
73,5
4,4
4,5
4,6
4,7
4,8
4,9
5
5,1
5,2
5,3
5,4
5,5
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
Expected longevity (right) Mortality rate
Expected longevity and mortality rate High efficiency of the SP system during
the difficult period of the reformation;
• large-scale decline in living standards
and impoverishment prevented;
• access to food maintained;
• access to free public health care and
education maintained high literacy
rate sustained, expected longevity
increased, maternal and infant
mortality dropped;
The SP system was in line and
contributed to attainment of
development goals and priorities.
98
98,5
99
99,5
100
100,5
101
2000 y 2005 y 2010 y 2012 y
Uzbekistan Rural areas Urban areas
LiterLaitceyr aracyte r,a 1te5,- 2154- 24
5. Uzbekistan graduating from Transition: New development goals and economic transformation
Economic Transformations: Development goals for the future:
•Ensure sustainable economic growth rate at 7-8%;
•Transformation of GDP structure by increasing the share of processing industry from 9% in 2012 to 22% in 2030;
•Reformation of the agricultural sector model: focus on efficiency and multiplying effects rather than providing guaranteed source of income for large groups of the population;
•Transition to production of services of higher sophistication, that will allow to increase the proportion of the service sector in GDP from 45,1 % in 2012 to 55 % in 2030.
9,1
9
17
22
14,1
26,4
19,4
15
28
19,5
10,5
8
48,9
45,1
52
55
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2005
2012
2020
2030
Processing industry
Mining industry
Agriculture
Services
Uzbekistan: Transformation of GDP structure to 2030, %
13
21,5
27
9
60
69,5
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2012
2030
Industry
Agriculture
Services
Transformation of employment structure: 2012 VS 2030
6. Uzbekistan graduating from Transition: New development goals and social transformation
Main characteristics of society
1-st stage
2-nd stage
Demographic features
Birth and death rates decrease (b. r. = 20%, d. r. = 6-8%)
Birth and death rates level out
(b.r. = 8-10%, d.r. = 8-10%)
Family type
Average family size = 5-7
Average household size =5-6
Families poly-nuclear, integrated into the community, children are obedient.
Average family size = 3.17
Average household size = 2.4
Families mononuclear, socially isolated, child needs to develop independence, egalitarian families.
Education
Share of higher education = 10%
Vocational education is important
Education based on schools – formalization, empirical knowledge
Share of higher education = 20-50%
Professional education in technical specialization and natural science becomes important
Education is a main factor of social mobility
Education in the information society– computerization, creative component
Employment
Primary and (partially) secondary sector
Skilled and semi-skilled workers
Share of informal employment is above 20%
Secondary, tertiary and quaternary sector
Professional and technical work (engineers, mathematicians etc., Education becomes strongly linked to employment
Share of informal employment = 10-20%
The need to adapt and change the specialization throughout the lives. -> education for adults becomes important
Population settlement pattern
Share of urban population is below 50%
Large differences between urban and rural areas
Share of urban population is above 50%
New cities + developed rural areas
The difference between urban and rural areas decrease
Values , stereotypes (1)
Survival values
Self-expression values
Values, stereotypes (2)
Low interpersonal trust, intolerance towards out- groups
High interpersonal trust, tolerance towards out-groups
Values, stereotypes (3)
Dominance of gender inequality stereotypes
Gender equality stereotypes
Values, stereotypes (4)
Dominance of collectivism
Dominance of individualism
Values, stereotypes (5)
Large informal sector
Dominance of rule of law
7. Uzbekistan graduating from transition: New development goals and Role of SP policies
•Objectives of the economic and social transformations to 2030 are fundamentally different from the development goals of the transition period.
•Being a part of the overall development framework, social protection and social policy system should be revised:
–In the transition period: SP system was aimed at eliminating the negative consequences of structural reforms;
–After graduating from transition: social protection should also become a tool for the implementation of the transformation processes in the economy and society.
•Key problem: The current SP model replicates some elements of existing economic and social system which need to be transformed at the future stages of development.
8. The current SP model replicates some elements of existing economic and social system which need to be transformed in future: Labor market policies
•Labor market policies contribute to generation of relatively low productive employment in industries with low level of technological sophistication;
•In transition period, when the main focus of structural reforms was on development of capital-intensive basic industries, this model of employment was justified;
•In transition period this model allowed to partially compensate negative consequences of structural reforms and ensure employment and source of income for all the social groups;
•In future the model of employment generation needs to be reformed in line with the economic and social transformations.
60%
40%
informal
employment
formal
employment
69,1
39,6
0
20
40
60
80
Employment rate among
men
Employment rate among
women
Results of the sociological survey:
Employment rate among men and women
Results of the sociological survey: Informal VS Formal employment
9. The current SP model replicates some elements of existing economic and social system which need to be transformed in future: Social Assistance
•Social allowances effectively serve a protective function: proportion of allowances in the structure of income of recipients is considerable (11 - 22% for various recipients);
•However, social assistance does not sufficiently contribute to pulling out recipients from poverty: if allowances are not provided, per capita incomes decline by 1.4%, the share of poor households will remain the same Transformative function is not fully implemented;
•Demotivating and de-transformative effect of social assistance due to the effect on values and behavioral stereotypes.
82,59%
58,36%
0,0%
30,0%
60,0%
90,0%
got allowance
didn't get allowance
Those who think that women need education only to take care of the family
60,62%
50,61%
44,0%
48,0%
52,0%
56,0%
60,0%
64,0%
got allowance
didn't get allowance
Those who think that women should not work and focus on taking care of their family
40,15%
27,06%
0,0%
10,0%
20,0%
30,0%
40,0%
50,0%
get allowance
didn't get allowance
Those who think that there is no need to study since there is no opportunity to find a
10. The current SP model replicates some elements of existing economic and social system which need to be transformed in future: Education
•Education system also replicates the existing structure of employment and the quality of human capital;
•In the structure of higher education pedagogical specialization dominates However, expected economic transformations will expand the demand for specialists in processing industries (e.g engineers, chemists).
•The low degree of integration of education with labor market requirements (only 48 % of the employed graduates work on a specialty) also reproduces current model of employment and incomes.
12,0
28,5
6,3
22,4
10,5
6,1
14,2
Distribution of students of higher educational institutions by sectoral specialization in Korea (%)
Human sciences
Social sciences
Education
Technical sciences
Natural sciences
Public health and
pharmacology
Arts
14,5
1
6,1
6,4
7,6
7,9
52,9
3,6
Distribution of students of higher educational institutions by sectoral specialization in Uzbekistan (%)
Industry
Construction
Agriculture
Transportation and
communications
Economics
Public health
Education
Other
11. •Sustaining the current economy structure domination of employment, that is low-paid, informal and low-skilled
•Small formal sector Small contributions to government budget
•Constraints to the expansion of government budget revenues;
•Limitations to income growth;
•Expanding demand for social allowances;
•Increase in the share of social protection in government budget Constraints to the fiscal space;
•Deficit of the Pension Fund due to ageing population on the one hand and large informal sector not providing contributions to the Fund on the other hand
•To provide fiscal space for Social policies and Social protection transformations are important
27%
13%
60%
Agriculture
Industry
Services
Structure of employment by sectors
40%
60%
Formal
Informal
Formal VS Informal employment in 2030
5,7%
7,0%
977
1221
0,0%
1,0%
2,0%
3,0%
4,0%
5,0%
6,0%
7,0%
8,0%
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2012
2030
Share of social allowances in government budget, %
(right)
Number of social allowance recipients, thous HH
Demand for Social allowances: 2012 VS 2030
If the model is replicated and Transformations are not implemented, Sustainability of the SP system will be an issue! Uzbekistan in 2030: Inertial development model
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
2012
2030
Revenues
Expenditures
Revenues and Expenditures of Pension Fund:
2013 VS 2030
Revenue
Expenditures
Deficit
12. Transformations are essential to ensure sustainability of the SP system! Expected results of transformations by 2030
9,1
9
17
22
14,1
26,4
19,4
15
28
19,5
10,5
8
48,9
45,1
52
55
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2005
2012
2020
2030
Processing industry
Mining industry
Agriculture
Services
Uzbekistan: Transformation of GDP structure to 2030, %
30,8%
20,0%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
2012
2030
Rate of contributions to the Pension Fund: 2012 VS 2030
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
2012
2030
Expenditures of Pension Fund and Distribution of Revenues from 30,8% contributions: 2013 VS 2030
Revenues
Expenditures
Fiscal Space for health insurance and labor policies
Structural transformation Steep rise of formal employment and wages Income growth Lower demand for social allowances Decrease in share of SP in budget More space for maneuver
Growth of formal employment Rise in contributions to Pension fund Opportunity to decrease the rate of contributions from 30,8% to 20% 10,8% is fiscal space to be used for health insurance (5%) and labor market programs (5,8%)
66,0%
79,0%
39,6%
68,5%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2012
2030
Transformation of employment structure and wage growth, 2012 VS 2030
Employed (as% of labor force)
Share of formal employment,%
Average wage (2012=100%)
977
709
15,0%
8,0%
0%
4%
8%
12%
16%
20%
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2012
2030
Number of allowance recipients, th. families
Poverty rate, %
Poverty reduction and demand for social allowances: 2012 VS 2030
13. Transformative Social Protection to implement the transformations
•Transformations are essential to ensure sustainability of the SP system!
• The new SP model should provide incentives for and be in line with economic and social transformations
•The SP system in the new conditions should move away from extensive measures aimed at providing the guaranteed social assistance to a large groups of the population to the intensive measures that could have significant multiplier effect in the terms of stimulating transformative processes.
•Conventional approach to SP should be broadened by:
–Involving not only protective and preventive, but also promotive and transformative functions;
–Integrating and consolidating fragmented policies in various sectors (labor market policies, promotion of entrepreneurship, governance reformation).
14. Transformative Social Protection: Holistic approach is in line with the global discussions
•Global initiative of Social Protection Floor. According to this concept, minimum measures of social protection include:
–Creating guarantees and real opportunities for the provision of basic social rights and social allowances to provide a socially acceptable income for all;
–Ensuring access for all groups of population to social services such as health, water and sanitation, education, food, housing etc.;
–Social protection should contribute to economic growth by increasing labor productivity, providing social stability and poverty reduction.
•Discussions on Post-2015 agenda. New global goals should be designed on a broader basis: the ultimate goal of social protection is not protection in itself, but resilience, transformative development with social justice and sustained social progress.
•UNRISD “Social Policy in a Development Context Initiative”. Rethinking social policy away from its conception as a residual category of “safety nets”. Social policy as a key instrument that works in tandem with economic policy to ensure equitable and socially sustainable development.
•Research initiative of IDS “Transformative Social Protection”. Social protection needs to empower marginalized people and be socially “transformative”.
15. Key element of the transformative social policy is the effective employment policy
•An important factor for developing a sustainable model of social protection for the long term is to build effective employment policies;
•Based on the priorities of economic and social transformations, it is important to create jobs not in low- skilled industries, but generate productive employment in industries with considerable multiplier effects.
•For Uzbekistan these industries are: transport, chemical, gas & oil processing, machine building, construction.
•Expected expansion of employment in these sectors will imply the need to introduce retraining programs to comply available skills with labor market requirements: (annually 100 thous people involved, 104 bln soum a year)
16. Social protection policies and measures need to be revised in line with the new pattern of employment and income and provide incentives to accelerate the transformations
Allowances
Pensions
Social programs
Education
Healthcare
Social infrastructure
17. The pattern of social protection and social policies by 2030: Social allowances and Pensions
Size of allowances need to be increased to implement transformative effect + Number of families receiving allowances will decrease in future due to employment & income growth
Number of pensioners increased + amount of pensions increased due to the growth of wages and employment + number of working pensioners increased due to the employment generation and transformative social policies
100%
100%
100%
405%
392%
402%
0%
100%
200%
300%
400%
500%
Average age
pension
Average social
allowance
Average pension
for the disabled
2012
2030
Average social allowances and pensions
(2012 = 100%)
66,0%
79,0%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
2012
2030
Employed (as% of labor force)
Average wage (2012=100%)
Employment and wage growth:
2012 VS 2030
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2012
2030
Number of pensioners: 2012 =100%
6%
30%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2012
2030
Working pensioners
Non-working pensioners
Share of working pensioners, pensioners total =100%
977
709
15,0%
8,0%
0%
4%
8%
12%
16%
20%
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2012
2030
Number of allowance recipients, th. families
Poverty rate, %
Poverty reduction and demand for social allowances: 2012 VS 2030
18. The pattern of social protection and social policies by 2030: Education and Healthcare
100%
100%
100%
336%
490%
360%
0%
100%
200%
300%
400%
500%
600%
General
primary and
secondary
Vocational
Higher
2012
2030
Per capita expenditures on education (2012 = 100%)
33,9
29,9
36,2
Government
budget
Mandatory
medical
insurance
Voluntary
insurance and
paid services of
Private clinics
Breakdown of financing of healthcare services 2030
499
518,8
36,4
60,9
575,3
462
163
160
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Primary &
general
secondary
Professional
colleges
Academic
lyceums
Higher
education
2012
2030
Number of students: 2012 – 2030 (thous)
•Improvement in living standards + change in the demographic and social structure of society
• transformation of the lifestyle and behavioral stereotypes
• expanding demand for the high quality social services
• Per capita expenditures on education and healthcare need to be expanded
• This will imply the model of financing of education and healthcare to be reformed
90
55
22
10
45
78
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Primary &
general
secondary
Vocational
Higher
education
Government
Non-government, private
Breakdown of financing in
100
475
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Uzbekistan
2012
2030
Per capita health expenditures (2012=100%)
19. Main findings: What is transformative social protection for a transforming Uzbekistan?
–Transformation of the social protection system in line with economic, social and institutional transformations;
–Acceleration of the transformative processes in the economy and society to ensure sustainability of the Social protection system;
–Transformation of people to empower the poor and vulnerable to make use of opportunities available to them for improving their livelihoods in a sustainable manner:
–addressing power imbalances, that create social exclusion;
–developing new skills for decent employment and economic activity (retraining, discounted loans for education);
–developing socially positive way of thinking (e.g. social rehabilitation courses) and thus, stimulating social and behavioral changes.
20. Questions for discussion
•Are there any dimensions, critical issues which were omitted, should get considered in more detail?
•What approaches, methods and indicators need to be revised?
• What’s next? How can we jump to formulating the detailed Action Plan and Road Map? Suggested formats and models.
• Are there windows for synergies?
21. Thank you!
Resources in English:
http://www.cer.uz
http://transformation.cer.uz/
https://www.facebook.com/CER.Uzbekistan