Hepatitis B & C - the Basics for Primary Care
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This presentation covers the basics in Hepatitis B & C, and is aimed at primary care physicians who may encounter such patients. It focuses mainly on the natural history, how to diagnose and monitor the disease, and when to refer to a specialist.
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Management Of Chronic Hepatitis B
Management Of Chronic Hepatitis B
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Courtesy Of Javed iqbal Farooqi
http://www.drkhanblogs.com/2015/05/management-of-chronic-hepatitis-b.html
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This document discusses viral hepatitis, focusing on hepatitis A, B, C. It defines viral hepatitis as inflammation of the liver caused by hepatotropic viruses. It lists the common and less common causes. It describes the key features of hepatitis A, B, C including causative agents, transmission routes, clinical presentation, investigations, management, prevention. Hepatitis A causes an acute self-limiting illness while hepatitis B and C can lead to chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma if not managed properly. Prevention involves vaccination and hygienic measures.
Hepatitis B Virus
This document summarizes information about Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It defines hepatitis and the different types. HBV is described as a serious virus that infects the liver and can cause lifelong infection. Humans are the reservoir for HBV. The virus is spherical and has an outer envelope and inner nucleocapsid core. HBV is transmitted through bodily fluids and from mother to child. Symptoms can include jaundice and fatigue. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are chronically infected. Prevention includes vaccination and immunoglobulin treatment for exposed newborns.
Hepatitis c
Hepatitis C is a contagious liver disease that can range from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious lifelong condition. Acute hepatitis C occurs within the first 6 months of exposure and often leads to chronic infection. Chronic hepatitis C can last a lifetime and significantly damage the liver, possibly causing cirrhosis or liver cancer. The virus is primarily spread through contact with infected blood and affects an estimated 3.2 million Americans, with baby boomers most at risk. While treatment is very effective at clearing the virus, hepatitis C was responsible for over 350,000 deaths worldwide in recent years.
Jaundice and LFT interpretation
This document provides guidance on evaluating a patient presenting with jaundice. It outlines a systematic approach including focused history, examination, differential diagnosis, and appropriate lab tests and imaging. Liver function tests can indicate hepatitic or cholestatic patterns. Case examples demonstrate applying this approach, such as using imaging and endoscopy to diagnose an ampullary tumor, managing a variceal bleed in cirrhosis, and identifying acute hepatitis B. Key considerations include complications of liver disease and importance of screening high-risk populations.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
Like all healthy ecosystems, Richness of microbiota species characterizes the GI microbiome in healthy individuals. Conversely, a loss in species diversity (Dysbiosis) is a common finding in several disease states. The types of Dysbiosis are: 1- Loss of beneficial bacteria. 2- Overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria. 3- Loss of overall bacterial diversity. 4- Overgrown in an area they’re not supposed to be in like the small intestine (SIBO).
The overgrowth of microbes in the small intestine results in: 1- fermentation of food in the small intestine, producing hydrogen and other gases. 2- They can also degrade the thin mucus layer and come in contact with the gut barrier, causing inflammation and intestinal permeability (Leaky gut). 3- This can lead to a variety of unpleasant symptoms and consequences like food allergies , sensitivities and chronic inflammatory processes. 4- SIBO leads to both maldigestion and malabsorption as the bacteria interfere with normal enzymatic and metabolic activity of the small intestine. 5- Additionally, these bacteria are associated with increased serum endotoxin and bacterial compounds stimulating production of (pro)inflammatory cytokines. 6- Iron is typically absorbed in the duodenum and the jejunum and SIBO can interfere with this absorption resulting in microcytic anemia. 7- Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the ileum and patients with SIBO often have B12 malabsorbtion which leads to megaloblastic anemia and B12 deficiency.
The best treatment for SIBO, like other forms of bacterial imbalance – or DYSBIOSIS is rehabilitating our microbiome.”
HEPATITIS B MANAGEMENT
Hepatitis B management involves treating over 400 million people with chronic hepatitis B infection globally. In Bangladesh, HBV is responsible for a significant proportion of liver disease cases. Treatment goals are to prevent disease progression, improve survival and quality of life, and prevent transmission. Treatment is indicated for those with elevated ALT/HBV DNA levels or cirrhosis. The main treatment options are pegylated interferon or nucleos(t)ide analogues like entecavir and tenofovir which have a high barrier to resistance. Treatment endpoints depend on HBeAg status and include sustained virological response off treatment or HBeAg seroconversion with consolidation therapy for HBeAg positive patients. Lifelong treatment is recommended
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Hepatitis B Virus
This document summarizes information about Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It defines hepatitis and the different types. HBV is described as a serious virus that infects the liver and can cause lifelong infection. Humans are the reservoir for HBV. The virus is spherical and has an outer envelope and inner nucleocapsid core. HBV is transmitted through bodily fluids and from mother to child. Symptoms can include jaundice and fatigue. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are chronically infected. Prevention includes vaccination and immunoglobulin treatment for exposed newborns.
Hepatitis c
Hepatitis C is a contagious liver disease that can range from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious lifelong condition. Acute hepatitis C occurs within the first 6 months of exposure and often leads to chronic infection. Chronic hepatitis C can last a lifetime and significantly damage the liver, possibly causing cirrhosis or liver cancer. The virus is primarily spread through contact with infected blood and affects an estimated 3.2 million Americans, with baby boomers most at risk. While treatment is very effective at clearing the virus, hepatitis C was responsible for over 350,000 deaths worldwide in recent years.
Jaundice and LFT interpretation
This document provides guidance on evaluating a patient presenting with jaundice. It outlines a systematic approach including focused history, examination, differential diagnosis, and appropriate lab tests and imaging. Liver function tests can indicate hepatitic or cholestatic patterns. Case examples demonstrate applying this approach, such as using imaging and endoscopy to diagnose an ampullary tumor, managing a variceal bleed in cirrhosis, and identifying acute hepatitis B. Key considerations include complications of liver disease and importance of screening high-risk populations.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
Like all healthy ecosystems, Richness of microbiota species characterizes the GI microbiome in healthy individuals. Conversely, a loss in species diversity (Dysbiosis) is a common finding in several disease states. The types of Dysbiosis are: 1- Loss of beneficial bacteria. 2- Overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria. 3- Loss of overall bacterial diversity. 4- Overgrown in an area they’re not supposed to be in like the small intestine (SIBO).
The overgrowth of microbes in the small intestine results in: 1- fermentation of food in the small intestine, producing hydrogen and other gases. 2- They can also degrade the thin mucus layer and come in contact with the gut barrier, causing inflammation and intestinal permeability (Leaky gut). 3- This can lead to a variety of unpleasant symptoms and consequences like food allergies , sensitivities and chronic inflammatory processes. 4- SIBO leads to both maldigestion and malabsorption as the bacteria interfere with normal enzymatic and metabolic activity of the small intestine. 5- Additionally, these bacteria are associated with increased serum endotoxin and bacterial compounds stimulating production of (pro)inflammatory cytokines. 6- Iron is typically absorbed in the duodenum and the jejunum and SIBO can interfere with this absorption resulting in microcytic anemia. 7- Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the ileum and patients with SIBO often have B12 malabsorbtion which leads to megaloblastic anemia and B12 deficiency.
The best treatment for SIBO, like other forms of bacterial imbalance – or DYSBIOSIS is rehabilitating our microbiome.”
HEPATITIS B MANAGEMENT
Hepatitis B management involves treating over 400 million people with chronic hepatitis B infection globally. In Bangladesh, HBV is responsible for a significant proportion of liver disease cases. Treatment goals are to prevent disease progression, improve survival and quality of life, and prevent transmission. Treatment is indicated for those with elevated ALT/HBV DNA levels or cirrhosis. The main treatment options are pegylated interferon or nucleos(t)ide analogues like entecavir and tenofovir which have a high barrier to resistance. Treatment endpoints depend on HBeAg status and include sustained virological response off treatment or HBeAg seroconversion with consolidation therapy for HBeAg positive patients. Lifelong treatment is recommended
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The document discusses serological testing for viral hepatitis A, B, and C. It provides details on the specific antigens and antibodies tested for each virus, including IgM and IgG antibodies. It explains the interpretation of different combinations of antigen and antibody results for diagnosing acute or chronic hepatitis B infection and recovering from infection. It also discusses HCV antibody testing and HCV RNA testing via PCR.
Hepatitis Viral Markers
This document discusses serology testing for viral hepatitis A, B, and C. It provides details on the various antigens and antibodies tested for each virus, including IgM and IgG for hepatitis A virus and antigens and antibodies for hepatitis B virus core antigen, e antigen, and surface antigen. It also discusses hepatitis C virus antibody and RNA testing. Interpretations of different combinations of antigen and antibody results are provided.
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The document provides information on the management of Hepatitis B. It discusses the virology of HBV, epidemiology, natural history, goals of treatment, criteria for treatment, treatment options and monitoring. Key points include:
- HBV is a DNA virus that causes both acute and chronic hepatitis. Approximately 240 million people globally have chronic HBV infection.
- Natural history depends on when infection is acquired. Risk of chronic infection is highest with infection at birth.
- Treatment goals are to prevent progression of disease and development of complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer.
- Treatment is recommended for those with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B with HBV DNA >20,000 IU/mL and elevated
Viral Hepatitis Viral Hepatitis
1) A 29-year-old woman presented with jaundice, abdominal pain, and nausea/vomiting. Her liver enzymes were elevated and ultrasound showed a normal liver. She was diagnosed with acute hepatitis A.
2) A 38-year-old man with a history of elevated liver enzymes presented with mildly elevated enzymes. He tested positive for hepatitis B and C markers, indicating chronic hepatitis C infection.
3) Hepatitis C is a major cause of liver disease in the US, infecting an estimated 4 million people, with 30,000 new infections annually and 12,000-15,000 deaths from hepatitis C each year.
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Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can cause both acute and chronic infection of the liver. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and from mother to child. Approximately 5% of the world has been infected with HBV. Chronic infection can lead to liver damage and cancer. Treatment focuses on suppressing HBV replication through antiviral drugs like lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, and entecavir. Vaccination provides active immunization against HBV infection.
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Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and is preventable through vaccination. Acute hepatitis B usually clears up on its own within 6 months, while chronic hepatitis B can last a lifetime if left untreated. Complications of chronic hepatitis B include cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver failure. Hepatitis B is a major global health problem and vaccination is the most effective way to prevent its spread.
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Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses. The document discusses the different types of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E, G), their symptoms, modes of transmission, potential for chronic infection and liver cancer, diagnosis, and treatment options. It provides details on the pathophysiology, incubation periods, and clinical presentations of hepatitis A, B, and C. Prevention methods include vaccination, hygiene practices, and immunoglobulin treatment for certain types.
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Viral hepatitis
The document provides an overview of acute viral hepatitis, including:
1) It is caused by five main viruses - HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV. HBV and HCV often cause chronic infections leading to cirrhosis and liver cancer, which contributed to over 1 million deaths in 2015.
2) The viruses have varying incubation periods and methods of transmission. Clinical features include nausea, vomiting and jaundice. Laboratory tests show elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin. Fulminant hepatitis is a rare but serious complication.
3) Prognosis is generally good for HAV and HEV, but chronic infections can develop for HBV, HCV and HDV,
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Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and can become chronic. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can range from asymptomatic to life-threatening. Around 1 million people die each year from hepatitis B complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer. While there is no cure for chronic hepatitis B, antiviral treatments can suppress the virus and prevent further liver damage. Vaccination provides highly effective protection against the disease.
Chronic hepatitis
Chronic hepatitis in children refers to ongoing liver inflammation lasting over six months. It is most commonly caused by hepatitis B or C viruses. For hepatitis B, infection acquired during birth or early childhood usually results in chronic infection. Treatment aims to reduce cirrhosis and liver cancer risks by eliminating HBeAg. For hepatitis C, the most important transmission mode in children is vertical from mother to child. Both viruses can cause asymptomatic mild illness initially but may progress to chronic liver disease.
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This document summarizes information about hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes, pathogenesis, transmission routes, clinical phases of acute and chronic HBV infection, treatment options, vaccination schedules, and post-exposure prophylaxis. It discusses that HBV genotype C is associated with more severe liver disease outcomes compared to genotype B. It recommends entecavir or tenofovir as preferred treatments for immune-active chronic hepatitis B and outlines vaccination schedules, treatment in pregnancy/cirrhosis, and a new drug called Myrcludex B that is under clinical trial.
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This document summarizes Hepatitis B and C. It describes that Hepatitis B is caused by the HBV virus and can range from mild to chronic liver disease or cancer. Over 350 million people worldwide have chronic Hepatitis B. The virus is classified in the family Hepadnaviridae and genus Orthohepadnavirus. It is transmitted through blood, sexual contact, and from mother to child. Hepatitis C is caused by the HCV virus and transmitted through blood. There is no vaccine for Hepatitis C, but screening blood and safe injection practices can help prevent transmission.
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Chronic hepatitis B is defined as persistence of hepatitis B surface antigen for greater than six months. Management of chronic hepatitis B depends on the presence of liver inflammation, the patient's immune response, HBV viral load, and risk factors for disease progression. Treatment is determined based on these factors and involves antiviral therapy, monitoring of viral load and liver enzymes, counseling on prevention and lifestyle changes, and screening for liver cancer. Treatment is often lifelong except in special cases where viral markers indicate clearance of infection.
hepatitis B virus
This document provides an overview of hepatitis, focusing on hepatitis B. It defines viral hepatitis and lists the six main hepatitis viruses. It discusses the general concepts, types, and terms related to hepatitis. The document then focuses on hepatitis B, covering the structure and antigens of HBV, modes of transmission, pathogenesis and immunity, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It provides details on vaccination and lists various risk groups for HBV infection. The document concludes by listing references used.
Hepatitis b
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and is transmitted through contact with infected blood or body fluids. It remains a major global health problem, with over 250 million chronic carriers worldwide.
In Nigeria, the prevalence of hepatitis B is high, with an estimated 19 million people currently infected. Mother-to-child transmission during birth is the most common mode of infection in highly endemic areas like Nigeria.
While most adults clear the virus, chronic infection develops in the majority of those infected as newborns or children. This puts them at risk of developing serious liver conditions like cirrhosis or liver cancer later in life. Vaccination and antiviral treatment can help prevent or manage the infection.
Viral Hepatitis
Viral hepatitis is a systemic disease with primary inflammation of the liver by any one of a heterogeneous group of hepatotropic viruses.
Viral hepatitis B and C
Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation
In the United States, an estimated 1.2 million Americans are living with chronic Hepatitis B and 3.2 are living with chronic Hepatitis C
Many do not know they are infected
Each year an estimated 21,000 persons become infected with Hepatitis A; 35,000 with Hepatitis B, and 17,000 with Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A – fecal/oral, contaminated food, vaccine available
Hepatitis B – blood, semen, vertical (mother-child), vaccine available
Hepatitis C – blood (IV drug use, transfusion, organ donation, unsterile injecting equipment, sexual intercourse)
Hepatitis D – survives only in cells co-infected with hepatitis B
Hepatitis E* – contaminated food or water, fecal/oral
*causes short-term disease and is not a chronic carrier state
Hepatitis b,c, &d
Hepatitis B, C & D Viruses
This document summarizes key information about hepatitis B, C, and D viruses. It discusses the etiology, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of each virus. Hepatitis B virus is a hepadnavirus that can cause both acute and chronic infection. Hepatitis C virus is a flavivirus that often leads to chronic infection. Hepatitis D virus can only infect those also infected with hepatitis B and increases the severity of liver disease. Vaccination and blood screening are important prevention strategies for these viral hepatitises.
Hepatitis C Prevention - testimony to IOM
Presentation by Daniel Raymond, the Harm Reduction Coalition's Policy Director, to the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis Infections on March 3, 2009.
Apha slides tfah hep b & c wang slides[1]
This document discusses hepatitis B (HBV) screening and prevention efforts at the Charles B. Wang Community Health Center in New York City. It notes that Asian Americans make up over 50% of HBV cases in the US, with about 10% of Asian Americans chronically infected. The health center screens over 6,000 people annually, finding high HBV prevalence. It works to increase screening, vaccination, and linkage to care to prevent progression to cirrhosis or liver cancer. Gaps include lack of provider education, screening of at-risk groups like pregnant women, and affordable treatment. Federally qualified health centers can help by reaching vulnerable communities through location, language services, and affordable care.
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The document discusses serological testing for viral hepatitis A, B, and C. It provides details on the specific antigens and antibodies tested for each virus, including IgM and IgG antibodies. It explains the interpretation of different combinations of antigen and antibody results for diagnosing acute or chronic hepatitis B infection and recovering from infection. It also discusses HCV antibody testing and HCV RNA testing via PCR.
Hepatitis Viral Markers
This document discusses serology testing for viral hepatitis A, B, and C. It provides details on the various antigens and antibodies tested for each virus, including IgM and IgG for hepatitis A virus and antigens and antibodies for hepatitis B virus core antigen, e antigen, and surface antigen. It also discusses hepatitis C virus antibody and RNA testing. Interpretations of different combinations of antigen and antibody results are provided.
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The document provides information on the management of Hepatitis B. It discusses the virology of HBV, epidemiology, natural history, goals of treatment, criteria for treatment, treatment options and monitoring. Key points include:
- HBV is a DNA virus that causes both acute and chronic hepatitis. Approximately 240 million people globally have chronic HBV infection.
- Natural history depends on when infection is acquired. Risk of chronic infection is highest with infection at birth.
- Treatment goals are to prevent progression of disease and development of complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer.
- Treatment is recommended for those with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B with HBV DNA >20,000 IU/mL and elevated
Viral Hepatitis Viral Hepatitis
1) A 29-year-old woman presented with jaundice, abdominal pain, and nausea/vomiting. Her liver enzymes were elevated and ultrasound showed a normal liver. She was diagnosed with acute hepatitis A.
2) A 38-year-old man with a history of elevated liver enzymes presented with mildly elevated enzymes. He tested positive for hepatitis B and C markers, indicating chronic hepatitis C infection.
3) Hepatitis C is a major cause of liver disease in the US, infecting an estimated 4 million people, with 30,000 new infections annually and 12,000-15,000 deaths from hepatitis C each year.
Hepatitis b (hbv)
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can cause both acute and chronic infection of the liver. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and from mother to child. Approximately 5% of the world has been infected with HBV. Chronic infection can lead to liver damage and cancer. Treatment focuses on suppressing HBV replication through antiviral drugs like lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, and entecavir. Vaccination provides active immunization against HBV infection.
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Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and is preventable through vaccination. Acute hepatitis B usually clears up on its own within 6 months, while chronic hepatitis B can last a lifetime if left untreated. Complications of chronic hepatitis B include cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver failure. Hepatitis B is a major global health problem and vaccination is the most effective way to prevent its spread.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses. The document discusses the different types of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E, G), their symptoms, modes of transmission, potential for chronic infection and liver cancer, diagnosis, and treatment options. It provides details on the pathophysiology, incubation periods, and clinical presentations of hepatitis A, B, and C. Prevention methods include vaccination, hygiene practices, and immunoglobulin treatment for certain types.
Viral Hepatitis B, D
This document discusses viral hepatitis B and D. It provides information on what hepatitis is, the hepatitis viruses that cause liver damage, and focuses on hepatitis B virus. Key points include that hepatitis B is a serious disease that infects over 350 million people globally and can lead to chronic liver disease or liver cancer. It describes the hepatitis B virus structure and genome, its various antigens, and the different genotypes that have been identified. The document also outlines the modes of transmission of hepatitis B including perinatal, sexual, intravenous drug use and others. It provides details on the diagnosis, treatment, prevention through vaccination and immunoglobulin, and importance of testing to ensure adequate immune response to the vaccine.
Viral hepatitis
The document provides an overview of acute viral hepatitis, including:
1) It is caused by five main viruses - HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV. HBV and HCV often cause chronic infections leading to cirrhosis and liver cancer, which contributed to over 1 million deaths in 2015.
2) The viruses have varying incubation periods and methods of transmission. Clinical features include nausea, vomiting and jaundice. Laboratory tests show elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin. Fulminant hepatitis is a rare but serious complication.
3) Prognosis is generally good for HAV and HEV, but chronic infections can develop for HBV, HCV and HDV,
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Hepatitis C is a viral infection that affects an estimated 2-3% of the world's population. It is transmitted parenterally or through exposure to infected blood or bodily fluids. Approximately 70-130 million individuals are chronically infected. While some acute cases resolve, others progress to chronic infection which can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer over time. Diagnosis involves testing for HCV antibodies and RNA. Genotypes 1-6 exist globally. Management involves antiviral therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin or newer direct acting antiviral agents targeting viral proteins. Treatment aims to achieve a sustained virologic response and prevent progression of liver disease.
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Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and can become chronic. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can range from asymptomatic to life-threatening. Around 1 million people die each year from hepatitis B complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer. While there is no cure for chronic hepatitis B, antiviral treatments can suppress the virus and prevent further liver damage. Vaccination provides highly effective protection against the disease.
Chronic hepatitis
Chronic hepatitis in children refers to ongoing liver inflammation lasting over six months. It is most commonly caused by hepatitis B or C viruses. For hepatitis B, infection acquired during birth or early childhood usually results in chronic infection. Treatment aims to reduce cirrhosis and liver cancer risks by eliminating HBeAg. For hepatitis C, the most important transmission mode in children is vertical from mother to child. Both viruses can cause asymptomatic mild illness initially but may progress to chronic liver disease.
Hepatitis B management update
This document summarizes information about hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes, pathogenesis, transmission routes, clinical phases of acute and chronic HBV infection, treatment options, vaccination schedules, and post-exposure prophylaxis. It discusses that HBV genotype C is associated with more severe liver disease outcomes compared to genotype B. It recommends entecavir or tenofovir as preferred treatments for immune-active chronic hepatitis B and outlines vaccination schedules, treatment in pregnancy/cirrhosis, and a new drug called Myrcludex B that is under clinical trial.
Hepatitis b & c
This document summarizes Hepatitis B and C. It describes that Hepatitis B is caused by the HBV virus and can range from mild to chronic liver disease or cancer. Over 350 million people worldwide have chronic Hepatitis B. The virus is classified in the family Hepadnaviridae and genus Orthohepadnavirus. It is transmitted through blood, sexual contact, and from mother to child. Hepatitis C is caused by the HCV virus and transmitted through blood. There is no vaccine for Hepatitis C, but screening blood and safe injection practices can help prevent transmission.
MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B INFECTION 2021 - from diagnosis to treatment
Chronic hepatitis B is defined as persistence of hepatitis B surface antigen for greater than six months. Management of chronic hepatitis B depends on the presence of liver inflammation, the patient's immune response, HBV viral load, and risk factors for disease progression. Treatment is determined based on these factors and involves antiviral therapy, monitoring of viral load and liver enzymes, counseling on prevention and lifestyle changes, and screening for liver cancer. Treatment is often lifelong except in special cases where viral markers indicate clearance of infection.
hepatitis B virus
This document provides an overview of hepatitis, focusing on hepatitis B. It defines viral hepatitis and lists the six main hepatitis viruses. It discusses the general concepts, types, and terms related to hepatitis. The document then focuses on hepatitis B, covering the structure and antigens of HBV, modes of transmission, pathogenesis and immunity, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It provides details on vaccination and lists various risk groups for HBV infection. The document concludes by listing references used.
Hepatitis b
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and is transmitted through contact with infected blood or body fluids. It remains a major global health problem, with over 250 million chronic carriers worldwide.
In Nigeria, the prevalence of hepatitis B is high, with an estimated 19 million people currently infected. Mother-to-child transmission during birth is the most common mode of infection in highly endemic areas like Nigeria.
While most adults clear the virus, chronic infection develops in the majority of those infected as newborns or children. This puts them at risk of developing serious liver conditions like cirrhosis or liver cancer later in life. Vaccination and antiviral treatment can help prevent or manage the infection.
Viral Hepatitis
Viral hepatitis is a systemic disease with primary inflammation of the liver by any one of a heterogeneous group of hepatotropic viruses.
Viral hepatitis B and C
Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation
In the United States, an estimated 1.2 million Americans are living with chronic Hepatitis B and 3.2 are living with chronic Hepatitis C
Many do not know they are infected
Each year an estimated 21,000 persons become infected with Hepatitis A; 35,000 with Hepatitis B, and 17,000 with Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A – fecal/oral, contaminated food, vaccine available
Hepatitis B – blood, semen, vertical (mother-child), vaccine available
Hepatitis C – blood (IV drug use, transfusion, organ donation, unsterile injecting equipment, sexual intercourse)
Hepatitis D – survives only in cells co-infected with hepatitis B
Hepatitis E* – contaminated food or water, fecal/oral
*causes short-term disease and is not a chronic carrier state
Hepatitis b,c, &d
Hepatitis B, C & D Viruses
This document summarizes key information about hepatitis B, C, and D viruses. It discusses the etiology, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of each virus. Hepatitis B virus is a hepadnavirus that can cause both acute and chronic infection. Hepatitis C virus is a flavivirus that often leads to chronic infection. Hepatitis D virus can only infect those also infected with hepatitis B and increases the severity of liver disease. Vaccination and blood screening are important prevention strategies for these viral hepatitises.
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This document discusses hepatitis B (HBV) screening and prevention efforts at the Charles B. Wang Community Health Center in New York City. It notes that Asian Americans make up over 50% of HBV cases in the US, with about 10% of Asian Americans chronically infected. The health center screens over 6,000 people annually, finding high HBV prevalence. It works to increase screening, vaccination, and linkage to care to prevent progression to cirrhosis or liver cancer. Gaps include lack of provider education, screening of at-risk groups like pregnant women, and affordable treatment. Federally qualified health centers can help by reaching vulnerable communities through location, language services, and affordable care.
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- Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can cause liver inflammation, vomiting, jaundice, and rarely death. It can become chronic and lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer.
- HBV is highly resistant and can survive for long periods outside the body. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and sexually, through blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child during birth.
- HBV infection leads to liver damage as the immune system attacks the liver. Chronic infection can happen if the immune response is impaired or tolerant, possibly leading to cirrhosis or liver cancer.
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Hepatitis B and C are caused by viruses that infect the liver and can lead to chronic liver disease and cancer; they are responsible for over 80% of liver cancer worldwide. The hepatitis B and C viruses establish infection stealthily to avoid immune detection, causing both acute and chronic liver inflammation and damage. Effective monitoring and treatment is needed for those with chronic hepatitis B or C infection to prevent progressive liver disease.
Hepatitis a & e
This document summarizes different types of viral hepatitis. It discusses Hepatitis A and E viruses, which cause waterborne hepatitis. Hepatitis A virus is non-enveloped and causes lifelong immunity after infection. Hepatitis A incidence is 10-15 per 100,000 annually. The disease severity increases with age. Hepatitis E virus causes sporadic or epidemic hepatitis, especially in pregnant women in their third trimester. While Hepatitis A and E infections do not result in chronic hepatitis, Hepatitis B, C and D viruses spread through parenteral routes and can cause chronic infections.
Hepatitis A, B, C & HIV presentation (2011)
This document provides information about hepatitis A, B, C and HIV. It discusses how the viruses are transmitted and their similarities. The goals are to increase awareness, prevent transmission and educate patients. Key points covered include how hepatitis C is the most common in the US, its natural history over time, cure rates of around 70-80% with new drug treatments, and important safety practices for those infected.
Prevention and control of viral hepatitis : proposed global hepatitis strategy
Prevention and control of viral hepatitis : proposed global hepatitis strategyWHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
This document proposes a global hepatitis strategy to control and prevent viral hepatitis. It summarizes that hepatitis is a silent epidemic with a high death toll but low awareness. The strategy proposes impact targets by 2030 of reducing new chronic hepatitis B and C cases by 90% and reducing hepatitis deaths by 65%. It outlines key effective interventions such as hepatitis B vaccination, safe injection practices, harm reduction, and treatment. The proposed way forward is a regional action plan for WHO and tailored country actions based on disease burden analysis and focus on efficient investments.Hepatitis b and c prophylaxis
This document discusses hepatitis B and C prophylaxis and management of needle stick injuries. It provides information on pre-exposure prophylaxis with hepatitis B vaccine and post-exposure prophylaxis with hepatitis B immunoglobulin or vaccine. It describes standard precautions to prevent exposure including hand washing, protective barriers, and proper disposal of sharps. The document outlines management of needle stick injuries, including wound washing, risk assessment of the source patient, and follow up testing and treatment as needed based on exposure risk.
Journal of Hepatitis Research
Journal of Hepatitis Research is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality Manuscripts in all related aspects of different hepatitis symptoms and treatments caused by viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis which are distinct diseases that affect the liver. It focuses upon all the pathophysiology and treatments for the illness caused by Hepatitis.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEPATITIS B AND C
The document provides information about hepatitis B and C, including:
- Hepatitis B and C are major global health problems, infecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
- Transmission occurs through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, especially from infected mothers to babies during childbirth or from shared needles.
- Symptoms can range from mild to severe liver damage. While most adults recover from hepatitis B, chronic infection is more common in children and can lead to serious complications like liver cancer.
Hepatitis A, B, and C its management and treatment
The document provides information about Hepatitis A, B, and C including their prevention, medical treatment, nursing management, and patient self-care recommendations. It discusses vaccination as an important prevention strategy for Hepatitis A and B. Medical treatment for Hepatitis C typically involves antiviral medications like interferon and ribavirin. Nursing management focuses on education and psychosocial support. Self-care involves rest, hydration, avoiding activities or substances that could further impact the liver.
laboratory diagnosis of viral hepatitis (B & C)
This document discusses diagnostic evaluation of viral hepatitis. It provides an overview of hepatitis, describing it as inflammation of the liver that can be caused by infectious viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or non-infectious factors like alcohol, drugs or metabolic diseases. The major hepatotropic viruses that cause hepatitis - hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses - are described. The document also discusses a case study of a patient presenting with symptoms of hepatitis and the appropriate serological tests to order. It provides guidance on interpreting the test results and diagnosing the type of hepatitis.
Viral hepatitis
There are five main types of viral hepatitis: A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis B and C often cause chronic infections that can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer, resulting in approximately 1 million deaths annually worldwide. An estimated 2 billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus and 150 million are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus. Transmission of hepatitis B and C occurs primarily through contact with contaminated blood or body fluids. The WHO is working to increase prevention, testing, treatment and policy efforts to address the growing burden of viral hepatitis globally.
Hepatitis ppt final
Hepatitis viruses include Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G. Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and causes an acute infection. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted through blood or bodily fluids and can cause either an acute or chronic infection. Hepatitis C virus is transmitted through blood exposure and commonly causes a chronic infection. Prevention strategies include vaccination, immunoglobulin treatment, and screening of blood donors.
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Surveillance of hepatitis B and C in the EU/EEA: 2013 data
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Tratamiento combinado de la Hepatitis B y C con Guna Citomix + Guna Liver
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Prevention and control of viral hepatitis : proposed global hepatitis strategy
Prevention and control of viral hepatitis : proposed global hepatitis strategy
Hepatitis A, B, and C its management and treatment
Hepatitis A, B, and C its management and treatment
Similar to Hepatitis B & C - the Basics for Primary Care
World Hepatitis Day 2015: Diagnosis and vaccination 2015
World Hepatitis Day 2015: Diagnosis and vaccination 2015Sri Lanka College of Sexual Health and HIV Medicine
Dr Geethani Galagoda, Consultant Virologist, Medical Research Institute, Colombo. Organized by the Sri Lanka College of Venereologists. Held on world hepatitis day on 28. July 2015 at BMICHMarch 192015talkforresidents final03232015 (1)
This document provides an update on viral hepatitis and discusses two case studies. It begins by describing a 71-year-old male presenting with jaundice who is diagnosed with acute hepatitis A infection based on a reactive HAV IgM test. It then reviews hepatitis A virus and the diagnosis and management of acute hepatitis A. The second case discusses a 26-year-old male diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B infection based on positive HBsAg, anti-HBc IgM, and HBV DNA tests. The document concludes by discussing chronic hepatitis B infection and approved treatments.
Aasld guidelines for diagnosis & treatment of chronic hepatitis b
- The AASLD guidelines provide recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults and children. They analyzed literature using a GRADE approach to determine the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.
- The guidelines address whom to treat, how long to treat, preferred antiviral regimens, management of treatment failure or resistance, and special populations like pregnancy and cirrhosis. Key recommendations include treating immune active CHB with antivirals and considering indefinite treatment for HBeAg-negative or cirrhotic patients.
HBV Is Primary! Your Role in the "Call to Action" to Eliminate Viral Hepatiti...
HBV Is Primary! Your Role in the "Call to Action" to Eliminate Viral Hepatiti...PVI, PeerView Institute for Medical Education
Chair, Paul Kwo, MD, AGAF, FACG, FAASLD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to hepatitis B for this CME/MOC activity titled “HBV Is Primary! Your Role in the ‘Call to Action’ to Eliminate Viral Hepatitis By 2030.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3EYVafQ. CME/MOC credit will be available until March 21, 2024.clinical case hepatitis b virus and herpes simplex virus.pptx
Based on the information provided:
1. Roberta should be counseled about the following general HSV education messages:
- HSV is very common, with an estimated 1 in 6 Americans aged 14-49 having genital herpes
- HSV can be transmitted even when sores are not present through asymptomatic viral shedding
- Daily suppressive antiviral therapy can reduce transmission risk to partners
2. Yes, it would be appropriate to test Roberta for genital herpes given her husband's history of genital herpes. While she has no symptoms, she is at risk of asymptomatic infection due to exposure from her husband.
3. Other recommended STD screening includes testing for syphilis, HIV
Hbv
This document discusses the phases of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and approaches to treatment. It covers:
1) The four phases of chronic HBV infection: immune tolerance, immune clearance, non-replicative, and HBeAg negative immune reactivation.
2) Diagnostic tests for HBV including HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBc IgG, and HBV DNA levels.
3) Treatment approaches depending on the phase of infection, including antiviral medications, monitoring during pregnancy and childhood infection, and vaccine prophylaxis for newborns of HBV+ mothers.
Chronic hepatitis b
1. Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) is caused by the HBV virus and can be either acute or chronic. It infects the liver and causes inflammation and necrosis.
2. Initial assessment of patients with CHB includes medical history, physical exam, liver disease markers and severity indicators, and testing of close contacts.
3. Treatment indications include elevated HBV DNA and ALT levels, cirrhosis, and family history of HCC. The preferred treatments are entecavir, tenofovir, and tenofovir alafenamide which have a high genetic barrier to resistance.
viral markers in diagnosis monitoring and treatment of hepatitis b and c.pptx
Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus infections are transmitted by parentral route. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent cirrhosis of liver in HCV cases as drugs which can cure the infection are now available.
HEPATITIS part 2.pptx
This document discusses viral hepatitis, focusing on types B, C, D, and E. It provides details on:
1) Modes of transmission including parenteral, perinatal, sexual, and foodborne routes. High risk groups include health workers, recipients of blood transfusions, drug users, and infants of carrier mothers.
2) Diagnosis methods like antigen/antibody testing and RNA detection to determine acute vs chronic infection.
3) Prevention strategies like vaccination for hepatitis A and B, injection and blood safety, harm reduction, and access to clean water and sanitation.
4) Global and national control efforts like the WHO strategy and India's national viral hepatitis program to increase testing
Chronic Hepatitis B Infection
Introduction to chronic Hepatitis B Infection in Malaysia, epidemiology and common treatment. Phases of chronic Hepatitis B Infection, clinical presentation and complications.
acute hepatitis.pdf
This document provides information about hepatitis including its definition, causes, pathology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory/imaging studies, treatment, complications, prognosis, and prevention. It defines acute and chronic hepatitis. It describes the most common viral causes of hepatitis as HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV. It discusses the clinical picture and typical course of viral hepatitis and laboratory findings. It covers hepatitis diagnosis and markers for HAV, HBV, and HCV. It addresses treatment approaches and vaccination for hepatitis B prevention. It also discusses fulminant hepatic failure as a rare but severe complication of acute hepatitis.
Acute hepatitis in pediatrics
This document provides information about hepatitis including its definition, causes, pathology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory/imaging studies, treatment, complications, prognosis, and prevention. It defines acute and chronic hepatitis. It describes the most common viral causes of hepatitis as HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV. It discusses the clinical picture and typical course of viral hepatitis and laboratory findings. It covers hepatitis diagnosis and markers for HAV, HBV, and HCV. It addresses treatment approaches and vaccination for hepatitis B prevention. It also discusses fulminant hepatic failure as a rare but severe complication of acute hepatitis.
Viral hepatitis
This document discusses hepatitis, primarily caused by five hepatotropic viruses - hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses. Hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus are the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis in children in India. Most cases of acute viral hepatitis improve spontaneously without treatment. Prolongation of prothrombin time is a reliable laboratory marker of worsening liver function or potential liver failure. Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C can potentially lead to chronic hepatitis.
Hepatitis B Infection in children
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver. It can range from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness. The document discusses Hepatitis B infection in children, including:
1. The virus structure, testing, modes of transmission, and viral life cycle.
2. Possible outcomes of infection from acute to chronic hepatitis B.
3. Management strategies for infants born to infected mothers, acute infection, and chronic hepatitis B. This includes vaccination, antiviral treatment, and prevention methods.
Hepatitis B and C - Approach and Management : Updates 2018
This document discusses recent advances in the diagnosis and management of hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C. It covers the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection including HBV genotypes, phases of chronic HBV infection, evaluation of HBsAg-positive patients, molecular diagnosis of HBV, screening for hepatocellular carcinoma, antiviral treatment options, and guidelines for treatment. It also discusses hepatitis C virus infection including acute and chronic hepatitis C, HCV genotypes and structures, evaluation of patients, and treatment recommendations.
Hepatitis.ppt
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, drugs, toxins, and other infections. The main viral causes are hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A is transmitted through contaminated food or water while hepatitis B and C are transmitted through blood and body fluids. Hepatitis B and C can become chronic infections while hepatitis A usually resolves on its own. Vaccines exist for hepatitis A and B but not for C. People at highest risk include injection drug users and those who have sex with multiple partners.
Dr kgm hep b
1. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a serious disease that can cause lifelong infection, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, and death. It is 100 times more infectious than HIV.
2. HBV is transmitted through contact with infectious blood or body fluids and can lead to either an acute or chronic infection. Chronic infections may progress to complications like cirrhosis or liver cancer.
3. Treatment options for chronic HBV infection include nucleoside/nucleotide analogues like entecavir and tenofovir, as well as interferon-alpha. Vaccination and immunoglobulin can prevent HBV infection in high-risk groups or following exposure.
Malman
This document provides an overview of hepatitis B, including its definition, epidemiology, transmission, clinical course, prevention, and treatment options. Some key points:
- Hepatitis B virus is nearly 100 times more infectious than HIV and can survive on surfaces for over 1 week.
- 1/3 of the world's population has been infected, with 350 million having chronic infections that can lead to liver disease and cancer.
- It is transmitted through body fluids and can be prevented through vaccination, screening of blood donors, and hygiene practices to avoid exposure to fluids.
- Treatment includes antiviral medications like interferons or nucleotide analogues to reduce viral load and progression of liver disease.
How we should treat HBV ?
This document provides guidelines for treating hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. It discusses the epidemiology of HBV, noting that 240 million people have chronic HBV worldwide. The guidelines recommend entecavir or tenofovir as first-line therapy for chronic HBV. Special populations like pregnant women, cirrhotic patients, and those with renal disease require adjusted treatment approaches. Monitoring of viral load and liver enzymes is important both on and off treatment. Vaccination is recommended for at-risk groups to prevent the spread of HBV.
Recent guidelines in the management of chronic hepatitis
This document provides guidelines for the management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. It outlines the initial evaluation of HBsAg positive patients including laboratory tests and imaging/staging studies. It describes the phases of CHB infection and recommends treatment based on phase. Approved antiviral drugs are discussed along with monitoring on treatment. Treatment guidelines are provided for immune active CHB, immune tolerant CHB, HBeAg positive CHB that seroconvert, and HBeAg negative CHB. It also covers management of cirrhosis, viral breakthrough, pregnancy, and more.
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Endoscopic removal of colorectal polyps has progressed steadily through the pass decade. The US MSTF released their latest evidence based guidelines in 2020. We discussed the guidelines relevant to general endoscopists in Singapore, and focused on the recommended techniques for various polyps that endoscopists may encounter in daily practice.
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- The 2016 USPSTF guidelines recommend starting CRC screening at age 50 and stopping at 75, but continuing screening from 75-85 should be individualized. A variety of screening tests are available and the best test is one that a patient will adhere to.
- New data continues to support established screening tools like colonoscopy, FIT, and flexible sigmoidoscopy. New technologies show promise but require more research to define their optimal role in CRC screening.
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The lecture was the plenary lecture at the Philippines National Endoscopy Conference 2014
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Bleeding peptic ulcer is a common medical emergency. Today many good studies and evidence based guidelines have provided doctors with a strong evidence based approach to manage this condition. However, how much of daily practice actually follows the evidence? The presentation goes through common scenarios in hospital medicine, and covers the latest evidence through a case based approach.
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GERD (Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease) is one of the commonest medical conditions found in the community today. GERD patients often suffer from frequent symptoms and require long term medication. However, how much of what we know about GERD is truly fact based on medical evidence? We challenge traditional paradigms to GERD
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Hepatitis B & C - the Basics for Primary Care
- 1. Hepatitis B & C The Basics for Primary Care Dr Jarrod Lee Mt Elizabeth Novena Hospital 1
- 5. Serological Markers • HBsAg: active infection • HBsAg + > 6months: chronic infection • HBeAg: high viral load, high infectivity • Anti HBe: low viral load, low infectivity • Anti HBc IgM: recent infection • Anti HBs: immunity • Anti HBc Total + HBsAg: chronic infection • Anti HBc Total + Anti HBs: resolved infection 5
- 7. Chronic HBV Infection HBV DNA HBeAg Anti-HBe HBsAg Anti-HBc Anti-HBc IgM Months Years
- 8. Immune tolerance < Immune clearance HBeAg + (wild) Immune control >< Immune escape HBeAg - / anti-HBe + > >105 cp/ml HBV-DNA <105 cp/ml 109-1010 cp/ml 107-108 cp/ml ALT Normal / mild CH Moderate/severe CH Cirrhosis HBeAg + Chronic hepatitis Normal/mild CH Moderate/severe CH Inactive cirrhosis Cirrhosis Inactive-carrier state HBeAg – Chronic hepatitis
- 9. Immuno Tolerance Phase • First 10-30 years of perinatally acquired infection • High DNA levels; normal ALT • Very low rates of spontaneous or treatment induced HBeAg seroconversion 9
- 10. Immune Clearance Phase • • • • HBeAg Anti HBe Seroconversion Annual rate: 5-15% High DNA levels High ALT • Hepatitis B Flares – ⅔ HBeAg seroconversion preceded by flares – ¼ flares followed by HBeAg seroconversion – Increased risk of cirrhosis 10
- 11. Inactive HBs Carrier State Immune Control Phase • HBeAg -, Anti HBe + • Low DNA levels; normal ALT • Subsequent outcome dependent on: – Damage accrued prior to entering inactive carrier state – Subsequent reactivation 11
- 12. HBeAg - Chronic Hepatitis B Immune Escape Phase • HBeAg -, Anti HBe + • High DNA levels; high ALT • Associated with pre core or core promoter mutations that prevent or decrease HBeAg production 12
- 13. Treatment • Goals – Suppress viral replication – Decrease hepatic inflammation and fibrosis – Prevent progression to cirrhosis and liver cancer • Who should be treated? – Not a question of who to treat but when to treat – All carriers are potential treatment candidates – Consider for patients in immune active phase • Need to identify patients in immune active phase! 13
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- 16. Hepatitis C 16
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- 19. Lab Tests 19
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- 22. Role of Primary Care Physician • Screening for Hepatitis B & C – At risk persons – Family members and sexual contacts of patients – Patients who require chronic steroid treatment • Initial evaluation and lab tests • Lifestyle advice – – – – Avoid transmission Avoid alcohol, herbal medications Balanced diet, exercise, healthy BMI Coffee 22
- 23. Role of Primary Care Physician • Vaccinate at risk persons for Hepatitis B • Hepatitis A vaccine if Anti HAV Total negative • Refer to specialist: – Immune active phase for treatment – Abnormal US liver or AFP for possible HCC – Evaluation of early fibrosis & cancer risk if > 40 years • Follow up of patients in immune tolerant and inactive carrier phases – HCC surveillance: 6 monthly AFP + US liver – LFT + HBV DNA every 3 – 6 months 23