this ppt include introduction synthesis, physical ,chemical properties, and uses of pyrrole furan and thiophene
also include introduction of 5 membered heterocyclic compound and fused heterocyclic compounds
M.Sc. Part II Sem IV
Heterocyclic compounds-II
Nomenclature of heterocyclic compounds of bicyclic/tricyclic (5-6
Membered) fused heterocycles (up to three hetero atoms). (Common, systematic (Hantzsch-Widman) and replacement nomenclature)
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring. Compounds that contain an indole ring are called indoles.
this ppt include introduction synthesis, physical ,chemical properties, and uses of pyrrole furan and thiophene
also include introduction of 5 membered heterocyclic compound and fused heterocyclic compounds
M.Sc. Part II Sem IV
Heterocyclic compounds-II
Nomenclature of heterocyclic compounds of bicyclic/tricyclic (5-6
Membered) fused heterocycles (up to three hetero atoms). (Common, systematic (Hantzsch-Widman) and replacement nomenclature)
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring. Compounds that contain an indole ring are called indoles.
Pyridine is the six membered heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen as an hetero-atom..Its synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses were discussed in this ppt
5 membered heterocyclic compound Furan. it is complete powerpoint presentation who want to learn from basics of heterocyclic chemistry. I have referred from various books and done my best so that view can get all they can without scroll many books. Kindly give your feedback after viewing powerpoint presentation
This slide discusses about basic indole nucleus, its chemistry, synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of Indolyl derivatives..Indole is basically fused heterocyclic compound
This slide discusses about fused heterocyclic compound Acridine..the structural analogue of anthracene with one carbon group is replaced with nitrogen atom.
Pyridine is the six membered heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen as an hetero-atom..Its synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses were discussed in this ppt
5 membered heterocyclic compound Furan. it is complete powerpoint presentation who want to learn from basics of heterocyclic chemistry. I have referred from various books and done my best so that view can get all they can without scroll many books. Kindly give your feedback after viewing powerpoint presentation
This slide discusses about basic indole nucleus, its chemistry, synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of Indolyl derivatives..Indole is basically fused heterocyclic compound
This slide discusses about fused heterocyclic compound Acridine..the structural analogue of anthracene with one carbon group is replaced with nitrogen atom.
Synthesis and characterization of resin copolymer derived from cardanol-furfu...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Hetero-cyclic compounds unit III as per PCI syllabus for second year B pharmacy students.
It covers all the details regarding Furan, Pyrrole and Thiophene ring
B. Sc. Part - I (Sem-II) Unit-IV (A) Phenols by Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
A) PHENOLS: Methods of formations a) from aniline & b) from cumene. Acidic character, Reaction of Phenols- a) Carboxylation (Kolbe’s reaction), b) Fries Rearrangement, c) Claisen Rearrengement and d) Reimer – Tiemann reaction.
B.Sc. Sem-II Unit-III (B) Aryl halides by Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
Aryl Halides: Synthesis chlorobenzene from benzene, phenol, and benzene diazonium chloride, Synthesis of benzyl chloride from toluene and benzyl alcohol, Reactions of both with aqueous KOH, NH3, and sodium ethoxide, Comparison of the reactivity of chlorobenzene and benzyl chloride. Benzyne intermediate mechanism.
B.Sc. (Sem-II) Unit-III (A) Alkenyl Halides by Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
Alkenyl Halides: Synthesis of vinyl chloride from acetylene and allyl chloride from propylene, Reactions of both with aqueous and alcoholic KOH, Comparison of the reactivity of vinyl and allyl chloride.
B. Sc. Sem - I Unit-IV (D) Orientation by Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
Orientation: Effect of substituent groups. Activating and deactivating groups. Theory of reactivity and orientation on the basis of inductive and resonance effects (-CH3, -OH, -NO2 and –Cl groups).
B.Sc. Sem-I Unit-IV Mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution by Dr P...pramod padole
Mechanism of Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration, Friedal Craft Alkylation and Acylation.Nuclear and Side Chain
Halogination, Birch Reduction
Sem - I Unit-III C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons By Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
a) Alkanes: Methods of formation: i) Wurtz reaction & ii) Corey-House reaction. Chemical reactions: i) Halogenation (With mechanism),
ii) Aromatisation.
b) Alkenes: Methods of formation (With mechanism): i) Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (E1 & E2), ii) Dehydration of alcohols.
Chemical reactions: Electrophilic & free radical addition of HX and X2 (With mechanism).
c) Alkynes: Preparation from vicinal and germinal dihalides. Chemical reactions: Hydrogenation.
d) Alkadienes : Classification, 1,3-Butadiene: Preparation from cycolhexene, Reactions: Addition of H2, Br2 & HBr.
Dyes, Drugs & Pesticides by Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
A] Dyes: Classification on the basis of structure and mode of application, Preparation and uses of Methyl orange, Crystal violet, Phenolphthalein , Alizarin and Indigo.
B) DRUGS:
Analgesic and antipyretics: Synthesis and uses of phenylbutazone. Sulpha drugs: Synthesis and uses of sulphanilamide and sulphadiazine. Antimalarials: Synthesis of chloroquine from 4,7-dichloroquinoline and its uses.
C] Pesticides: Insecticides: Synthesis and uses of malathion. Herbicides: Synthesis and uses of 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). Fungicides: Synthesis and uses of thiram (tetramethyl thiuram disulphide).
Semester - I C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons by Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
a) Alkanes: Methods of formation: i) Wurtz reaction & ii) Corey-House reaction. Chemical reactions: i) Halogenation (With mechanism),
ii) Aromatisation.
b) Alkenes: Methods of formation (With mechanism): i) Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (E1 & E2), ii) Dehydration of alcohols.
Chemical reactions: Electrophilic & free radical addition of HX and X2 (With mechanism).
Semester - I C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons by Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
a) Alkanes: Methods of formation: i) Wurtz reaction &
ii) Corey-House reaction. Chemical reactions: i) Halogenation (With mechanism), ii) Aromatisation.
b) Alkenes: Methods of formation (With mechanism): i) Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (E1 & E2), ii) Dehydration of alcohols. Chemical reactions: Electrophilic & free radical addition of HX and X2 (With mechanism).
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
3. By Dr. Pramod R. Padole
Organic Chemistry
A]
Heterocyclic
compounds:
Unit - III
B]
Organometallic
compounds:
4. LOGO
Heterocyclic Compounds:
By Dr. Pramod R. Padole
(ii) Pyridine:
Synthesis from acetylene and
pentamethylene diamine
hydrochloride,
Basicity (Basic nature),
Electrophilic substitution
reactions (orientation) –
nitration, sulphonation,
Nucleophilic substitution
reactions (orientation)-
with
NaNH2, C6H5Li and KOH
(i) Pyrrole:
Synthesis from acetylene,
succinimide and furan,
Basicity (Basic & Acidic),
Electrophilic substitution
reactions (orientation) –
nitration, sulphonation,
acetylation and
halogenation,
Molecular
orbital structure.
Unit-III
A)
Heterocyclic Compounds
5. pramodpadole@gmail.com
By Dr. Pramod R. Padole
Organometallic compounds:
(i) Grignard reagents:
Methyl magnesium bromide-
Synthesis from methyl bromide
(only reaction)
Synthetic applications:
Electrophilic substitution reactions-
formation of alkanes, alkenes, higher
alkynes and other organometallic
compounds,
Nucleophilic substitution reactions-
Reaction with aldehydes and ketones,
ethylene oxide, acetyl chloride, methyl
cyanide and CO2.
Unit – III
B)
(ii) Methyl lithium:
Synthesis and
Reaction with water,
formaldehyde,
acetaldehyde, acetone,
ethylene oxide and
CO2.
9. Heterocyclic Compounds or Heterocycles:
Defination:
The cyclic compounds obtained by replacing
one or more carbon atom of a ring by
heteroatom, like, N, O or S, are called as
heterocyclic compounds.
OR
Heterocyclic compound, or heterocycles, is
cyclic compound in which one or more of the
atoms of the ring are heteroatoms.
A heteroatom (such as N, O, S, etc.) is an
atom other than carbon.
10. Heterocyclic Compounds or Heterocycles:
Examples:
The common names of heterocycles are-
N
H
2
34
5
1 O 1
2
34
5
S 1
2
34
5
N
1 2
3
4
5
6
Pyrrole Furan Thiophene Pyridine
11. Nomenclature of Heterocycles:
Most of the heterocyclic compounds are known by their common
names.
The name comes from the Greek word heterose, meaning “different”
variety of atoms, such as N, O, S, P, Si, B, Se (Selenium) and As
(Arsenic) can be incorporated (introduced) into ring structures.
For naming their derivatives, the hetero atom is always numbered as “1”.
As per Greek nomenclature, the carbon atom next to the hetero atom is
sometimes referred to as the α-carbon atom and those further away as
β- and Ɣ-carbon atoms.
N
H
2
34
5
1
NO2
N
1
2
3
4
5
6 OH
2-nitro Pyrrole (- nitro Pyrrole)
2-hydroxy Pyridine (-hydroxy Pyridine)
12. Nomenclature of Heterocycles:
Give the names of the following heterocyclic compounds:
2-acetyl-pyrrole 3-nitro-pyridine
N
H
C
O
CH3
(1) (2)
N
NO2
N NH2
(3)
2-amino pyridine
(4)
N C6H5
2-Phenyl pyridine
14. LOGO 5 – membered heterocyclic Compounds:
These type of compounds contain four
carbon atoms and one hetero atom in a
ring, i.e., total 5-atoms in a ring, are
called as 5-membered heterocyclic
compounds.
The nitrogen containing five membered heterocycle’s
names usually ends with –ole.
N
H
2
34
5
1 O 1
2
34
5
S 1
2
34
5
Pyrrole Furan Thiophene
Q.1) Pyrrole is a 5 membered hererocyclic compound. (S-13 & W-16, ½ Mark)
15. LOGO
6 – membered hetercyclic compounds:
These types of compounds contain five carbon
atoms and one hetero atom in a ring, i.e., total
6-atoms in a ring, are called as 6-membered
heterocyclic compounds.
Example:
The nitrogen containing six membered heterocycle’s names usually
ends with –ine.
Q.1) Pyridine is a 6 membered hererocyclic compound. (S-19 & W-19 , ½ Mark)
N
1 2
3
4
5
6
Pyridine
16. pramodpadole@gmail.com
By Dr. Pramod R. Padole
Condensed heterocyclic compounds:
These types of compounds contain five or
six membered heterocyclic ring condensed
(fused) with a benzene, are called as
condensed heterocyclic compounds.
Examples:
N 1
2
3
45
6
7
8
9
10
Quinoline
N
1
2
3
45
6
7
8
9
10
Isoquinoline
18. LOGO
Pyrrole or Azole: C4H5N
Pyrrole is a Greek word (Pyrros + Oleum)
meaning is that –
Pyrros = Fairy & Oleum = oil
Pyrrole is an important heterocyclic compound
having five - member ring containing
nitrogen as the heteroatom.
N
H
2
34
5
1
Pyrrole
Molecular Formula of Pyrrole is C4H5N or C4H4NH
19. Methods of Synthesis
or Preparation of Pyrrole:
From
Acetylene
Preparation of Pyrrole
From
Succinimide
From
Furan
Reactions that produce a particular functional group are called preparations
2 acetylene and ammonia
enol form, which on distillation
with Zinc dust
Furan + NH3
heated alumina
400oC - 500oC
20. Preparation of Pyrrole from Acetylene:
From Acetylene:
When mixture of acetylene (2 equivalents)
and ammonia is passing through a red
hot tube; to form pyrrole.
CH
HC
HC
CH
H-N H
Red Hot Iron Tube
N
H
H2
Pyrrole
H
(or NH3)
Q.1) How will you prepare / obtain pyrrole from acetylene? (S-13 & W-19, 2 Mark)
Q.2) What happens when mixture of acetylene and ammonia is passed through red hot tube?
(S-14 & W-16, 2 Mark)
21. Preparation of Pyrrole
from Succinimide:
H2C
C
H2C
C
O
O
N H
Succinimide ( Keto form)
H2C
C
H2C
C
O
O
OH
OH
Succinic acid
+
H
H
N H
?
22. Preparation of Pyrrole from Succinimide:
Or By distillating Succinimide with Zn-dust:
From Succinimide:
When Succinimide (Keto form) isomerizes to enol form,
which on distillation with Zinc dust; to form pyrrole.
Q.1) How will you obtain: Pyrrole form succinimide? (S-16 & S-17, 2 Mark)
Q.2) Pyrrole can be synthesized by distilling Succinimide with zinc dust. (S-17, ½ Mark)
Q.3) How will you prepare: Pyrrole form succinimide? (W-17, 2 Mark)
Q.4) Give the synthesis of Pyrrole from succinimide. (W-18, 2 Mark)
Q.5) Write method of synthesis of Pyrrole from succinimide. (S-19, 2 Mark)
H2C
C
CH2
C
O O
N
H
HC CH
C C
N
HO OH
H
HC CH
HC CH
N
H
Succinimide ( Keto form)
(Enol form) Pyrrole
+ 2 Zn-dustIsomerisation
+ 2 ZnO
On distillation
with
23. LOGOPreparation of Pyrrole from Furan:
Or Reaction with Furan and NH3 over alumina:
Or Industrial / Commercial Method of Pyrrole:
From Furan:
When mixture of furan and ammonia is passed over heated alumina
(Al2O3) as a catalyst at about 400oC - 500oC; to form pyrrole.
O
H2 N-H
or NH3
Furan
Al2O3
N
H
Pyrrole
H2O
Ammonia
400-500o
C
Catalyst
Q.1) How will you obtain Pyrrole from Furan? (W-11, S-12 & S-18, 2 Mark)
Q.2) How will you convert Furan to pyrrole? (W-13, 2 Mark)
Q.3) How will you synthesize Pyrrole from Furan? (W-15, 2 Mark)
Q.4) Write method of synthesis of Pyrrole from Furan. (S-19, 2 Mark)
24. LOGOPreparation of Pyrrole from Furan:
Or Reaction with Furan and NH3 over alumina:
Or Industrial / Commercial Method of Pyrrole:
From Furan:
When mixture of furan and ammonia is passed over heated alumina
(Al2O3) as a catalyst at about 400oC - 500oC; to form pyrrole.
Q.1) How will you obtain Pyrrole from Furan? (W-11, S-12 & S-18, 2 Mark)
Q.2) How will you convert Furan to pyrrole? (W-13, 2 Mark)
Q.3) How will you synthesize Pyrrole from Furan? (W-15, 2 Mark)
Q.4) Write method of synthesis of Pyrrole from Furan. (S-19, 2 Mark)
OFuran
Ammonia
H2
N
H
or NH3
+ N
H
Pyrrole
H2OAl2O3
400-500o
C
Catalyst
heated