Hemodynamic disorders affect the heart and blood vessels and include conditions like edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage and thrombosis. Thrombosis involves blood clot formation within intact vessels and can develop due to endothelial injury, alterations in normal blood flow like stasis and turbulence, and hypercoagulability of the blood, as described by Virchow's triad. Endothelial injury, turbulence and stasis promote activation and dysfunction of endothelial cells, while hypercoagulability refers to genetic or acquired alterations that increase coagulation and the risk of clots.

1. hemodynamic disorder

2. Hemodynamic disorders
Hemodynamic disorders are diseases that primarily affect one of the three
major components of the cardiovascular system: the heart; the blood vessels
Some hemodynamic disorders are defined below:
• Edema: An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid within tissues is
called edema
•Hyperemia : Hyperemia is an active process in which arteriolar
dilation (e.g., at sites of inflammation or in skeletal muscle during
exercise) leads to increased blood flow.
• Congestion : Congestion is a passive process resulting from
reduced out flow of blood from a tissue.
•Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage is defined as the extravasation of
blood into the extravascular space.
•Thrombosis : Thrombosis involves blood
clot (thrombus) formation within intact vessels.

3. Thrombosis
Figure: Virchow's triad in thrombosis
Endothelial Injury.
Endothelial injury is particularly important for thrombus formation in the heart or the
arterial circulation, where the normally high flow rates might otherwise impede
clotting by preventing platelet adhesion and washing out activated coagulation
factors. Thus, thrombus formation within cardiac chambers (e.g., after endocardial
injury due to myocardial infarction), over ulcerated plaques in atherosclerotic
arteries, or at sites of traumatic or inflammatory vascular injury (vasculitis) is largely a
consequence of endothelial cell injury.
How thrombosis is developed:
the three primary abnormalities that lead
to thrombosis are called Virchow's triad.
They are:
(1) endothelial injury,
(2) Alterations in Normal Blood Flow
(stasis & turbulence)
(3) hypercoagulability of the blood

4. Alterations in Normal Blood Flow.
Turbulence contributes to arterial and cardiac thrombosis by causing
endothelial injury or dysfunction, as well as by forming countercurrents and
local pockets of stasis; stasis is a major contributor in the development of
venous thrombi.
Stasis and turbulence cuases:
• Promote endothelial activation, enhancing procoagulant activity, leukocyte
adhesion
• Disrupt laminar flow and bring platelets into contact with the endothelium
• Prevent washout and dilution of activated clotting factors by fresh flowing
blood and the inflow of clotting factor inhibitors
Hypercoagulability of the blood.
Hypercoagulability (also called thrombophilia) is a less frequent contributor to
thrombotic states but is nevertheless an important component in the equation,
and in some situations can predominate. It is loosely defined as any alteration
of the coagulation pathways that predisposes to thrombosis; it can be divided
into primary (genetic) andsecondary (acquired) disorders.