Hemoglobin testing
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
30 likes•39,707 views
1. The document provides instructions for testing hemoglobin levels through a blood test using materials like HCL, distilled water, lancets, and a hemoglobinometer. 2. Normal hemoglobin levels are provided for newborns, children, adults and the elderly, with males typically having higher levels than females. 3. Instructions are given for taking a blood sample safely and accurately reading the hemoglobin level using the hemoglobinometer.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Demonstration on hemoglobin test
This document discusses the importance of estimating hemoglobin levels during pregnancy to check for and manage anemia. Hemoglobin should be estimated initially and at 28 weeks to diagnose and treat anemia if present. Moderate anemia is defined as hemoglobin between 7-11g/dl and severe anemia is less than 7g/dl. If a pregnant woman is found to be anemic, she should start iron supplements and have her hemoglobin rechecked after 1 month, referring her to a higher facility if there is no improvement. Hemoglobin can be estimated in resource-limited areas using a simple and inexpensive color scale developed by the WHO.
Albumin test
Albumin is a large molecule protein found in the blood, under normal circumstances it does not pass into the urine. If albumin occurs in the urine it could indicate infection of the urinary tract, kidney damage as in nephritis and toxemia in pregnancy. A urine for albumin test is a screening test to look for the presence of albumin in the urine .An albumin test cheeks urine for a protein called albumin for urine . Albumin is normally found in blood and filtered by kidneys. When the kidneys are working as the slow, there may be very small amount albumin in the urine .But when the kidneys are damage ,abnormal amounts of albumin leaks in the urine. This is called albuminuria.
Hemoglobin estimation
This document provides information on hemoglobin estimation methods. It discusses the structure and function of hemoglobin, normal hemoglobin concentration ranges, and various laboratory methods for estimating hemoglobin levels. The key methods described are the Sahli acid hematin method, cyanmethemoglobin method, and automated blood count method. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are outlined.
Sputum smear preparation and staining
This document provides instructions for preparing and staining a sputum smear to detect acid-fast bacilli (AFB) that may indicate a tuberculosis infection. A sputum sample is taken from the dense portion in a safety cabinet and an oval smear is prepared on a slide then air dried and stained using the routine AFB staining method. The procedure involves fixing, staining with carbolfuchsin, decolorizing with an acid-alcohol solution, counterstaining and examining under a microscope to identify red, thread-like AFB patterns against a blue background. Reporting guidelines based on the number of AFB observed per 100 fields and potential sources of error in the process are also outlined.
Urine for sugar test
The urine sugar test measures glucose levels in urine and can help detect conditions like diabetes. It involves collecting a urine sample and using Benedict's solution to test for the presence of glucose. A color change in the solution indicates different glucose levels, with blue meaning no sugar and shades of orange or red signifying higher levels. While easy to perform, the urine test has limitations and is best used alongside blood glucose monitoring to properly diagnose and manage diabetes or other causes of excess glucose in the urine.
Hemoglobin estimation
Hemoglobin contains iron and transports oxygen in red blood cells. It can be measured through hemoglobinometry to diagnose anemia, screen for polycythemia, and assess treatment responses. Methods for estimating hemoglobin include colorimetric, gasometric, chemical, and specific gravity tests. The most common colorimetric method is the cyanmethemoglobin process, which uses reagents to convert hemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin and takes absorbance readings to calculate concentration. Estimation helps evaluate anemia severity, monitor therapy effectiveness, and select blood donors.
Hemoglobin (Hb) test 1mglabs
The hemoglobin test measures the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues. The hemoglobin test is done to check for anemia or high red blood cell counts and to monitor treatment response. It involves drawing a blood sample from the arm using a syringe and fine needle. Abnormal hemoglobin levels can indicate various diseases.
Blood grouping and crosss matching
This document discusses blood grouping and Rh typing. It begins by explaining that blood grouping is based on the antigens present on red blood cells, with ABO and Rh being clinically most important. It then covers the history and discovery of blood grouping, the various blood group systems, and Landsteiner's law regarding antigens and antibodies. The rest of the document discusses methods for blood grouping and Rh typing, including slide and tube methods. It covers interpretation of results, universal donor/recipient groups, and rare Bombay blood group. The importance and techniques of cross-matching for blood transfusions are also summarized.
Recommended
Demonstration on hemoglobin test
This document discusses the importance of estimating hemoglobin levels during pregnancy to check for and manage anemia. Hemoglobin should be estimated initially and at 28 weeks to diagnose and treat anemia if present. Moderate anemia is defined as hemoglobin between 7-11g/dl and severe anemia is less than 7g/dl. If a pregnant woman is found to be anemic, she should start iron supplements and have her hemoglobin rechecked after 1 month, referring her to a higher facility if there is no improvement. Hemoglobin can be estimated in resource-limited areas using a simple and inexpensive color scale developed by the WHO.
Albumin test
Albumin is a large molecule protein found in the blood, under normal circumstances it does not pass into the urine. If albumin occurs in the urine it could indicate infection of the urinary tract, kidney damage as in nephritis and toxemia in pregnancy. A urine for albumin test is a screening test to look for the presence of albumin in the urine .An albumin test cheeks urine for a protein called albumin for urine . Albumin is normally found in blood and filtered by kidneys. When the kidneys are working as the slow, there may be very small amount albumin in the urine .But when the kidneys are damage ,abnormal amounts of albumin leaks in the urine. This is called albuminuria.
Hemoglobin estimation
This document provides information on hemoglobin estimation methods. It discusses the structure and function of hemoglobin, normal hemoglobin concentration ranges, and various laboratory methods for estimating hemoglobin levels. The key methods described are the Sahli acid hematin method, cyanmethemoglobin method, and automated blood count method. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are outlined.
Sputum smear preparation and staining
This document provides instructions for preparing and staining a sputum smear to detect acid-fast bacilli (AFB) that may indicate a tuberculosis infection. A sputum sample is taken from the dense portion in a safety cabinet and an oval smear is prepared on a slide then air dried and stained using the routine AFB staining method. The procedure involves fixing, staining with carbolfuchsin, decolorizing with an acid-alcohol solution, counterstaining and examining under a microscope to identify red, thread-like AFB patterns against a blue background. Reporting guidelines based on the number of AFB observed per 100 fields and potential sources of error in the process are also outlined.
Urine for sugar test
The urine sugar test measures glucose levels in urine and can help detect conditions like diabetes. It involves collecting a urine sample and using Benedict's solution to test for the presence of glucose. A color change in the solution indicates different glucose levels, with blue meaning no sugar and shades of orange or red signifying higher levels. While easy to perform, the urine test has limitations and is best used alongside blood glucose monitoring to properly diagnose and manage diabetes or other causes of excess glucose in the urine.
Hemoglobin estimation
Hemoglobin contains iron and transports oxygen in red blood cells. It can be measured through hemoglobinometry to diagnose anemia, screen for polycythemia, and assess treatment responses. Methods for estimating hemoglobin include colorimetric, gasometric, chemical, and specific gravity tests. The most common colorimetric method is the cyanmethemoglobin process, which uses reagents to convert hemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin and takes absorbance readings to calculate concentration. Estimation helps evaluate anemia severity, monitor therapy effectiveness, and select blood donors.
Hemoglobin (Hb) test 1mglabs
The hemoglobin test measures the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues. The hemoglobin test is done to check for anemia or high red blood cell counts and to monitor treatment response. It involves drawing a blood sample from the arm using a syringe and fine needle. Abnormal hemoglobin levels can indicate various diseases.
Blood grouping and crosss matching
This document discusses blood grouping and Rh typing. It begins by explaining that blood grouping is based on the antigens present on red blood cells, with ABO and Rh being clinically most important. It then covers the history and discovery of blood grouping, the various blood group systems, and Landsteiner's law regarding antigens and antibodies. The rest of the document discusses methods for blood grouping and Rh typing, including slide and tube methods. It covers interpretation of results, universal donor/recipient groups, and rare Bombay blood group. The importance and techniques of cross-matching for blood transfusions are also summarized.
Blood glucose test
A blood glucose test measures the glucose levels in your blood. Glucose is a type of sugar. It is your body's main source of energy. A hormone called insulin helps move glucose from your bloodstream into your cells. Too much or too little glucose in the blood can be a sign of a serious medical condition.
Hemoglobin estimation
Notes about blood hemoglobin estimation, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
Blood glucose testing
This document summarizes blood sugar testing and glucose concentration analysis. It describes different types of blood sugar tests, including fasting blood sugar tests and oral glucose tolerance tests. The objectives are to calculate glucose concentration in an unknown sample and compare it to normal values. The results show the sample has a glucose level of 159.71 mg/dL, which is higher than the normal adult range of 70-105 mg/dL, indicating hyperglycemia.
BLEEDING TIME & CLOTTING TIME.pptx
This document discusses various methods for measuring bleeding time and clotting time. The Ivy method, Duke method, and Template method are described for measuring bleeding time. The Ivy method involves making small punctures on the forearm and timing how long it takes for bleeding to stop. Prolonged bleeding time can indicate platelet or coagulation disorders. Clotting time is measured by timing how long it takes blood to form a clot after a finger prick. Prolonged clotting time suggests a deficiency in intrinsic coagulation factors. Normal ranges for bleeding time and clotting time are provided.
Collection sputum afb
This document provides instructions for collecting a sputum sample to test for acid fast bacillus (AFB) and diagnose tuberculosis (TB). Sputum samples should be collected upon waking to detect mycobacterial infections like pulmonary TB. Precautions like shielding samples from sunlight must be taken to preserve the TB bacteria. Patients are instructed to take deep breaths and cough hard into a collection container, avoiding contamination. Proper collection and handling of samples enables timely diagnosis and treatment monitoring of TB infections.
Examination of urine
Urine examination step by step, Normal finding, time of collection, physical chemical examination, cast, crysteals in urine
Anemia
This document provides an overview of anemia for nursing students. It defines anemia, discusses its causes and types. It covers the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation and management of anemia. Nursing management focuses on improving nutrition, managing activity intolerance, and monitoring for ineffective tissue perfusion. The document aims to help nursing students understand anemia and how to care for patients with this condition.
Measurement of blood glucose
This document provides instructions for performing a blood glucose test using a glucometer. It outlines the necessary equipment, including a glucometer, test strips, lancet, alcohol wipes and gauze. The steps include washing hands, selecting a puncture site, warming the hands, turning on the glucometer, inserting a test strip, cleaning and puncturing the site, applying blood to the strip, and recording the results. The process takes 10-15 minutes to complete.
Sputum and body fluids, csf for bpmt
This document provides information on the examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is produced by the choroid plexus and circulates in the subarachnoid space, providing mechanical protection and transport functions. Diagnosis of various central nervous system conditions can be made through CSF analysis, including meningitis, encephalitis, and malignancy. Proper specimen collection and examination of opening pressure, cell count, glucose, protein and microscopic analysis can help diagnose these conditions.
Examination of urine
This document describes procedures for examining urine, including physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations. It discusses normal findings and tests for various substances like glucose, proteins, ketones, and bile. Tests covered include Benedict's test for glucose, hot and cold tests for albumin, Roth's test for acetone, Hey's test for bile salts, and Smith's test for bile pigments. Procedures are provided for measuring urine specific gravity and checking the urine reaction. The goal of urine examination is to screen for and diagnose conditions like diabetes and kidney disease.
Specimen collection
Proper specimen collection is important for diagnosing infectious diseases. Different specimens like blood, urine, stool, sputum, wounds, and throat can be collected and tested. Each type of specimen has specific collection guidelines to obtain the most accurate results and avoid contamination, such as using aseptic technique for blood cultures and collecting clean-catch midstream urine samples.
universal precautions
Standard precautions are evidence-based practices designed to prevent transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings. They are implemented to protect all patients and healthcare workers regardless of infection status. Standard precautions break the chain of infection through proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps and linens, appropriate disposal of biowaste, routine cleaning and disinfection of equipment and the environment, and precautions during patient care and resuscitation.
Serum electrolytes test
Electrolytes are minerals which are present in the blood and body tissues and are essential for metabolism, for proper nerve and muscle functioning, for maintenance of proper water balance, and proper blood pH (acid-base balance). The serum electrolyte test includes a group of tests to measure the following electrolytes: Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) and Chloride (Cl-).
Reference: https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/serum-electrolyte-1761
Blood sample collection procedure ppt
Collecting blood samples and other biological specimens is crucial to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disease. However, from the patient’s perspective, it can also be painful, unnerving, frightening, and inconvenient.
Blood transfusion
This document provides information about blood transfusion, including its definition, purposes, components, blood grouping and cross matching, types of transfusions, general instructions, and complications. Blood transfusion involves collecting blood from a donor and administering it to a recipient. It can be used to treat anemia, restore blood volume after hemorrhaging, and provide antibodies or clotting factors. Blood components include whole blood, packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Cross matching must ensure compatibility of blood types and Rh factor. Potential complications include acute and delayed hemolytic reactions, circulatory overload, and infections.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when fluid loss exceeds fluid intake. It can be caused by excessive fluid loss through vomiting, diarrhea, or reduced fluid intake. As dehydration worsens, complications include hypotension, decreased cardiac output, renal failure, and potentially death from hypovolemic shock if untreated. Treatment involves oral or IV fluid replacement administered gradually over 48 hours to restore fluid balance and prevent edema. Nursing care focuses on monitoring fluid intake and output, administering replacement fluids, and educating patients and families on prevention.
Blood specimen collection
This document outlines policies and procedures for blood specimen collection and disposal of sharp objects at KFCH. It defines venipuncture and different types of collection tubes used, as well as nursing responsibilities for blood collection and labeling of samples. The standard operating procedure for disposal of sharp objects specifies using puncture-proof containers labeled as biohazardous waste and proper handling, transport, and disposal of filled sharp containers. Recommendations include strictly following policies to ensure staff and patient safety during phlebotomy and waste disposal.
Blood sample collection
1. Blood collection requires precautions to avoid self-infection, transmission of bloodborne infections, and misleading test results. Proper handwashing, use of protective gloves, disinfection of collection sites, and safe disposal of sharps are important.
2. Venous blood is most often collected from the antecubital area by needle puncture of a vein. Capillary blood can be collected from the fingertip or heelprick in infants and those with fragile veins.
3. The document provides guidance on blood collection procedures, sites for different types of blood samples, risks, anticoagulants, and causes of misleading test results related to specimen collection.
Complete Blood Count.
A complete blood count (CBC) measures components of blood including red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count. It provides information about the blood and bone marrow. Abnormal CBC results can indicate conditions such as anemia, infection, blood loss, bone marrow diseases, and cancers. The CBC is an important test used to screen for diseases, monitor treatment effectiveness, and identify acute and chronic illnesses.
Examination of cerebrospinal fluid presentation mode
The document discusses examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It describes how CSF is formed by the choroid plexus and circulates through the ventricles and subarachnoid spaces. Examination of CSF includes physical, chemical, cytological and bacteriological analysis. The normal components and indications for examination are provided. Collection methods and sites are outlined. Macroscopic, chemical and cell analysis are described to identify abnormalities that may indicate infections, inflammation or other conditions.
Checking of haemoglobin level
This document provides instructions for measuring hemoglobin levels using a hemoglobinometer. It lists the required materials which include 0.1N HCL, distilled water, blood sample, pipette, test tube, hemoglobinometer, dropper, brush, and lancet. It then provides a 9 step process for taking a blood sample from the finger, mixing it with HCL in a test tube, and using the hemoglobinometer and distilled water to match the color and determine the hemoglobin level reading. Finally, it lists precautions such as using a separate lancet for each person and taking the reading in bright light.
Hemoglobin estimation
The document discusses hemoglobin measurement and its importance. Hemoglobin carries oxygen throughout the body and helps maintain blood pH. It is measured to detect anemia, monitor treatment response, and check blood donations. Venous or capillary blood is used, with venous blood in EDTA tubes being most common. Hemoglobin is measured photometrically or via visual comparison techniques. Reference ranges vary by age and sex, with low levels indicating anemia and high levels indicating polycythemia. Quality control ensures accurate results.
More Related Content
What's hot
Blood glucose test
A blood glucose test measures the glucose levels in your blood. Glucose is a type of sugar. It is your body's main source of energy. A hormone called insulin helps move glucose from your bloodstream into your cells. Too much or too little glucose in the blood can be a sign of a serious medical condition.
Hemoglobin estimation
Notes about blood hemoglobin estimation, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
Blood glucose testing
This document summarizes blood sugar testing and glucose concentration analysis. It describes different types of blood sugar tests, including fasting blood sugar tests and oral glucose tolerance tests. The objectives are to calculate glucose concentration in an unknown sample and compare it to normal values. The results show the sample has a glucose level of 159.71 mg/dL, which is higher than the normal adult range of 70-105 mg/dL, indicating hyperglycemia.
BLEEDING TIME & CLOTTING TIME.pptx
This document discusses various methods for measuring bleeding time and clotting time. The Ivy method, Duke method, and Template method are described for measuring bleeding time. The Ivy method involves making small punctures on the forearm and timing how long it takes for bleeding to stop. Prolonged bleeding time can indicate platelet or coagulation disorders. Clotting time is measured by timing how long it takes blood to form a clot after a finger prick. Prolonged clotting time suggests a deficiency in intrinsic coagulation factors. Normal ranges for bleeding time and clotting time are provided.
Collection sputum afb
This document provides instructions for collecting a sputum sample to test for acid fast bacillus (AFB) and diagnose tuberculosis (TB). Sputum samples should be collected upon waking to detect mycobacterial infections like pulmonary TB. Precautions like shielding samples from sunlight must be taken to preserve the TB bacteria. Patients are instructed to take deep breaths and cough hard into a collection container, avoiding contamination. Proper collection and handling of samples enables timely diagnosis and treatment monitoring of TB infections.
Examination of urine
Urine examination step by step, Normal finding, time of collection, physical chemical examination, cast, crysteals in urine
Anemia
This document provides an overview of anemia for nursing students. It defines anemia, discusses its causes and types. It covers the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation and management of anemia. Nursing management focuses on improving nutrition, managing activity intolerance, and monitoring for ineffective tissue perfusion. The document aims to help nursing students understand anemia and how to care for patients with this condition.
Measurement of blood glucose
This document provides instructions for performing a blood glucose test using a glucometer. It outlines the necessary equipment, including a glucometer, test strips, lancet, alcohol wipes and gauze. The steps include washing hands, selecting a puncture site, warming the hands, turning on the glucometer, inserting a test strip, cleaning and puncturing the site, applying blood to the strip, and recording the results. The process takes 10-15 minutes to complete.
Sputum and body fluids, csf for bpmt
This document provides information on the examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is produced by the choroid plexus and circulates in the subarachnoid space, providing mechanical protection and transport functions. Diagnosis of various central nervous system conditions can be made through CSF analysis, including meningitis, encephalitis, and malignancy. Proper specimen collection and examination of opening pressure, cell count, glucose, protein and microscopic analysis can help diagnose these conditions.
Examination of urine
This document describes procedures for examining urine, including physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations. It discusses normal findings and tests for various substances like glucose, proteins, ketones, and bile. Tests covered include Benedict's test for glucose, hot and cold tests for albumin, Roth's test for acetone, Hey's test for bile salts, and Smith's test for bile pigments. Procedures are provided for measuring urine specific gravity and checking the urine reaction. The goal of urine examination is to screen for and diagnose conditions like diabetes and kidney disease.
Specimen collection
Proper specimen collection is important for diagnosing infectious diseases. Different specimens like blood, urine, stool, sputum, wounds, and throat can be collected and tested. Each type of specimen has specific collection guidelines to obtain the most accurate results and avoid contamination, such as using aseptic technique for blood cultures and collecting clean-catch midstream urine samples.
universal precautions
Standard precautions are evidence-based practices designed to prevent transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings. They are implemented to protect all patients and healthcare workers regardless of infection status. Standard precautions break the chain of infection through proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps and linens, appropriate disposal of biowaste, routine cleaning and disinfection of equipment and the environment, and precautions during patient care and resuscitation.
Serum electrolytes test
Electrolytes are minerals which are present in the blood and body tissues and are essential for metabolism, for proper nerve and muscle functioning, for maintenance of proper water balance, and proper blood pH (acid-base balance). The serum electrolyte test includes a group of tests to measure the following electrolytes: Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) and Chloride (Cl-).
Reference: https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/serum-electrolyte-1761
Blood sample collection procedure ppt
Collecting blood samples and other biological specimens is crucial to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disease. However, from the patient’s perspective, it can also be painful, unnerving, frightening, and inconvenient.
Blood transfusion
This document provides information about blood transfusion, including its definition, purposes, components, blood grouping and cross matching, types of transfusions, general instructions, and complications. Blood transfusion involves collecting blood from a donor and administering it to a recipient. It can be used to treat anemia, restore blood volume after hemorrhaging, and provide antibodies or clotting factors. Blood components include whole blood, packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Cross matching must ensure compatibility of blood types and Rh factor. Potential complications include acute and delayed hemolytic reactions, circulatory overload, and infections.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when fluid loss exceeds fluid intake. It can be caused by excessive fluid loss through vomiting, diarrhea, or reduced fluid intake. As dehydration worsens, complications include hypotension, decreased cardiac output, renal failure, and potentially death from hypovolemic shock if untreated. Treatment involves oral or IV fluid replacement administered gradually over 48 hours to restore fluid balance and prevent edema. Nursing care focuses on monitoring fluid intake and output, administering replacement fluids, and educating patients and families on prevention.
Blood specimen collection
This document outlines policies and procedures for blood specimen collection and disposal of sharp objects at KFCH. It defines venipuncture and different types of collection tubes used, as well as nursing responsibilities for blood collection and labeling of samples. The standard operating procedure for disposal of sharp objects specifies using puncture-proof containers labeled as biohazardous waste and proper handling, transport, and disposal of filled sharp containers. Recommendations include strictly following policies to ensure staff and patient safety during phlebotomy and waste disposal.
Blood sample collection
1. Blood collection requires precautions to avoid self-infection, transmission of bloodborne infections, and misleading test results. Proper handwashing, use of protective gloves, disinfection of collection sites, and safe disposal of sharps are important.
2. Venous blood is most often collected from the antecubital area by needle puncture of a vein. Capillary blood can be collected from the fingertip or heelprick in infants and those with fragile veins.
3. The document provides guidance on blood collection procedures, sites for different types of blood samples, risks, anticoagulants, and causes of misleading test results related to specimen collection.
Complete Blood Count.
A complete blood count (CBC) measures components of blood including red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count. It provides information about the blood and bone marrow. Abnormal CBC results can indicate conditions such as anemia, infection, blood loss, bone marrow diseases, and cancers. The CBC is an important test used to screen for diseases, monitor treatment effectiveness, and identify acute and chronic illnesses.
Examination of cerebrospinal fluid presentation mode
The document discusses examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It describes how CSF is formed by the choroid plexus and circulates through the ventricles and subarachnoid spaces. Examination of CSF includes physical, chemical, cytological and bacteriological analysis. The normal components and indications for examination are provided. Collection methods and sites are outlined. Macroscopic, chemical and cell analysis are described to identify abnormalities that may indicate infections, inflammation or other conditions.
What's hot (20)
Examination of cerebrospinal fluid presentation mode
Examination of cerebrospinal fluid presentation mode
Viewers also liked
Checking of haemoglobin level
This document provides instructions for measuring hemoglobin levels using a hemoglobinometer. It lists the required materials which include 0.1N HCL, distilled water, blood sample, pipette, test tube, hemoglobinometer, dropper, brush, and lancet. It then provides a 9 step process for taking a blood sample from the finger, mixing it with HCL in a test tube, and using the hemoglobinometer and distilled water to match the color and determine the hemoglobin level reading. Finally, it lists precautions such as using a separate lancet for each person and taking the reading in bright light.
Hemoglobin estimation
The document discusses hemoglobin measurement and its importance. Hemoglobin carries oxygen throughout the body and helps maintain blood pH. It is measured to detect anemia, monitor treatment response, and check blood donations. Venous or capillary blood is used, with venous blood in EDTA tubes being most common. Hemoglobin is measured photometrically or via visual comparison techniques. Reference ranges vary by age and sex, with low levels indicating anemia and high levels indicating polycythemia. Quality control ensures accurate results.
Blood Physiology - Ppt
Blood functions to transport oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones, and more throughout the body. It is composed of plasma and formed elements including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. Erythrocytes carry oxygen to tissues via hemoglobin and have a normal lifespan of 100-120 days before being recycled. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is a common test measuring the rate at which red blood cells sediment in one hour, indicating inflammation.
physiological dead space and its measurements
This document defines and describes the different types of dead space in the lungs, including anatomical, physiological, alveolar, and apparatus dead space. It explains that physiological dead space is greater than anatomical dead space due to the inclusion of alveolar dead space. The document also outlines methods to measure anatomical and physiological dead space, such as Fowler's method and Bohr's equation. Factors that can influence the amounts of anatomical and alveolar dead space are also discussed.
Advanced techniques in protein estimation
This document discusses various techniques for estimating proteins including immunohistochemistry, PCR, blotting techniques, SDS-PAGE, and spectroscopy. It provides details on each technique such as the principles, procedures, and applications. Immunohistochemistry uses antigen-antibody reactions to identify specific tissue components. PCR amplifies segments of DNA through repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension. Blotting techniques like Southern, Northern, and Western blotting are used to transfer and detect DNA, RNA, and proteins. SDS-PAGE separates proteins by size using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Spectroscopy techniques like MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry are used to analyze proteins and identify disease markers.
ANASTOMOSIS PORTO-CAVA
La anastomosis porto-cava consiste en una derivación de la vena porta a la vena cava inferior para tratar las hemorragias por ruptura de várices esofágicas causadas por hipertensión portal. El documento describe los tipos de anastomosis porto-cava y cava-cava, sus indicaciones, técnicas quirúrgicas, y complicaciones como trombosis portal.
blood plasma protein
- The document discusses the composition and properties of blood plasma proteins. It describes the major classes of plasma proteins including albumins, globulins, enzymes, and lipoproteins.
- Specific globulin proteins are examined in more detail, such as their structure, function, and clinical significance. Alpha-1 antitrypsin and alpha-2 macroglobulin are protease inhibitors, while haptoglobin binds free hemoglobin.
- Immunoglobulins are antibody proteins that are divided into five classes based on their heavy chain constant region: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. They have a basic Y-shaped structure composed of two heavy and two light chains that allows for antigen binding
Plasma protein
Plasma proteins are proteins found in blood plasma after removing cells. The main plasma proteins are albumins, immunoglobulins, and fibrinogens. Albumins make up 60% of plasma proteins and maintain fluid balance. Immunoglobulins like IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD make up 18% and are involved in immunity. Fibrinogens make up 4% and are involved in blood clotting. Plasma proteins are synthesized mostly in the liver and have important functions like fluid balance, transport, immunity, and coagulation.
Plasma proteins
This document summarizes plasma proteins and immunoglobulins. It discusses that plasma is composed of water, electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, and plasma proteins. The major plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, and immunoglobulins. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and serves important functions like transport and maintenance of osmotic pressure. Globulins include acute phase proteins, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, and others. Immunoglobulins are antibody proteins that are involved in immune responses through antigen binding and activating effector functions. The five major immunoglobulin classes are IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.
Respiratory physiology
One of the academic presentations reflecting the Academic activity at Grande International Hospital, Dhapasi, Kathmandu; an initiative of our HOD of ED, Dr. Ajay Singh Thapa.
Total plasma protein
This document provides information on the colourimetric method for determining total plasma proteins. It begins with definitions of key terms like colourimetry and blank. It then discusses the principle that absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length. The document provides details on the types and functions of plasma proteins like albumins and globulins. It discusses the biuret reaction used to colorimetrically determine total plasma proteins and provides the normal ranges and clinical significance of variations in plasma protein levels.
Hemoglobin & its functions plasma
Hemoglobin & its functions plasmaDr. Alamzeb Associate professor ,HOD Physiology Saidu Medical College saidu Sharif Swat Pakistan
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It is composed of four heme groups with iron and globin proteins containing two alpha and two beta chains. Hemoglobin concentration is normally 13.5-18 g/dL in men and 11.5-16 g/dL in women. Polycythemia is a condition with an increased total number of red blood cells and can be primary due to bone marrow abnormalities or secondary due to factors like living at high altitudes.Hepatic Portal vein and portocaval anatomosis
The hepatic portal vein drains blood from the abdominal organs into the liver before exiting into the inferior vena cava. It forms at the union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins. In the liver, it divides into right and left branches that further branch into hepatic sinusoids. Portosystemic anastomoses allow blood to bypass the liver in portal hypertension, leading to collateral circulation and varices in locations like the esophagus, anus, and abdomen.
HbA1c : glycosylated hemoglobin
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) represents the average plasma glucose over the previous 2-3 months and is measured to monitor long-term glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The document discusses the relationship between HbA1c levels and diabetes complications, factors that affect HbA1c, and recommendations for using HbA1c to diagnose diabetes. International expert committees now recommend using HbA1c ≥6.5% to diagnose diabetes due to standardization of assays and its correlation with complications.
Portacaval Anastomosis
The document discusses the portal circulation system and portal hypertension. The portal vein is formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein. It carries deoxygenated blood from the digestive organs to the liver. Five sites in the body allow blood to flow between the portal and systemic circulation systems. Portal hypertension occurs when increased blood pressure in the portal vein is caused by liver cirrhosis or thrombosis. Consequences of portal hypertension include esophageal and hemorrhoidal varices, caput medusae, ascites, and splenomegaly. Treatment options consist of band ligation, sclerotherapy, portosystemic shunts, and TIPSS procedures.
Anastomosis Porto- Cava
1. Las anastomosis porto-cavas son conexiones entre los sistemas venosos porta y cava que permiten el flujo de sangre entre ellos, y son importantes cuando hay obstrucciones en el sistema porta. 2. Existen cuatro puntos principales de anastomosis y pueden causar varices esofágicas y rectales cuando están congestionadas, como en la cirrosis hepática. 3. Las anastomosis también son relevantes durante procedimientos como la anastomosis porto-cava, un tratamiento para hemorragias por ruptura de várices esofágicas.
Plasma protiens and their clinical significance
its an extensive presentation about plasma protiens and their clinical significance for people studying medicine and biochemistry.
Red blood cell count
This document provides information about performing a red blood cell count. It discusses that red blood cells are biconcave discs around 8 micrometers in diameter. It describes how to perform a manual red blood cell count using a Neubauer chamber, diluted blood sample, and microscope. The steps include preparing a 1:200 dilution, filling the chamber, focusing on cells with the microscope, and counting cells within a specified area. The normal red blood cell count ranges for adults, newborns, and children are provided. Decreased red blood cell counts can indicate anemia, while increased counts can be seen with conditions like polycythemia or dehydration.
Techniques in biochemistry laboratoty
This document discusses the interpretation of clinical biochemistry laboratory results. It begins by explaining that understanding laboratory numbers is crucial for correct diagnosis and treatment. Results are usually reported as concentrations or activities. Concentrations contain units of quantity and volume, such as milligrams per deciliter. Standard International (S.I.) units are now commonly used, with substances reported in moles per liter where possible. Activities measure the rate of enzymatic processes and are affected by testing conditions. The document emphasizes that correctly interpreting results is essential for clinical decision making.
Electrochemical method of analysis
Electrochemical methods are analytical techniques that use measurements of potential, charge, or current to determine an analyte's concentration or characterize its reactivity. There are several types of electrochemical methods including potentiometry, voltammetry, coulometry, conductometry, and dielectrometry. Potentiometry measures the potential of a solution between two electrodes and relates the potential to analyte concentrations. Voltammetry applies a constant or varying potential at an electrode and measures the resulting current. Coulometry completely converts an analyte from one oxidation state to another by applying current or potential and measuring the total current passed. Potentiometric titration uses two electrodes to measure the potential across a solution during a titration rather than using
Viewers also liked (20)
Similar to Hemoglobin testing
Pediatrics 5th year, 2nd lecture (Dr. Adnan)
This document discusses the consequences and clinical features of diarrhea and dehydration in children. It outlines three types of dehydration - isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic - based on deficits of water and sodium. Dehydration can lead to metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, and malnutrition. Clinical features range from thirst and irritability with some dehydration to lethargy, sunken eyes, and undetectable pulse with severe dehydration. Assessment of dehydration involves evaluating behavior, eyes, tears, mouth, thirst, skin turgor, and additional signs.
HISTORY TAKING & PHYSICAL EXAMINATION.pptx
This document provides guidance on performing a patient history and physical examination. It outlines important tips for effective history taking, including choosing a quiet space, asking open-ended questions, active listening, and clarifying information. The history should obtain demographic data, chief complaint, history of present illness, past medical history, drug history, family history, and social history. The physical exam involves inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of general appearance and different body systems. Proper patient positioning, draping, and communication are important. Notable findings on exam may include clubbing, cyanosis, rashes, or enlarged lymph nodes.
How To Increase Blood Oxygen Level.pdf
Our blood oxygen level play a vital role in our overall health and wellbeing. When these levels are low, we can experience a range of symptoms that can impact our quality of life. Thankfully, there are a number of things we can do to increase our blood oxygen level and improve our health.
In this article, we will take a look at the importance of blood oxygen level and how we can increase them. We will also look at some of the common symptoms of low blood oxygen level and what we can do to prevent them.
If you are looking for ways to increase your blood oxygen level, then this article is for you!
Clinical Pathology Laboratory Report by Kula Jilo 2016
Clinical pathology is a subspecialty of pathology that deals with the use of laboratory methods (clinical chemistry, microbiology, hematology and emerging subspecialties such as molecular diagnostics) for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Hematology studies the blood and blood-forming tissues to evaluate presence of disease and assist in therapeutic interventions as clinically indicated. Clinical chemistry (also known as chemical pathology and clinical biochemistry) is the area of clinical pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids. Some of the objectives of this manual are to identify the most important hematological and functional pathological tests of vet importance, to diagnose different animal diseases by confirming the pathological causes that constraint livestock production and to have knowledge more about clinical pathology. Part one discusses about hematology which includes equipment’s and reagents, blood collection sites and procedures, preparation method for working solution, staining methods (staining procedures), hemoglobin determination, hematocrit determination (PCV), total RBC count, total WBC count, differential leukocyte count, determination of ESR, coagulation time determination, bleeding time, calculating red blood cell indices and blood group and Rh factor determination. Part two deals with function tests which includes determination of Aspartate Amino Trasferase (AST) and Glutamic OxalacetateTransminase (GOT), determination of Alkaline Phosphtase (ALP), determination of creatinine, total protein determination, urea determination, total and direct bilirubin determination, enzymatic kinetic colorimeter test, liver function test, kidney function test, rumen function test and pancreatic function test. In general, the outline of this laboratory manual deals with the basic hematological procedures and clinical chemistry analysis.
worksheet case study.pdf
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen around the body. A normal red blood cell count is 4.0-5.9 million cells per liter of blood for men and 3.8-5.2 million cells per liter of blood for women. Low red blood cell count can be caused by iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiencies, internal bleeding, or kidney disease. High red blood cell count can be caused by smoking, congenital heart disease, dehydration, or low blood oxygen levels. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, with each hemoglobin molecule able to carry 4 oxygen molecules. Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the lungs and is released from oxyhemoglobin in tissues where
Sickle cell anemia disease
Sickle cell anemia is a disease where red blood cells take on an abnormal sickle shape. This is caused by a defective hemoglobin protein within the red blood cells. When the defective hemoglobin called HbS is without oxygen bound to it, it forms precipitates that cause the cells to sickle. A person's genes determine if they have sickle cell anemia - having two normal genes prevents the disease, while having two sickle cell genes causes a severe case. Treatments include blood transfusions, antibiotics, hydroxyurea, and potentially a bone marrow transplant in severe cases.
para.pptx
Urine analysis part 2 provides information on microscopic examination of urine sediment. Key points include:
1. Various cells, casts, crystals, and microorganisms may be present in urine sediment. Common findings include white and red blood cells, epithelial cells, bacteria, yeast, parasites, and various types of casts.
2. The presence and amounts of certain findings provide information on urinary conditions. For example, increased white blood cells suggest urinary tract infection while red blood cell casts indicate glomerular injury.
3. Specialized stains and examination techniques help identify features like fat, spermatozoa, and parasites that provide diagnostic or clinical significance. Proper collection and handling of urine samples impacts
ADRENAL GLAND DISORDERS.doc
Adrenal gland disorders include hypofunction which can lead to acute or chronic insufficiency, and hyperfunction which often leads to overproduction of androgens or cortisol. Acute adrenocortical insufficiency occurs suddenly due to infection or abrupt cessation of corticosteroid therapy, causing low blood pressure, fever, dehydration, hypoglycemia, and seizures. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is inherited and causes overproduction of androgens due to inability to produce cortisol, resulting in masculinization of female genitalia and precocious puberty if untreated. The salt-losing form also causes loss of sodium and fluids leading to dehydration, weight loss, and
worksheet case study.docx
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen around the body. Normal red blood cell counts are 4.0-5.9 million cells per liter of blood for men and 3.8-5.2 million for women. Low red blood cell count can be caused by iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiencies, internal bleeding, or kidney disease. High red blood cell count can be caused by smoking, heart disease, dehydration, low blood oxygen, or pulmonary fibrosis. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, with each hemoglobin molecule carrying four oxygen molecules. Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the lungs and is released from oxyhemoglobin in tissues with low oxygen levels. A 6-month
Thalassemia
This presentation provides an overview of thalassemia, including what it is, its types and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Thalassemia is a blood disorder where the body does not produce enough hemoglobin or red blood cells, causing anemia. There are two main types: alpha thalassemia affects alpha chain production and beta thalassemia affects beta chain production. Symptoms include fatigue, jaundice, and skeletal deformities. Diagnosis involves blood tests and genetic testing. Treatment may include regular blood transfusions to manage anemia, iron chelation therapy to remove excess iron, and in some cases bone marrow transplants.
Blood disease
1. The document discusses various blood diseases including different types of anemia (microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic), their causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment approaches.
2. Microcytic anemias like iron deficiency anemia result in small red blood cells, while macrocytic anemias from folate or B12 deficiency produce large cells. Normocytic anemias maintain normal cell size.
3. Diagnostic tests include complete blood counts and smears to identify cell types and sizes. Management involves treating the underlying cause, blood transfusions, and supplements.
So ps
This standard operating procedure document provides guidelines for donor selection criteria and screening to ensure donor and recipient safety. The summary is as follows:
1. Donor selection criteria includes age between 18-60, weight over 45kg, normal vitals, hemoglobin over 12.5g/dL, and being free from infections. Certain medical conditions result in temporary or permanent deferral.
2. The medical officer is responsible for determining donor eligibility based on health history, examination, and screening tests. A physical exam checks weight, vitals, and hemoglobin.
3. Positive responses on the donor questionnaire or risks identified during the confidential interview may result in deferral for a specified time period or permanently depending
"Drug Addiction" BIOLOGY PROJECT..pdf
The document is a biology project report submitted by a student on the topic of drug addiction. It includes an introduction defining drugs and addiction, a classification of major drug types, how addiction begins through various factors like curiosity or peer pressure, and the negative effects of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs on health and society. It concludes by emphasizing the need for evidence-based public health strategies to prevent and treat substance abuse issues.
Thalassemia (1)
Thalassemia is a blood disorder that reduces hemoglobin production. There are two main types: alpha thalassemia affects alpha globin gene production, while beta thalassemia affects beta globin genes. Symptoms range from none to severe anemia, depending on the type. Thalassemia major requires regular blood transfusions and can lead to other issues like enlarged organs or bones problems if not properly treated. Thalassemia minor usually does not cause symptoms.
How to increase hemoglobin? | what is the normal hemoglobin levels?
Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein which is found in our RBCs (Red blood cells). It is made up of two words Heme + globin ( heme means ‘iron’ and ‘globin’ means protein). The main work of hemoglobin is to bring the fresh oxygen from the lungs to the body cells so that chemicals in our body cells continued to function and bodies kept working well.
anemia-170709121059.pdf
This document provides an overview of anemia for nursing students. It defines anemia, discusses its causes and types. It covers the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation and management of anemia. Nursing management focuses on improving nutrition, managing activity intolerance and improving tissue perfusion. The document aims to help nursing students understand anemia and how to care for patients with this condition.
ANEMIA BY PANESI WHITE.pptx
Mrs. Onyango presented to the hospital with chest pains, leg swelling, fatigue, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Tests found her hemoglobin level to be very low at 3.9g/dl, indicating severe anemia. She is currently receiving medications to treat the anemia, including iron supplements, and awaiting a blood transfusion.
slide lesson 4.pptx
The document discusses a case study about a 6-month old child presenting with symptoms of tiredness, weakness, irregular heartbeats, and delayed growth. Laboratory results show the child has low red blood cell count. This suggests a diagnosis of thalassemia, a genetic blood disorder where mutations in hemoglobin genes result in decreased hemoglobin synthesis. The primary treatment is regular blood transfusions to increase oxygen transport, along with chelation therapy to remove excess iron from transfusions. Lifestyle changes like exercise and diet are also recommended while waiting for confirmatory genetic testing.
Nephrotic Syndrome
This document provides information for parents on childhood nephrotic syndrome, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It explains that nephrotic syndrome causes excessive protein in the urine and fluid retention in the body. Steroid medications like prednisone are usually the first treatment, and most children respond well to steroids and enter remission. The document discusses potential side effects of steroids and notes that some children may require additional treatments or monitoring. It aims to help parents understand nephrotic syndrome and play a role in their child's medical management and recovery.
Special topics
Gestational diabetes occurs when high blood glucose levels develop during pregnancy due to the pancreas not producing enough insulin to meet needs. It affects about 1 in 15 pregnancies. Women are usually screened between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy through an oral glucose tolerance test. Elevated blood glucose levels during the test can indicate gestational diabetes. Having gestational diabetes can harm both the woman and fetus, so monitoring and treatment if needed is important.
Similar to Hemoglobin testing (20)
Clinical Pathology Laboratory Report by Kula Jilo 2016
Clinical Pathology Laboratory Report by Kula Jilo 2016
How to increase hemoglobin? | what is the normal hemoglobin levels?
How to increase hemoglobin? | what is the normal hemoglobin levels?
More from vigyanashram
Azolla cultivation.......!
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Total digestive nutrients(TDN)
This slideshow explains about what is TDN Total Digestive Nutrients for fodder management of dairy animals
Soil testing for n,p,k
This document provides instructions for properly taking and testing a soil sample to determine soil nutrient levels. It explains that soil samples should be taken before planting, fertilizing, or harvesting. The testing procedures described check nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon, and pH levels. Results are used to suggest customized fertilizer doses based on whether soil nutrients are low, medium, or high to ensure balanced amounts for healthy crop growth.
Determination age of animal with help of teeth ppt 1
This document discusses determining the age of various animals based on their teeth. It provides a table listing the average age of common animals like cows, goats, sheep, dogs and more. It then explains how to estimate the age of calves and oxen by counting their milk and permanent teeth. Charts are included showing the teeth development and typical number of teeth for cows/oxen and goats at different ages to help estimate their age. Video clips of examining the teeth of oxen, buffaloes, cows and goats are also referenced for demonstration purposes.
Fertilizer types
This document discusses different types of fertilizers:
- Straight fertilizers contain a single nutrient, while mix fertilizers contain two or more nutrients.
- Complete fertilizers contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, while incomplete fertilizers are missing at least one of these primary nutrients.
- Organic fertilizers come from animal or plant matter and slowly release nutrients, while inorganic fertilizers are chemical products that can be tailored to specific nutrient ratios.
- Soluble fertilizers dissolve in water for fertilization through irrigation, while insoluble granular or slow-release fertilizers are applied directly to soil.
Application of fertilizers and calculation of fertilizers dose
This document discusses different methods for applying fertilizers:
Banding involves placing fertilizer in bands below and to the sides of seeds. Sidedressing places fertilizer bands after seedling emergence. Topdressing mixes fertilizer into the top soil layers. Perforating involves placing fertilizer in holes drilled around trees. Broadcasting spreads fertilizer over the entire area. Foliar spraying applies nutrients directly to leaves. Fertigation incorporates soluble fertilizer into irrigation systems. The method used should be practical and cost-effective while ensuring nutrient availability.
Plant nutrients & its role
This document discusses macro and micro nutrients that are important for plant growth. It defines macro nutrients as those needed in large amounts, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. Micro nutrients, also called trace elements, are needed in small amounts and include iron, copper, zinc, boron, molybdenum and manganese. It provides details on the functions and deficiency symptoms of each of the major macro and micro nutrients.
Plant nutritents
Nutrients reach plant roots through three mechanisms: mass flow with water, diffusion along concentration gradients, and root interception as roots extend. Roots absorb nutrients both passively through membranes or actively through ion-specific carriers. To maintain electrical balance, plants absorb cations and excrete hydrogen ions or produce organic anions, while absorbing anions and excreting bicarbonate ions or compensating cations. Nutrients can also be absorbed through leaves via stomata, allowing rapid uptake to correct deficiencies, though this does not build soil fertility and can cause toxicity.
Polyhouse technology
Polyhouse technology provides controlled growing conditions for fruits, vegetables, and flowers through the use of covered or partially covered structures. This allows year-round production and higher yields compared to traditional farming. Polyhouses protect plants from extreme weather, pests, and diseases while maintaining optimal temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, and light levels. Common polyhouse designs include barrel shaped, ridges and furrows, and saw tooth structures made of frames covered with transparent sheeting materials like polyfilm. Crops grown include vegetables, flowers, and landscaping plants. Adopting polyhouse technology could help boost Indian agricultural production and exports.
Plant propogation
Plant propagation can occur through seeds, cuttings, grafting, or tissue culture. Seeds develop into plants when subjected to the right environmental conditions like soil, water, temperature, and light. Cuttings involve rooting stem or branch cuttings, while grafting combines tissues from similar or dissimilar plants. Tissue culture grows plants from collected plant tissues in a sterile nutrient solution. Sexual propagation uses seeds to create genetically variable offspring, while asexual propagation through cuttings and grafting reproduces plants identical to the parent. Propagation is important for multiplying species, protecting endangered plants, improving plant qualities, and producing commercial crops.
Plant nursery basics
Nurseries are places where plants are grown, nurtured, and sold. There are two main types of nurseries - permanent nurseries that operate continuously and temporary nurseries that operate seasonally. Nurseries can also be classified by the types of plants grown, including fruit plant nurseries, vegetable plant nurseries, flower plant nurseries, and forest plant nurseries where seedlings and grafts of various commercial crops and trees are developed.
Importance of food preservation
This document discusses food preservation. It defines food preservation as a process that prevents food and vegetables from spoiling while also preserving their color, taste, and nutritive values. This allows food products to last for long periods of time and increases their shelf life. Different types of foods like fruits, vegetables, and meat are classified as perishable, while processed foods like cheese and ice cream are semi-perishable and can last up to two months. Shelf-stable foods like grains can last over six months. Food preservation allows people to enjoy different types of foods in any season, eat foods not available in their local area, and easily store food without worry.
Food spoiling
Food spoils due to the presence of microorganisms like bacteria and fungi, as well as enzymes. When bread, chapatis, or other foods are left in open air, microbes like mold or yeast can grow on them. Leaving cooked food in copper pots or milk exposed to air allows bacteria to grow and spoil the food. Various microorganisms, enzymes, insects, worms, and rats can all contribute to food spoilage if the food is not properly preserved.
Food preservation techniques
This document discusses various techniques for food preservation, including thermal processing (e.g. pasteurization), cold processing (e.g. chilling, freezing), controlling water content through dehydration, and using preservatives. Thermal processing involves heating food to temperatures above 82°C to kill microorganisms. Cold processing slows microbial growth by subjecting food to low temperatures around 0°C. Controlling water content through dehydration removes water needed by microorganisms to grow. Preservatives like salt, sugar, and chemicals inhibit microbial growth.
Mango jam preparation
This document provides instructions for making mango jam, including a list of ingredients (mango pulp, sugar, water, citric acid), equipment needed (grinder, knife, pot, bottle, stove, stirrer), and steps for the process. The process involves grinding mango pulp, mixing it with sugar, citric acid and water, cooking the mixture at 102-105 degrees C until it thickens, then allowing it to cool before packing it into bottles.
Smokeless Chulha
The document shows pictures of different types of smokeless stoves and asks the reader to choose which stove would be most comfortable for their family based on their needs. It encourages the reader to consider making their own suitable stove if none of the options work for them, as creating a new stove design could help address fuel or pollution problems faced by many people.
Cooking stoves
An improved cookstove that uses less fuel and produces less smoke is described. Traditional stoves use 8 kg of firewood per day and have problems like smoke inhalation, inefficient fuel use, and deforestation. Improved stoves discussed include the Bharatlaxmi fixed single-pot stove, the smokeless chulha with a chimney, and the Laxmi two-pot stove. They use 40-50% less fuel and produce 30-80% less smoke. Adoption challenges and alternative fuels like kerosene and gas are also covered. Exercises calculate fuel cost savings from improved designs and alternative fuels.
Screw
This document describes different types of screws, including their names and uses. It discusses mirror screws, drywall screws, eye screws, lag screws, sheet metal screws, wood screws, hex cap screws, self-drilling screws, self-tapping machine screws, set screws, security head screws, twinfast screws, and deck screws. Each type is specialized for securing or fastening particular materials and structures. The document provides details on features like thread type, head style, and intended applications for each screw variety.
Wedge
Vigyan Ashram is located in Pabal. It is an educational institution that focuses on science and technology. The ashram provides hands-on learning opportunities for students to gain practical skills in areas like agriculture, electronics, and renewable energy.
More from vigyanashram (20)
Determination age of animal with help of teeth ppt 1
Determination age of animal with help of teeth ppt 1
Application of fertilizers and calculation of fertilizers dose
Application of fertilizers and calculation of fertilizers dose
Recently uploaded
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience Wahiba Chair Training & Consulting
Wahiba Chair's Talk at the 2024 Learning Ideas Conference. Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Physical pharmaceutics notes for B.pharm students
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
● What is event processing in MuleSoft?
● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
● Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdRecently uploaded (20)
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Hemoglobin testing
- 2. Needle to prick Gloves 0.1 N HCL Lancet Antiseptic Cotton Pipette Dropper Distilled water Haemoglobi nometer
- 3. Required materials- 1. 0.1 N HCL 2. Distilled water 3. Spirit or Antiseptic 4. Blood sample. Required tools- 1. Pipette (with rubber pipe) 2. Test tube 3. Haemoglobinometer 4. Dropper 5. Brush 5. Lancet 6. Glass rod
- 4. 1. Take 0.1 N HCL up to 20 marking in test tube. 2. With the help of Dettol disinfect the place from where blood has to taken.
- 5. By this process, we prick a disinfected needle into finger of hand and take out few drop of blood from there as shown in figure Apply Spirit to the finger before pricking
- 6. 3. With the help of lancet remove blood through finger to glass slide and then take it on test tube. 4. Take 0.02 ml blood with the help of pipette
- 7. 5. Now take blood sample in test tube 6. Shake a test tube to properly mixing of blood and 0.1 N HCL.
- 8. 7. Keep a test tube in haemoglobinometer for 5 minutes. 8. To match the colour of solution present in test tube add drops of distilled water with help of dropper.
- 9. 9. Compare a colour & if it match with another two sides then take reading & it is your Hb in % In this way, you can check your Hb level.
- 10. Age Group Hemoglobin Count (gm/dl) Normal Hemoglobin Levels in Newborn Babies 17 - 22 Normal Hemoglobin Levels in Children 11 - 13 Normal Hemoglobin Levels in Adults (Male) 14 - 18 Normal Hemoglobin Levels in Adults (Female) 12 - 16 Normal Hemoglobin Levels in Elderly (Male) 12.4 - 14.9 Normal Hemoglobin Levels in Elderly (Female) 11.7 - 13.8
- 11. 1. Use separate lancet for each person. 2. Don’t prick near nail, prick on the tip of finger. 3. Clean the pipette immediately after taking blood. 4. See haemoglobinometer reading in sunlight. 5. Take care that blood should not come in mouth during sucking by pipette.
- 12. 1. Main cause of anemia - Feeling of tiredness, headache, dizziness, fatigue and lack of concentration are some general symptoms that can be identified as symptoms of low level hemoglobin in particular. 2. Physically, the visible signs for lack of hemoglobin in the blood are pale skin, nail beds and gums. 3. Low hemoglobin means less oxygen in blood which often causes shortness of breath. 4
- 13. 4. In case level of hemoglobin becomes extremely low, it can lead to enlargement of the heart and signs of heart failure may also show up. 5. When infants and small children continue to suffer from low hemoglobin for a long time, it causes poor neurological development in them. 6. During the growing up years, these children often show behavioral disturbances and unsatisfactory performances in academics. It also makes them prone to lead poisoning.
- 15. 1. The main reason behind low hemoglobin is deficiency of iron in body. 2. This is because iron is responsible for the production of hemoglobin. 3. People who do not include sufficient iron rich food in their diet tend to develop iron deficiency. 4. When the body is incapable of absorbing certain vitamins, production of hemoglobin also gets affected. 5. In some people, specific types of genetic disorders such as thala ssemia and sickle cell disease are responsible for low hemoglobin. 6. It is also found in those people who have a medical history of alcoholism.
- 16. 1. Doctors prescribe iron supplements and vitamin supplements to improve the level of hemoglobin. 2. They recommend correct dosage of the iron supplement as per the health condition of the patient. If the hemoglobin count is extremely low, stronger dose of iron supplements are needed. 1. Foodstuffs that supply a high amount of iron are leafy vegetables, dried peas, beans, cereals, dried apricots and raisins. Also, red meat, shrimp and oysters are good sources of iron. 2. Proper diet and medication, 3. High iron food in their daily diet . 4. The level of hemoglobin is not going to rise instantly. It will take several months before one can see signs of improvement.