This document provides an overview of key concepts in population geography, including demographics, population distribution and composition, population dynamics, and migration trends. It discusses topics like population pyramids, birth and death rates, the demographic transition model, and debates around population and resource use. Case studies and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like population density, segregation, mobility versus migration, and challenges facing populations experiencing conflict or climate change.

1. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 3:
Geographies
of Population
and Migration
Chapter 3 Lecture
Katie Pratt
Macalester College
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Demographics
– Census
• Population distribution and composition
– Population cohorts
• Population dynamics
– Demographic transition
• Movement and migration
• Debates and policies
– Millennium development goals
Key Concepts
Figure 3.1 Gay marriage registration,
San Francisco.

3. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Characteristics of a human population
– Births, deaths, marriages, migration, etc.
– Use a variety of instruments and institutions to measure
populations
• Census
– Vital records
– Limitations
Demography
Figure 3.2 Biometric census taking in India.
Apply your knowledge: Give an example, other than from the United States, of
how the census provides more than just a straightforward counting of a population.

4. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Population Distribution and Composition
Figure 3.3 World population density, 2013.

5. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Geographic reasons
– Environmental and
physical factors
– Political and economic
experiences
– Cultural characteristics
• Examine at many scales
– Global, national, regional,
metropolitan
Distribution and Composition (cont'd)
Figure 3.4 Population density, Australia, 2013.

6. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Crude (arithmetic) density
• Nutritional density
• Agricultural density
• Health density
Population Density
Figure 3.5 Bangkok’s population density.

7. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Population Density (cont’d)
Figure 3.6 Health care density.

8. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Population Composition
• Subgroups that constitute population
– For example, proportion male versus female, or active in
the workforce compared to seniors and children
• Helps us understand how the population behaves
now and in the future

9. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Population segregation in the United States appears
to be declining in most metropolitan areas
Population Segregation in the United States
Figure 3.A Black-white segregation in the
U.S. 1970–2010.
Figure 3.B Declining segregation in U.S.
cities.

10. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• If we look more carefully, we see a more complex
story about segregation, as the example of Atlanta
illustrates
Population Segregation in the United States
(cont’d)
Figure 3.C The trend of declining segregation is hidden by urban blacks who are becoming
more isolated as Latinos and Asians are occupying historically white neighborhoods.

11. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Shape of pyramid is dependent on proportion of
people in each age cohort
Age–Sex Pyramids
Figure 3.7 Population of Germany by age and sex, 2007.

12. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 3.8 Population pyramids of peripheral and core Countries.
Age–Sex Pyramids (cont'd)
Apply your knowledge: Why do researchers divide the population of a
country into youth, middle, and old-age cohorts? What do these categories
indicate about the potential of a country's population?

13. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Common temporal demographic experience
• Dependency ratio
Population Cohorts
Figure 3.9 Population pyramid for Tompkins County, New York (home
of Cornell University, 2010).

14. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Population Cohorts (cont’d)
Figure 3.10 U.S. baby boomers, 1960–2040.

15. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
G = B – D + (I – E)
Population Dynamics and Processes
What does this equation mean?

16. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Crude birthrate (CBR)
• Total fertility rate (TFR)
• Doubling time
Birth (or Fertility) Rates
Table 3.3 TFR provides more insight
into the potential of a population.
Figure 3.11 World crude birthrates, 2013.

17. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Crude death rate (CDR)
• Natural increase and natural decrease
• Infant mortality rate
• Life expectancy
Death (or Mortality) Rates
Figure 3.12 World crude death rates, 2013.

18. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Death (or Mortality) Rates (cont'd)
Figure 3.14 World infant mortality rates, 2013.

19. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 3.13
World Rates of Natural Increase, 2013

20. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 3.16 HIV infection, 2012.
Medical and Health Geography
Apply your knowledge: Describe some of the ways life expectancy is shaped by
geography, that is, how does where a person is born, lives, or works shape how
long they are likely to live?

21. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• The “demographic trap”
• Critiques of the demographic transition model
Demographic Transition Theory
Figure 3.17 Demographic
transition model.
Apply your knowledge: Why would a country be concerned about its population being
too small? What might a country gain by increasing or decreasing the birthrate?

22. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Education, Women, and Demographic
Transformation
Figure 3.18 The connection between women’s fertility and education.

23. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Mobility
• Migration
– International migration
• Emigration
• Immigration
– Internal migration
• Permanent and temporary
• Gross and net migration
• Push and pull factors
• Voluntary or forced
Population Movement and Migration
Figure 3.19 The U.K. expatriate
journey, 2013.
Apply your knowledge: What distinguishes migration from mobility?

24. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• International voluntary migration
– Labor migration
• Guest workers
• Undocumented workers
– Amenity migration
International Migration
Figure 3.22 Marching for immigration
reform in Texas.
Figure 3.23 San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, is
home to many U.S. retirement migrants.

25. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
International Migration (cont’d)
Figure 3.20 International Voluntary Migration, 2005-2010.

26. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• International forced migration
– Refugees
International Migration (cont’d)
Figure 3.24 Refugee-sending and receiving countries.

27. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
International Migration (cont’d)
Figure 3.25 Syrian refugees crossing into Turkey.

28. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
International Migration (cont’d)
Figure 3.26 Palestinian refugees in the Middle East.

29. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Internal voluntary migration
– First, second, and third waves
Internal Migration
Table 3.5 U.S. urban to rural population change, 1860-2010.

30. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Internal forced migration
– Trail of tears
– Climate-induced changes
Internal Migration (cont’d)
Figure 3.27 Low-lying coastal Native Alaskan villages are in danger of inundation as
climate change is causing sea level rise.

31. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• War and conflict
• Disaster and climate-induced
Window on the World: Internal Displacement
Figure 3.G Internally displaced and refugee Syrians, 2013.

32. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Population and resources
– Malthusian Theory
– Critiques of Malthus
– Neo-Malthusians
• Population policy
Population Debates and Policies
Figure 3.28 World population growth, 1750 –2050.

33. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• The UN Millennium Development Goals
International Population Policies
Table 3.7 Millennium Development Goals.
Apply your knowledge: What are key issues in global population policies today?

34. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• 2014 population: about
7.28 billion
• Projected to increase
– 1.2% annual until
mid-century
– Core vs. periphery growth
• What will happen in the
future?
– What will be the quality
of our lives?
Future Geographies
Figure 3.29 Longevity factors in Loma Linda,
CA, Okinawa, Japan, and Sardinia, Italy.