This document discusses capacitors for high voltage automotive and industrial applications. It summarizes that capacitors must withstand high voltages at elevated temperatures while carrying high ripple currents reliably over long periods of operation. End of life is reached when capacitance or equivalent series resistance parameters exceed supplier specifications by 20-30% or 2-3x, respectively. The document also examines capacitor requirements for different frequencies from 10kHz to 1MHz, as well as lifetime calculation factors like voltage, temperature, harmonics and thermal modeling. Ceramic and film capacitors are compared for characteristics like capacitance, impedance, ripple current and thermal dissipation suitability for different frequencies and voltages.
The high power HVA200 VLF/DC tester is capable of testing cables up to 138 kV with a test voltage of 1,7 x Uo and allows diagnostics with Partial Discharge and Tan Delta. It is the smallest and lightest high voltage hipot tester offering Very Low Frequency testing at 0.1 Hz as well as DC output up to 200 kV.
The high power HVA200 VLF/DC tester is capable of testing cables up to 138 kV with a test voltage of 1,7 x Uo and allows diagnostics with Partial Discharge and Tan Delta. It is the smallest and lightest high voltage hipot tester offering Very Low Frequency testing at 0.1 Hz as well as DC output up to 200 kV.
The portable VLF Test System 20 kV of Seba KMT can be used to test the cables in conjunction with the according local regulations for operating voltage levels up to 11 kV for new cables and 16 kV for aged cables at 3 μF cable capacity.
By using the patented Seba KMT 0.1 Hz Cosine Square Wave Voltage, weak and for further operation critical spots in PE, XLPE but also in paper cables are brought to a controlled breakdown very fast without causing additional damage or ageing to the cable insulation.
The SEBA KMT VLF Test System consists of a DC source, which charges the test object up to the required test voltage level and the commutator unit, which performs the regular 5 second interval polarity change.
Webinar showing engineers how the capacitance of different capacitors change. Your applications voltage, temperature, and frequency can cause shifts in the critical specification. Here's how to calculate your applications effect on polymer type capacitors.
100% brand new, accept 190~260Vac wide range AC input,safer and stabler
Small size and high efficiency, outdoor use, rainproof
2 years warranty & CE RoHS certified
Over current Protection, Overload Protection, Short circuit Protection
Compatible with any LED Power Supply Under 150W
KEMET Webinar -C44U_C44P-R Power Can Film CapacitorsIvana Ivanovska
Please find the presentation from our webinar where you can learn more about the applications where our C44U and C44P-R series can be used.
Our engineers speak about the performances of the series
Capacitors have a self-resonance frequency (SRF), newer SMPS have switching frequencies above the SRF. We show strategies, how to choose the right components and what impacts SRF on capacitors.
The portable VLF Test System 20 kV of Seba KMT can be used to test the cables in conjunction with the according local regulations for operating voltage levels up to 11 kV for new cables and 16 kV for aged cables at 3 μF cable capacity.
By using the patented Seba KMT 0.1 Hz Cosine Square Wave Voltage, weak and for further operation critical spots in PE, XLPE but also in paper cables are brought to a controlled breakdown very fast without causing additional damage or ageing to the cable insulation.
The SEBA KMT VLF Test System consists of a DC source, which charges the test object up to the required test voltage level and the commutator unit, which performs the regular 5 second interval polarity change.
Webinar showing engineers how the capacitance of different capacitors change. Your applications voltage, temperature, and frequency can cause shifts in the critical specification. Here's how to calculate your applications effect on polymer type capacitors.
100% brand new, accept 190~260Vac wide range AC input,safer and stabler
Small size and high efficiency, outdoor use, rainproof
2 years warranty & CE RoHS certified
Over current Protection, Overload Protection, Short circuit Protection
Compatible with any LED Power Supply Under 150W
KEMET Webinar -C44U_C44P-R Power Can Film CapacitorsIvana Ivanovska
Please find the presentation from our webinar where you can learn more about the applications where our C44U and C44P-R series can be used.
Our engineers speak about the performances of the series
Capacitors have a self-resonance frequency (SRF), newer SMPS have switching frequencies above the SRF. We show strategies, how to choose the right components and what impacts SRF on capacitors.
KEMET Webinar - C4AQ/C4AF power box film capacitorsIvana Ivanovska
Join us on the webinar to learn more about the applications where our C4AQ and C4AF series can be used.
Our engineers will speak about the performances of the series
KEMET Webinar - KEMET Electrolytic ALC70 and ALC80 seriesIvana Ivanovska
Learn about KEMET'S new Snap-In Electrolytic Capacitor series with increased CV values. KEMET High CV snap-in capacitors offer high performance and reliability in a wide range of case sizes and voltage ratings, featuring high ripple currents and long-life performance. Volumetric efficiency ensures the maximum capacitance capability in a smaller size.
TMEIC MVG 2 Medium Voltage Drive up to 19,500 KVA at 11 kvDavid Batts
High Reliability, Energy Efficiency, Lower Harmonic Distortion, Local Sales ,Service, & Technical Support, 20 + year Capacitor life, bump less , make-before-break transfer
Hioki LCR Meter Application Guide
MLCC capacitors
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RFID card
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https://www.n-denkei.com/singapore/inquiry/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. Agenda
• High voltage > 250V
• Dielectric must withstand the voltage at elevated
temperature
• Electrodes carry high ripple current - low ohmic resistance
• Reliable - 24/7 operation over years
• Design most often for long life operation
3. End of Life
• No standard
• Capacitor is out of specified parameters
• In general : Capacitance and/or ESR
• Limits are supplier specific
• 20% or 30% capacitance drop
• 2x or 3x ESR increase
• AND / OR relation
5. DC-Link Application
Film Lytic MLCC
Capacitance 130/27µF 11.000µF 220/33nF
Voltage 450/1100V 500V/(600V) 500/1700V
Temperatur 125°C/(170°C) 85°C/105°C/150°C 150°C
Switching Frequ
ency
60kHz 10kHz 1MHz/(9MHz)
FIT (½ Un,40°C) 2 12 3
6. How much capacitance we need?
10kHz 100kHz 1MHz
1kW 14µF 1,4µF 140nF
15kW 210µF 21µF 2,1µF
50kW 700µF 70µF 7µF
Assume U_max = 360V and U_max = 440V
7. PV equation
Stress for capacitors
1. n = voltage stress
2. Ea = activation energy
Inverse Power law : Electrical field apply a force on a charged atom
Arrhenius : accelerated move of particles
T1, T2 in [°K] and k in [eV]
8. Live in Space …
• The stretch is 20% in voltage, temperature and lifetime
• BUT T_max need to be considered
9. Lifetime calculation - C4AE
• Vr = 900V → V_upper = 1,3*Vr = 1170V
• Lifetime is equal for 1170V@70°C and 900V@90°C
900V
30kHrs
10. Lifetime calculation - C4AE / 900Vr
• Lifetime is equal for 1170V@70°C and 900V@90°C
30kHrs
900V * 1,3 = 1170V
11. C4AE Main product parameters
• T_hotspot = T_ambient + T_selfheating
• ESR is frequency dependent, lower for higher frequencies
• Rth depends on surface-area, construction and material
25. on the first view - standard conditions
• 1000V rated voltage / Working frequency = 140kHz @RT
• X7R offers 4x capacitance of C0G
C0G X7R
5,5nF 20,45nF
26. second view - @ 840V DC-Bias
• 840V application and 1000V rated voltage
• C0G has a similar capacitance - X7R drops by 75%
C0G X7R
5,5nF 5,6nF
30. Vertical vs. Horizontal: convection
Heat dissipation in Air
Heat dissipation
to the Cu board.
12ARMS@140kHz
31. Summary
• The application somehow determine the technology
(traditional 10kHz or WideBand Gap 100kHz)
• Ceramic is suitable for WBG due high SRF
• Higher application voltage need:
• Filter or ceramic
• Aluminium capacitor bank
• Film - Lifetime can be adjusted around 20% voltage and T
• Ceramics C0G perform better than X7R
• Upright ceramic chips improve thermal behavior
• For non sinusoidal waveforms 3 harmonics are sufficient
32. Thank You!
Axel Schmidt
Field application Engineer
Cell +49 172 89 25 284
email: AxelSchmidt@kemet.com
Hermann-Köhl-Str. 2
86899 Landsberg am Lech
Germany
www.kemet.com
