6. LOGO
6 – membered hetercyclic compounds:
These types of compounds contain five carbon
atoms and one hetero atom in a ring, i.e., total
6-atoms in a ring, are called as 6-membered
heterocyclic compounds.
Example:
The nitrogen containing six membered heterocycle’s names usually
ends with –ine.
Q.1) Pyridine is a 6 membered hererocyclic compound. (S-19 & W-19 , ½ Mark)
N
1 2
3
4
5
6
Pyridine
8. LOGO
(ii) PYRIDINE or AZABENZENE:
Natural products like
Vitamin B6, nucleotides, coramine,
isoniazid etc. and
alkaloids like nicotine, piperine etc. contain
pyridine ring in their molecules.
N
1 2
3
4
5
6
Molecular Formula = C5H5N & Structural Formula is
10. Methods of Synthesis
or Preparation of Pyridine:
From
Acetylene
Preparation of Pyridine
From
Penta-methylene
diamine hydrochloride
Reactions that produce a particular functional group are called preparations
2 acetylene and HCN
Pentamethylene diamine hydrochloride
Piperidine
heated heated with
conc. H2SO4
at 300oC
?
11. www.themegallery.com
Prepared by Dr Pramod R. Padole
Preparation of Pyridine From Acetylene:
From Acetylene:
When passing a mixture of acetylene (2 equivalents)
and hydrogen cyanide (H-CN) through red hot tube; to
form pyridine.
Q.1) How will you obtain: Pyridine from acetylene? (W-11, W-15 & S-17, 2 Mark)
Q.2) How will you convert: acetylene to pyridine? (W-14, 2 Mark)
Q.3) Give the synthesis of Pyridine from acetylene. (W-18,2 Mark)
Q.4) What happen when: Mixture of acetylene and hydrogen cyanide is passing through
red hot tube?
C
C
C
C
N
C
H
H
H
Red hot tube
N
H
H
Acetylene
Acetylene
(H-CN, Hydrogen cyanide)
Pyridine
12. Prepared by Dr Pramod R Padole
From Penta-methylene diamine hydrochloride:
Or From Penta-methylene diamine:
When pentamethylene diamine hydrochloride on
heating; to form piperidine,
which is further heated with conc. H2SO4 at 300oC (573K)
or with nitrobenzene at 260oC (533K); undergoes
dehydrogenation(-H2); to from pyridine, as a final product.
Q.1) How will you obtain / prepare: Pyridine from pentamethylene diamine hydrochloride?
(S-18 & W-19, 2 Mark)
- HCl
N
H
N
- NH4Cl or 2) Nitrobenzene,
Pentamethylene
diamine hydrochloride
Piperidine
Pyridine
H2C
H2C H2C
CH2
H2
C
NH2.HCl
NH2.HCl
3 H2
Pentamethylene
diamine hydrochloride
H2C
H2C H2C
CH2
H2
C
NH3Cl
NH3Cl
or
at 300 C
at 260 C
o
o
On heating
Conc. H2SO4
1)
13. LOGO
Q.1) Discuss the molecular orbital picture/structure of pyridine.
(W-11, S-13, W-14 & S-15, 4 Mark)
Q.2) In pyridine, nitrogen atom is in a state of sp2 hybridisation.
(W-12, ½ Mark)
Molecular Orbital Structure /
Picture / M.O. diagram of
Pyridine:
14. L o g o
Molecular orbital structure of Pyridine:
pramodpadole@gmail.com By Dr Pramod R. Padole
M.O. of
Pyridine
1
4
2
3
5Representation
of Pyridine
Molecular Formula
E.C. &
Hybridization of
C & N
E.C. of H
Structure
Formation of
delocalized pi (π)
bonds M.O. diagram
Formation of sigma (σ)
bonds M.O. diagram
15. LOGOMolecular orbital structure of
Pyridine:
Molecular formula of pyridine is C5H5N
According to MOT, the sigma (σ) bonds and pi (π) bonds
molecular orbital diagram / structure of pyridine are as,
E.C. of H1
1s
&
sp2
hybridization
E.C. of C6
V.S.E.C.
2s2
, 2p2
2s 2px 2py 2pz
G.S.
E.C. of C6
E.S.
E.C. of C6
sp2
H.S.
unhybridised
orbital
3 sp2
H.Os.
sp2
hybridization
E.C. of N7
V.S.E.C.
2s2
, 2p3
2s 2px 2py 2pz
G.S.
E.C. of N7
E.S.
E.C. of N7
sp2
H.S.
unhybridised
orbital
3 sp2
H.Os.
Electronic configuration of Carbon: Electronic configuration of Nitrogen:
16. LOGO
Structure of Pyridine:
In pyridine, all carbon and nitrogen undergoes sp2-hybridisation.1
All ring atoms in pyridine ( Five carbon & one nitrogen) contains
three sp2 H.O’s2
sp2 hybrid orbital of each C-atom is half-filled (singly filled), whereas
out of three sp2 hybrid orbital of nitrogen, one sp2 hybrid orbital is full-filled
(completely filled) having a lone pair of electrons.
3
The unhybridised p-orbital (i.e., 2-pz) of each carbon atom &
nitrogen atom is half-filled (singly filled)4
According to molecular orbital theory (MOT);
Pyridine ring is planar due to sp2-hybridisation
(All C, N & H atoms are in one plane).5
20. LOGO
Formation of sigma (σ ) bonds M.O. diagram:
The sp2 H.O’s overlap with each other and with s-atomic
orbital of the five hydrogen forming four carbon – carbon,
two carbon – nitrogen (by sp2-sp2 overlap) and five carbon -
hydrogen (by sp2-s overlap ) sigma bonds.
So, total eleven sigma (σ) bonds are formed in pyridine.
All these sigma bonds lie in one plane and are at 1200 from each
other.
21. LOGO
Formation of sigma (σ ) bonds M.O. diagram:
C
C
N
C
C
C
1s
sp2
sp2
sp2
sp2
sp2
Completelly fillled
i.e., lone pair
22. LOGO
Formation of sigma (σ ) bonds M.O. diagram:
The sp2 H.O’s overlap with each other and with s-atomic
orbital of the five hydrogen forming four carbon – carbon,
two carbon – nitrogen (by sp2-sp2 overlap) and five carbon -
hydrogen (by sp2-s overlap ) sigma bonds.
So, total eleven sigma (σ) bonds are formed in pyridine.
All these sigma bonds lie in one plane and are at 1200 from each
other.
23. LOGO
Formation of pi (π) bonds M.O. diagram:
Each ring atom in pyridine also has an unhybridised
p-orbital and these are perpendicular to the plane of
sigma bonds and are parallel to each other.
24. LOGO
Formation of pi (π) bonds M.O. diagram:
The p-orbitals on carbons and nitrogen
contain one electron (2pz
1) each.
25. LOGO
Formation of pi (π) bonds M.O. diagram:
Lateral overlap of these six p-orbitals (five from C-atoms
and one from N-atom) gives rise to the formation of
delocalized π-molecular orbital (or π-electron clouds)
above and below the plane of ring.
This π-molecular orbital contains a total of six electrons,
due to this pyridine shows aromatic properties or
aromaticity by satisfying Huckel’s (4n+2)π e-s, rule.
26. LOGO
Formation of pi (π) bonds M.O. diagram:
Thus, pyridine shows aromatic character (nature) as it contains
aromatic sextet.
This aromatic sextet opposes addition reaction and favours
electrophilic as well as nucleophilic substitution reaction.
27. LOGO
Representation of Pyridine:
A common / general representation of
pyridine is simply hexagon with a circle
inside.
The circle represents the π-molecular
orbital.
N..
Common Shorthand Representation
Delocalised -M.O.
N1
2
3
4
5
6
=