This presentation deals with the heavy metal contamination of water bodies primarily considering river ganga for its study. It explains the various sources of heavy metal pollution along with the various remediation measures. It also focus on the role of the government in taking initiatives and executing projects to combate heavy metal pollution and to put a check on the activities that lead to the same. This presentation also gives the overall scenario of the heavy metal pollution of the world's water bodies and the status of heavy metal pollution in river ganga.
Heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, chromium, and lead were discussed in the document. These metals can enter the environment from natural and human sources and persist indefinitely. While some heavy metals are essential in small amounts, higher concentrations can be toxic. Exposure to heavy metals can occur through food, water, air and cause health effects like organ damage and cancer. Current research studies analyzed heavy metal levels in foods, soils and plants in the Philippines and found levels exceeding safety limits.
The document summarizes research on using surfactant-modified chitosan beads to adsorb Cd2+ and Pb2+ from wastewater. Key findings include:
- Surfactant modification of chitosan beads significantly improved their adsorption capacity for Cd2+ compared to unmodified beads. Maximum adsorption was over 100 mg/g for Cd2+ onto modified beads, compared to under 30 mg/g for unmodified beads.
- Kinetic studies showed Cd2+ adsorption onto modified beads followed pseudo-second order kinetics and reached equilibrium within 6 hours. Higher initial Cd2+ concentration resulted in higher adsorption but lower removal percentage.
- The surfactant-modified ch
This document discusses heavy metals and provides information on several specific heavy metals. It lists the densities of common heavy metals and substances, with mercury, lead, and cadmium among the heaviest. Heavy metals are defined as having densities over 5g/cm3 and occurring in the middle to bottom of the periodic table. The document then discusses the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of heavy metals in organisms and food chains. It also explains that heavy metals are more toxic when bonded to short carbon chains. Information is provided on the sources, toxicity and health effects of cadmium, chromium, arsenic, and lead in the environment and human body.
Water pollution due to heavy metals, pesticides Joy Jones
Heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury pollute water sources through industrial and agricultural waste and can poison humans and wildlife. Pesticides and oils from farms also contaminate waterways. Detergents containing phosphates contribute to algal blooms and lower oxygen levels in freshwater. These pollutants are difficult to break down, accumulate in organisms, and can cause health issues like cancer, organ damage, and developmental and neurological effects. Reducing industrial and agricultural runoff is needed to make water safe again for drinking and the environment.
A report for my Environmental Management for Food Industries Class
This discussed the significance of trace and heavy metals present in wastewater and also the methods that can be used to lessen and remove them.
Extraction of Heavy Metals From Industrial Waste WaterHashim Khan
This was my topic of research during Bachelors. I made this presentation to give a brief overview of what apparatus i used and the methodologies of my experimentation.
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
This document discusses the toxic effects of heavy metals such as mercury and lead. Mercury is a liquid metal that occurs naturally as cinnabar ore. It is released into the environment through coal burning and waste incineration. Mercury exposure can damage the brain, kidneys and nervous system. Methylmercury exposure in the womb can impair child development. Lead is a metal used in batteries, paint and plumbing. Lead exposure interferes with hemoglobin production and brain development in children, causing issues with behavior and attention. Both mercury and lead contamination stem from industries like mining and smelting as well as vehicle emissions.
Heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, chromium, and lead were discussed in the document. These metals can enter the environment from natural and human sources and persist indefinitely. While some heavy metals are essential in small amounts, higher concentrations can be toxic. Exposure to heavy metals can occur through food, water, air and cause health effects like organ damage and cancer. Current research studies analyzed heavy metal levels in foods, soils and plants in the Philippines and found levels exceeding safety limits.
The document summarizes research on using surfactant-modified chitosan beads to adsorb Cd2+ and Pb2+ from wastewater. Key findings include:
- Surfactant modification of chitosan beads significantly improved their adsorption capacity for Cd2+ compared to unmodified beads. Maximum adsorption was over 100 mg/g for Cd2+ onto modified beads, compared to under 30 mg/g for unmodified beads.
- Kinetic studies showed Cd2+ adsorption onto modified beads followed pseudo-second order kinetics and reached equilibrium within 6 hours. Higher initial Cd2+ concentration resulted in higher adsorption but lower removal percentage.
- The surfactant-modified ch
This document discusses heavy metals and provides information on several specific heavy metals. It lists the densities of common heavy metals and substances, with mercury, lead, and cadmium among the heaviest. Heavy metals are defined as having densities over 5g/cm3 and occurring in the middle to bottom of the periodic table. The document then discusses the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of heavy metals in organisms and food chains. It also explains that heavy metals are more toxic when bonded to short carbon chains. Information is provided on the sources, toxicity and health effects of cadmium, chromium, arsenic, and lead in the environment and human body.
Water pollution due to heavy metals, pesticides Joy Jones
Heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury pollute water sources through industrial and agricultural waste and can poison humans and wildlife. Pesticides and oils from farms also contaminate waterways. Detergents containing phosphates contribute to algal blooms and lower oxygen levels in freshwater. These pollutants are difficult to break down, accumulate in organisms, and can cause health issues like cancer, organ damage, and developmental and neurological effects. Reducing industrial and agricultural runoff is needed to make water safe again for drinking and the environment.
A report for my Environmental Management for Food Industries Class
This discussed the significance of trace and heavy metals present in wastewater and also the methods that can be used to lessen and remove them.
Extraction of Heavy Metals From Industrial Waste WaterHashim Khan
This was my topic of research during Bachelors. I made this presentation to give a brief overview of what apparatus i used and the methodologies of my experimentation.
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
This document discusses the toxic effects of heavy metals such as mercury and lead. Mercury is a liquid metal that occurs naturally as cinnabar ore. It is released into the environment through coal burning and waste incineration. Mercury exposure can damage the brain, kidneys and nervous system. Methylmercury exposure in the womb can impair child development. Lead is a metal used in batteries, paint and plumbing. Lead exposure interferes with hemoglobin production and brain development in children, causing issues with behavior and attention. Both mercury and lead contamination stem from industries like mining and smelting as well as vehicle emissions.
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
This document discusses conventional and biological methods for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It outlines various sources of heavy metal pollution and factors that affect heavy metal removal. Primary methods for removing heavy metals from water include physical and chemical processes, while biological methods include adsorption, the use of activated carbon, agricultural residues, and nanotechnology. Adsorption is recognized as a promising option due to its low cost and ease of use. Both conventional and biological methods should be improved to develop safe and environmentally friendly water treatment techniques.
Emerging contaminants and precautionary principleOdgToscana
This document discusses emerging contaminants and the precautionary principle in relation to water quality standards. It provides background on the Water Framework Directive and its goals of protecting and improving water resources in the EU. Priority substances are identified, and environmental quality standards (EQS) are established with very low limits to regulate the concentration of pollutants in water. The document also examines the watch list established to monitor emerging contaminants and the challenges of detecting contaminants that may pose risks to the environment and human health at trace levels.
This document discusses the removal of heavy metals from water using nano metal oxides. It introduces heavy metals as relatively high density metals that are toxic, like lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury. Heavy metals accumulate in organisms and can be harmful. Nano metal oxides like ZnO are effective at removing heavy metals from water through adsorption and photocatalysis mechanisms involving the absorption of light and production of electron-hole pairs on the nanoparticle surface. This allows for the reduction of heavy metals or reaction with electron acceptors. Nano metal oxides provide an efficient and low-cost approach for heavy metal removal through these photocatalytic processes.
HEAVY METALS POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT
Introduction:
In the era of rapid industrialization and urbanization pollution has totally deteriorated the quality and diversity of life and heavy metals contamination are major cause of environment deterioration which persuades severe poisonous effect on all the forms of living being. It poses threat due to its non-biodegradable, bioaccumulation, stability and persistence characteristics. Therefore, disrupt the natural ecosystem.
Definition: Any metallic chemical elements that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentration.
In metallurgy, Heavy Metals are defined on the basis of density, having density more than 4g/cm3. In physics it is defined on the basis of atomic number having atomic number more than 20, while in chemistry on the basis of chemical behavior. But, modern definition of heavy metals describes as metallic elements and metalloids which are toxic to the environment and human.
• Heavy metal ranges from 3.5g/cm3 to 7 g/cm3 and have specific gravity at least 5 times more than water.
• These are often called ‘trace elements’ as required in small quantity (ppm or ppb)
• Heavy metals can be found in the forms of sulfates, hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, phosphates, and silicates.
• Heavy metal contamination and toxicity: a prominent environmental issue in water, soil/sediments and air.
• Heavy metals can be both beneficial and detrimental (at high concentration) to the environment and life.
• These are natural components of the Earth’s crust. Consumed by life forms via eating food, drinking water and inhaling air.
Physical Properties of heavy metals
• Lustre /shininess
• High melting point
• High density
• Good conductor of heat and electricity
• Non-degradable
• Malleable
• Ductile
Toxicological properties of Heavy Metals
• Persistence –long residual and half life
• Soil residence time is more than 1000years
• Acute toxicity-plants, animals and microorganisms
• Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications through food chain
• Chronic and sub-lethal effects at low concentration
• Synergistic effects
• Teratogenic and carcinogenic properties
Common Heavy Metal Contaminations and Its Hazard Sotheara Kong
This piece of education slide provide you a general information about 4 Common Heavy Metal Contamination and its Hazard in ground water. It consist of many information that may has advantage to the researcher especially someone who researching on removable of chemical contamination from ground water.
Lead is a naturally occurring metal found in small amounts in the earth's crust that can be toxic to humans and animals. It accumulates in plants and their tissues, stunting growth and inhibiting photosynthesis and respiration. Plants have defense mechanisms against lead toxicity like reducing uptake and sequestering lead into vacuoles. Phytoremediation techniques use plants to remove or stabilize lead in soils and water. In humans, lead poisoning above certain blood levels can impact neurological development, kidney function, and cardiovascular health. Chelation therapy is used to treat higher levels of lead poisoning. Biotechnologists can develop genetically modified plants to remediate lead contamination and improve diagnostic tests and treatments.
Selenium is an essential element found naturally in the environment through weathering of rocks. It enters plants and air through dust and is released during combustion of coal and oil. Both too little and too much selenium can impact human health. It can accumulate in organisms and biomagnify up the food chain. Occupational exposure to high levels of selenium through air can cause respiratory effects. Measures are needed to reduce selenium levels to protect environmental and human health.
This presentation discusses aqueous pollution caused by heavy metals. It defines heavy metals and lists some common heavy metals that cause water pollution, including cadmium, lead, mercury, aluminum, antimony, arsenic, zinc, copper, nickel, tin, and uranium. The sources of heavy metal pollution are identified as mines, smelters, power plants, vehicle emissions, and electronic waste. Several methods for purifying water from heavy metal pollution are described, such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and biosorption. The health effects of various heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, and mercury are outlined.
Heavy metals like lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic are toxic to human health. They are mainly produced by industrial activities and slowly deposit in surrounding environments. Heavy metals are determined using techniques like atomic absorption spectrophotometry and x-ray fluorescence. Mercury and arsenic exposure can cause various health effects ranging from skin irritation to cancer and death. Control methods include periodic vacuuming, replacing appliances, removing old paints, and using absorbents to remove heavy metals from indoor air.
Heavy metal pollution in soil and its mitigation aspect by Dr. Tarik MitranDr. Tarik Mitran
Heavy metal pollution in soil is a serious problem. Some key points:
- Heavy metals like lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, and mercury are toxic even in small amounts and can accumulate in the food chain.
- Sources of heavy metal pollution include industrial, agricultural, and mining activities which release these metals into the environment.
- Heavy metals can be taken up by plants and crops irrigated with contaminated water, accumulating in plant tissues and eventually entering the food chain. This poses risks to human and animal health.
- Remediating contaminated soils requires understanding the chemical processes by which heavy metals move and change form in the soil-water-air system over time. Mitigation strategies aim to reduce
This document discusses heavy metals, their properties, effects on living organisms and the environment, and methods for measuring and treating heavy metal toxicity. Heavy metals are naturally occurring but human activities have increased their levels. They can accumulate in organisms and cause damage even at low concentrations. The document outlines the health effects of several heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, and lead. It also discusses heavy metal contamination of plants, soil, water and indoor environments. Methods for detecting and removing heavy metals include atomic absorption spectrophotometry, chelation therapy and use of absorbents.
The document discusses mercury pollution, including sources of mercury in the environment, human exposure, health effects, laws and regulations, and remediation of contaminated sites. Mercury can be released from natural and industrial sources, and is dangerous because it accumulates in fish and shellfish and can harm the nervous system, especially in young children. Regulations aim to limit mercury emissions and exposure, and remediation methods are used to reduce mercury levels at contaminated locations.
This document discusses heavy metal pollution, specifically focusing on mercury pollution. It defines marine pollution and contamination, and how contamination is measured. It then discusses how mercury pollution occurs through bioaccumulation and biomagnification within marine ecosystems. Sources of mercury pollution discussed include atmospheric deposition, rivers, groundwater seepage, and deliberate discharge. Effects of mercury toxicity in humans and marine life are outlined, including specific examples like Minamata disease. High levels of mercury found in fish, marine mammals, and whale meat intended for human consumption are noted as a health concern.
The presentation provides a brief background on phosphorus, introduces phosphates, gives examples of forms of phosphates. It further describes how to test for the forms of phosphates as well as how to regulate water phosphate level. It ends with some basic facts "Did you know".
project presentation on Bioaccumulation of Heavy metalscutiepie39
This presentation summarizes a research project investigating the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems and their impact on human health. The project aims to evaluate how heavy metals are removed from water by aquatic organisms, their biological effects, and how they bioaccumulate and act as stressors. Methods will include studying three types of commercial fish exposed to industrial wastewater and their ability to remove heavy metals. Outcomes may provide insights into ecosystem processes, risks to aquatic life and human health from metal pollution, and interactions between heavy metals and other stressors in aquatic environments.
Water pollution due to heavy metals, pesticidesJoy Jones
Heavy metal pollution of water sources can have serious negative health impacts. Heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury are toxic even in small amounts and can accumulate in living tissues over time. Long term exposure is linked to cancers, neurological disorders, kidney damage, and developmental problems in children. Several incidents of mass poisonings have occurred due to industrial pollution releasing heavy metals into local water supplies and food chains. Strict regulation is needed to treat wastes and monitor public water sources to prevent heavy metal contamination.
The document discusses using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to remove heavy metals from wastewater. It notes that extensive industrialization has increased heavy metals in wastewater, which are toxic. While other adsorbents have been used for removal, CNTs have higher adsorption capacity due to their large surface area and interaction with pollutants. The document examines the structure and types of CNTs, as well as their characterization and ability to adsorb heavy metals through functional groups on their surface. Key factors affecting adsorption include surface acidity, pH, and temperature. The document concludes that CNTs are effective and future work could further enhance their adsorption properties and cost-effectiveness.
Heavy metals like chromium, copper, cadmium, lead, and nickel were found to contaminate drinking water in Agra City, India. Chromium levels were highest, likely due to chrome tanning used in many local leather industries. Concentrations of chromium, copper, and lead exceeded permissible limits, posing health risks. Removing heavy metals using biotechnology methods like microorganisms that absorb metals was suggested to improve water quality and protect public health.
This document summarizes a study that assessed heavy metal contamination in sediments of the River Ravi in Pakistan. Sediment samples were collected from 19 stations along the river and its tributaries. The study found:
1) Heavy metal concentrations varied significantly between sampling stations and ranged from 0.99-3.17 μg/g for cadmium, 4.60-57.40 μg/g for chromium, 2.22-18.53 μg/g for cobalt, and 3.38-159.79 μg/g for copper.
2) The highest copper concentration was found in Taj Company nulla tributary sediments, while the lowest cadmium level was observed at Lahore Siphon.
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
This document discusses conventional and biological methods for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It outlines various sources of heavy metal pollution and factors that affect heavy metal removal. Primary methods for removing heavy metals from water include physical and chemical processes, while biological methods include adsorption, the use of activated carbon, agricultural residues, and nanotechnology. Adsorption is recognized as a promising option due to its low cost and ease of use. Both conventional and biological methods should be improved to develop safe and environmentally friendly water treatment techniques.
Emerging contaminants and precautionary principleOdgToscana
This document discusses emerging contaminants and the precautionary principle in relation to water quality standards. It provides background on the Water Framework Directive and its goals of protecting and improving water resources in the EU. Priority substances are identified, and environmental quality standards (EQS) are established with very low limits to regulate the concentration of pollutants in water. The document also examines the watch list established to monitor emerging contaminants and the challenges of detecting contaminants that may pose risks to the environment and human health at trace levels.
This document discusses the removal of heavy metals from water using nano metal oxides. It introduces heavy metals as relatively high density metals that are toxic, like lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury. Heavy metals accumulate in organisms and can be harmful. Nano metal oxides like ZnO are effective at removing heavy metals from water through adsorption and photocatalysis mechanisms involving the absorption of light and production of electron-hole pairs on the nanoparticle surface. This allows for the reduction of heavy metals or reaction with electron acceptors. Nano metal oxides provide an efficient and low-cost approach for heavy metal removal through these photocatalytic processes.
HEAVY METALS POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT
Introduction:
In the era of rapid industrialization and urbanization pollution has totally deteriorated the quality and diversity of life and heavy metals contamination are major cause of environment deterioration which persuades severe poisonous effect on all the forms of living being. It poses threat due to its non-biodegradable, bioaccumulation, stability and persistence characteristics. Therefore, disrupt the natural ecosystem.
Definition: Any metallic chemical elements that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentration.
In metallurgy, Heavy Metals are defined on the basis of density, having density more than 4g/cm3. In physics it is defined on the basis of atomic number having atomic number more than 20, while in chemistry on the basis of chemical behavior. But, modern definition of heavy metals describes as metallic elements and metalloids which are toxic to the environment and human.
• Heavy metal ranges from 3.5g/cm3 to 7 g/cm3 and have specific gravity at least 5 times more than water.
• These are often called ‘trace elements’ as required in small quantity (ppm or ppb)
• Heavy metals can be found in the forms of sulfates, hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, phosphates, and silicates.
• Heavy metal contamination and toxicity: a prominent environmental issue in water, soil/sediments and air.
• Heavy metals can be both beneficial and detrimental (at high concentration) to the environment and life.
• These are natural components of the Earth’s crust. Consumed by life forms via eating food, drinking water and inhaling air.
Physical Properties of heavy metals
• Lustre /shininess
• High melting point
• High density
• Good conductor of heat and electricity
• Non-degradable
• Malleable
• Ductile
Toxicological properties of Heavy Metals
• Persistence –long residual and half life
• Soil residence time is more than 1000years
• Acute toxicity-plants, animals and microorganisms
• Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications through food chain
• Chronic and sub-lethal effects at low concentration
• Synergistic effects
• Teratogenic and carcinogenic properties
Common Heavy Metal Contaminations and Its Hazard Sotheara Kong
This piece of education slide provide you a general information about 4 Common Heavy Metal Contamination and its Hazard in ground water. It consist of many information that may has advantage to the researcher especially someone who researching on removable of chemical contamination from ground water.
Lead is a naturally occurring metal found in small amounts in the earth's crust that can be toxic to humans and animals. It accumulates in plants and their tissues, stunting growth and inhibiting photosynthesis and respiration. Plants have defense mechanisms against lead toxicity like reducing uptake and sequestering lead into vacuoles. Phytoremediation techniques use plants to remove or stabilize lead in soils and water. In humans, lead poisoning above certain blood levels can impact neurological development, kidney function, and cardiovascular health. Chelation therapy is used to treat higher levels of lead poisoning. Biotechnologists can develop genetically modified plants to remediate lead contamination and improve diagnostic tests and treatments.
Selenium is an essential element found naturally in the environment through weathering of rocks. It enters plants and air through dust and is released during combustion of coal and oil. Both too little and too much selenium can impact human health. It can accumulate in organisms and biomagnify up the food chain. Occupational exposure to high levels of selenium through air can cause respiratory effects. Measures are needed to reduce selenium levels to protect environmental and human health.
This presentation discusses aqueous pollution caused by heavy metals. It defines heavy metals and lists some common heavy metals that cause water pollution, including cadmium, lead, mercury, aluminum, antimony, arsenic, zinc, copper, nickel, tin, and uranium. The sources of heavy metal pollution are identified as mines, smelters, power plants, vehicle emissions, and electronic waste. Several methods for purifying water from heavy metal pollution are described, such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and biosorption. The health effects of various heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, and mercury are outlined.
Heavy metals like lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic are toxic to human health. They are mainly produced by industrial activities and slowly deposit in surrounding environments. Heavy metals are determined using techniques like atomic absorption spectrophotometry and x-ray fluorescence. Mercury and arsenic exposure can cause various health effects ranging from skin irritation to cancer and death. Control methods include periodic vacuuming, replacing appliances, removing old paints, and using absorbents to remove heavy metals from indoor air.
Heavy metal pollution in soil and its mitigation aspect by Dr. Tarik MitranDr. Tarik Mitran
Heavy metal pollution in soil is a serious problem. Some key points:
- Heavy metals like lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, and mercury are toxic even in small amounts and can accumulate in the food chain.
- Sources of heavy metal pollution include industrial, agricultural, and mining activities which release these metals into the environment.
- Heavy metals can be taken up by plants and crops irrigated with contaminated water, accumulating in plant tissues and eventually entering the food chain. This poses risks to human and animal health.
- Remediating contaminated soils requires understanding the chemical processes by which heavy metals move and change form in the soil-water-air system over time. Mitigation strategies aim to reduce
This document discusses heavy metals, their properties, effects on living organisms and the environment, and methods for measuring and treating heavy metal toxicity. Heavy metals are naturally occurring but human activities have increased their levels. They can accumulate in organisms and cause damage even at low concentrations. The document outlines the health effects of several heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, and lead. It also discusses heavy metal contamination of plants, soil, water and indoor environments. Methods for detecting and removing heavy metals include atomic absorption spectrophotometry, chelation therapy and use of absorbents.
The document discusses mercury pollution, including sources of mercury in the environment, human exposure, health effects, laws and regulations, and remediation of contaminated sites. Mercury can be released from natural and industrial sources, and is dangerous because it accumulates in fish and shellfish and can harm the nervous system, especially in young children. Regulations aim to limit mercury emissions and exposure, and remediation methods are used to reduce mercury levels at contaminated locations.
This document discusses heavy metal pollution, specifically focusing on mercury pollution. It defines marine pollution and contamination, and how contamination is measured. It then discusses how mercury pollution occurs through bioaccumulation and biomagnification within marine ecosystems. Sources of mercury pollution discussed include atmospheric deposition, rivers, groundwater seepage, and deliberate discharge. Effects of mercury toxicity in humans and marine life are outlined, including specific examples like Minamata disease. High levels of mercury found in fish, marine mammals, and whale meat intended for human consumption are noted as a health concern.
The presentation provides a brief background on phosphorus, introduces phosphates, gives examples of forms of phosphates. It further describes how to test for the forms of phosphates as well as how to regulate water phosphate level. It ends with some basic facts "Did you know".
project presentation on Bioaccumulation of Heavy metalscutiepie39
This presentation summarizes a research project investigating the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems and their impact on human health. The project aims to evaluate how heavy metals are removed from water by aquatic organisms, their biological effects, and how they bioaccumulate and act as stressors. Methods will include studying three types of commercial fish exposed to industrial wastewater and their ability to remove heavy metals. Outcomes may provide insights into ecosystem processes, risks to aquatic life and human health from metal pollution, and interactions between heavy metals and other stressors in aquatic environments.
Water pollution due to heavy metals, pesticidesJoy Jones
Heavy metal pollution of water sources can have serious negative health impacts. Heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury are toxic even in small amounts and can accumulate in living tissues over time. Long term exposure is linked to cancers, neurological disorders, kidney damage, and developmental problems in children. Several incidents of mass poisonings have occurred due to industrial pollution releasing heavy metals into local water supplies and food chains. Strict regulation is needed to treat wastes and monitor public water sources to prevent heavy metal contamination.
The document discusses using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to remove heavy metals from wastewater. It notes that extensive industrialization has increased heavy metals in wastewater, which are toxic. While other adsorbents have been used for removal, CNTs have higher adsorption capacity due to their large surface area and interaction with pollutants. The document examines the structure and types of CNTs, as well as their characterization and ability to adsorb heavy metals through functional groups on their surface. Key factors affecting adsorption include surface acidity, pH, and temperature. The document concludes that CNTs are effective and future work could further enhance their adsorption properties and cost-effectiveness.
Heavy metals like chromium, copper, cadmium, lead, and nickel were found to contaminate drinking water in Agra City, India. Chromium levels were highest, likely due to chrome tanning used in many local leather industries. Concentrations of chromium, copper, and lead exceeded permissible limits, posing health risks. Removing heavy metals using biotechnology methods like microorganisms that absorb metals was suggested to improve water quality and protect public health.
This document summarizes a study that assessed heavy metal contamination in sediments of the River Ravi in Pakistan. Sediment samples were collected from 19 stations along the river and its tributaries. The study found:
1) Heavy metal concentrations varied significantly between sampling stations and ranged from 0.99-3.17 μg/g for cadmium, 4.60-57.40 μg/g for chromium, 2.22-18.53 μg/g for cobalt, and 3.38-159.79 μg/g for copper.
2) The highest copper concentration was found in Taj Company nulla tributary sediments, while the lowest cadmium level was observed at Lahore Siphon.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
Metal Concentrations in the Groundwater in Birjand Flood Plain,Mansouri et al...Behrooz Etebari
The document analyzes metal concentrations in groundwater samples from 30 sites in the Birjand flood plain in Iran. Metal concentrations decreased in the order of Zn > Fe > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd. The mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Fe met national drinking water standards except for Pb levels exceeding international standards. pH and hardness levels were within acceptable ranges for drinking water. Correlations were found among Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations in the groundwater.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes a study on using sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate to remove heavy metals from electroplating industry wastewater. It begins with background on heavy metal pollution from industrial sources and its effects. The document then reviews literature on electroplating wastewater composition and various treatment methods. The objectives of this study are to characterize wastewater from 5 electroplating sites, measure parameters like pH, BOD, COD and heavy metals, precipitate heavy metals from wastewater using sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate, and test using the precipitate as a plant disease management agent. The methodology describes analyzing wastewater samples for color, odor, turbidity, pH, total
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
The metals, which are required in a very minute amount and are considered toxic, are
termed as heavy metals. Researchers have widely investigated and studied these metals
due to their dangerous and harmful influence on health and the environment. Due to their
ability to accumulate and toxic nature these are addressed to be a vital source of environmental
contamination. Heavy metals have critically polluted the environment and its components.
This has severely damaged its abilities to promote life and provide its intrinsic
values. These are naturally available compounds and because of their anthropogenic origin
they are commonly found in various environmental domain. This results in deterioration of
the environment competence to support life and health of human, animals and plants
becomes threatened. This takes place because of bioaccumulation of these heavy metals in
the food chain which is a direct consequence of nondegradable state of the heavy metals.
The surroundings within which the human life exists is referred as the environment. It basically
comprises of the water, land, microorganisms, animal and plant life and the atmosphere
of the earth.
10 a study of heavy metal pollution of ghaggar river ravi pareekBIOLOGICAL FORUM
1. The study analyzed heavy metal pollution in the Ghaggar River throughout its 466 km stretch in India. Water samples from 16 sites were tested for concentrations of metals including Fe, Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr.
2. The results showed that Fe had the highest concentration among the metals tested, followed by Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, and As, which was absent from all samples. Some metal concentrations exceeded national drinking water guidelines.
3. Sources of heavy metal pollution included domestic, industrial, and municipal wastewaters discharged into the river along its course. High metal levels could pose health risks to humans and aquatic
This study analyzed sediment samples from Aurora, Missouri for concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc. Mining in the area ended in 1930 but left behind mine waste piles. Remediation efforts from 2001-2006 removed the piles but metals had leached into sediments. Sample analysis found cadmium levels from 1.20 to 281.0 ppm, lead from 42.0 to 8200 ppm, and zinc from 120.0 to 20400 ppm. When compared to sediment quality guidelines, the median cadmium and zinc concentrations exceeded the threshold for probable effects. While remediation finished over 8 years ago, metal levels continue to impact stream quality and potentially threaten aquatic life.
Assessment Of Heavy Metal In Sediment Of Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta State.docxResearchWap
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Heavy metal pollution in river ganga
1. Heavy Metal Pollution
in river Ganga
Name- Saumya Tripathi
I.D no. - 20412SAC011
M.Sc. (Ag)
Soil Science and Agl.
Chemistry
Prof. Nirmal De
Advisor-
Advisor-
Advisor-
H.O.D, Dept. of Soil
Science & Agricultural
Chemistry, BHU
2. Heavy metals are naturally occuring elements
that have -
What are Heavy Metals?
a density atleast 5 times greater than that
of water (density of more than 5 g/cm3 )
high atomic weight/ atomic numbers
toxic or poisonous at low concentrations
environmentally stable elements of high specific
gravity
Non - degradable
3. In Physics- In Chemistry-
The criteria used varies depending on the contex :
In metallurgy-
Density Atomic number Chemical behaviour
4. 1.Lusture 2.Malleability
Characteristics of heavy metals :
3.Ductility
4.High Electrical conductivity
5.High thermal conductivity
Apporoximately 80 elements of the periodic table can be
refered to as 'Heavy Metals'
*
There are 23 are
heavy metals that are
of concern for us
because of residential
or occupational
exposure:
antimony
arsenic
bismuth
cadmium
cerium
chromium
cobalt
copper
gallium
gold
iron
manganese
mercury
nickel
platinum
silver
tellurium
thallium
tin
uranium
vanadium
lead
The most pollutant heavy metals are:
Hg, Pb $ Cd
Hg, Pb $ Cd
Hg, Pb $ Cd
5. Iron- for Haemoglobin
Copper- for Haemocyanin ( invertebrates)
Cobalt- in Vitamin B12 . Stimulates the
production
of RBC ( Anaemia Treatment)
Zinc - component of many enzymes,
Drugs( anti-oxidants),
Galvanizing steel, Alloys,
-ve terminal of batteries
Significance of Heavy Metals
9. 10% 15% 25%
30% 15%
Sources of heavy metal
Sources of heavy metal
pollution in water bodies
pollution in water bodies
: Rock
weathering
, fertilizer
Fertilizer
and
pesticide
use
Mining
Manufacturing
Waste
Discharge
10. Types Africa Asia Europe
North
America
South
America
Lakes 18 39 8 6 -
Rivers 24 126 11 1 6
Total concentrations and
sources of heavy metal
pollution in global river
and lake water bodies
ACROSS FIVE DECADES AND FIVE CONTINENTS
11. S.E. denotes standard error
Total heavy metal concentrations (mg L1) and selected sample numbers (SN) of global river and lake water bodies
from the 1970s to the 2010s, and concentrations of heavy metals in water as per World Health Organization
(WHO) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards.
12. Heavy metal concentrations in global river and lake water differed over the five decades from 1972 to 2017 .
Collectively, the majority of heavy metal species had higher concentrations in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s,
and lower concentrations in the 1970s and 1980s. For example, the declining order for the mean Cd
concentration was
Among the 12 heavy metals, two (Fe and Mn) had concentrations greater than the threshold concentrations
of the WHO and USEPA standards in the 1970s, and three (Pb, Fe, and Mn) exceeded the respective
threshold concentrations in the 1980s.
Heavy metal concentrations over five decades
1990s 2010s 2000s 1970s 1980s.
However, eight heavy metals showed levels greater than the standard threshold concentrations in
the 1990s and 2000s, which increased to ten in the 2010s.
13. Total heavy metal concentrations (mg L1)and selected sample numbers (SN) of global river and
lake water bodies across five continents and standards for heavy metal concentrations in water as
per the WHO and USEPA standards.
14. Heavy metal concentrations across five continents
Heavy metal concentrations in global river and lake water differed across the five continents.
Collectively, heavy metal concentrations were higher in Africa, Asia, and South America, and lower in Europe and
North America. For example, the declining order for the mean Cr concentration was South America Africa Asia
Europe North America.
Among the 12 heavy metals, Pb and Al were present in concentrations that exceeded WHO and USEPA standard
threshold concentrations in North America, and Cd, Zn, Ni, Al, Mn, and As exceeded the standard thresholds in
Europe
. However, seven, nine, and ten heavy metals were present at concentrations greater than the threshold values of both
standards in South America, Asia, and Africa, respectively
15. Permissible limits of heavy metals in drinking water:
WHO: World Health Organization, USEPA: United States Environmental Protection Agency, ISI: Indian Standard Institution, ICMR:
Indian Council of Medical Research, CPCB: Central Pollution Control Board.
16.
17. The majority of heavy metal species had higher concentrations in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s, and lower
concentrations in the 1970s and 1980s
two (Fe and Mn) had - 1970s
three (Pb, Fe, and Mn) - 1980s
Heavy metals conncentrations greater than the threshold concentrations of the WHO and USEPA standards:
eight - 1990s and 2000s
which increased to ten in the 2010s.
Inferences:
18. In Africa, the main metal sources were fertilizer and pesticide use, along with rock weathering,
with a combined contribution exceeding 56.7%.
In Asia, the main metal sources were mining and manufacturing, along with rock weathering,
which contributed 97.1%.
In Europe, the main metal sources were the same as those in the Asia, with a total combined
contribution amounting to 56.2%.
In North America, the main sources were mining and manufacturing, along with fertilizer and
pesticide use, with a combined contribution exceeding 90.4%.
In South America, the main sources were rock weathering, fertilizer and pesticide use, mining
and manufacturing, and waste discharge, which contributed 93.5% of the total.
Continentwise sources:
19. In the 1970s, the main metal sources were mining and manufacturing, along
with rock weathering, with a total contribution of 66.0%.
In the 1980s, the main metal sources were mining and manufacturing, along
with waste discharge, which had a combined contribution of 94.9%.
In the 1990s, the main sources were mining and manufacturing, with a
contribution of 95.0%.
In the 2000s, the main sources were waste discharge along with rock
weathering, which were responsible for a total contribution of 97.4%.
The dominant sources in the 2010s were the same as those in the 2000s, with a
total combined contribution of 52.4%.
Yearwise sources:
20. In view of the intense human activity, natural sources of heavy
metal are usually of little importance.
The most important anthropogenic sources of heavy metal are
various industries and domestic sewage. The practice of
discharging waste from industries and untreated domestic
sewage into the aquatic ecosystem is continually going on that
leads to the increase in the concentration of heavy metals in
river water.
The industries which attribute heavy metals in river water are
generally metal industries, paints, pigment, varnishes, pulp
and paper, tannery, distillery, rayon, cotton textiles, rubber,
thermal power plant, steel plant, galvanization of iron
products and mining industries as well as unsystematic use of
heavy metal-containing pesticides and fertilizer in
agricultural. These heavy metals have accumulative effect at
the low level in drinking water and ground water.
Sources of Heavy Metal Pollution in Ganga River:
21. about 90% of the contents of Cd, Cr, and Sn
50–75% of Cu and Zn
25% of Co, Ni and Pb
Anthropogenic
inputs
the level of dissolved heavy metals such as Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Hg at three
ecologically distinct zones along the course of the river Ganga- Babughat,
Diamond Harbour and Gangasagar in West Bengal were analyzed and high
values for Hg and Pb were reported which were attributed to the discharge
from pulp and paper manufacturing units and to atmospheric input and runoff
of automobile emission.
Extensive studies have been carried out by several researchers on heavy metal
pollution of river Ganga which includes the study of concentrations of different
heavy metals in the water and sediments of river Ganga at different regions or
sampling stations and concluded that the water was polluted.
The sediment quality mainly trace metals from upstream and downstream
area of Ganga river at Kanpur city were studied where effluents from tannery
industries are discharged and reported that Cr in downstream sediment was
30-fold higher than in upstream sediment and its concentration was above
the probable effect level.
RESEARCHES AND STUDIES
22. The occurrence and bioaccumulation of several heavy metals
(Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn) in the river water, sediment, and the muscles
of two catfish species procured from the river Ganga at
Allahabad was studied.
The heavy metals analysis in sediment indicated that Zn
was maximally accumulated followed by Pb, Cr, Cu, and Cd.
The toxicity of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in the water of
Ganga river at Varanasi was studied. This study suggested that Ganga river
water is extremely polluted at Varanasi and industrial effluents are the main
source of heavy metal pollution.
Bhatnagar et al. [99] studied the effect of tannery effluents on
sediments of river Ganga in special reference to heavy metals at Jajmau,
Kanpur and found that the heavy metal such as Cr, As, Co, Fe, Cu, Mn,
Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni were present in significantly higher concentrations.
Scientists determined the concentration of several heavy metals such as Cr, Cu,
Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the water of river Ganga at Allahabad and reported that all
the heavy metals at all the sampling sites were found above the permissible
levels.
23. Geochemical environment of the river sediment in the middle stretch of the river
Ganga at Ghazipur, Buxar and Ballia urban centers was investigated .The percentage
of anthropogenic and lithogenic values of heavy metal concentration showed that
Cd receives the highest value of anthropogenic addition into river water and it is
followed by Cr, Cu, Zn and Co.
The heavy metal concentration as well as Ganga river water quality at
different ghats of Haridwar was assessed. The distribution of non-
radioactive heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Cu, and Pb) in water of river Ganga from
Rishikesh to Allahabad was studied. The investigations reported that at
some locations concentrations of measured heavy metals were exceeding
the standard limits which correspond to more anthropogenic activities
the mid stream water quality of Ganga river as influenced by
aerially - driven heavy metals at Varanasi, India. Twelve sampling stations
were selected along A 20 km long stretch of the river.
The data revealed that the mid-stream water of river Ganga at Varanasi is
invariably contaminated by heavy metals.
24. Concentrations of heavy metals (μg L−1) in the river Ganga water at different study sites.
BDL- Below detection limit; ND- Not detected
25. The Yamuna river, however a tributary of the river Ganga, is almost a river by itself. There are vast
numbers of industries, draining the huge amount of untreated effluent water in the Yamuna existing in
the cities like Delhi, Agra, Faridabad, and Mathura Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) had estimated
that there were nearly 359 industries, which directly or indirectly discharge their effluents in Yamuna.
Kali is a highly polluted river. Levels of pollutants including heavy metals have reached alarming
amount in the river Kali.
The water quality of Gomti river has also been found quite unsafe at Lucknow and Jaunpur.
Kali
Ramganga
Yamuna
Gomti
Ghaghara
Gandak
Mahananda
Damodar
Kosi
Tamsa
Son
Punpun
Role of tributaries of river Ganga in heavy
metal pollution:
The Ganga river has a vast number of tributaries.
The tributaries of Ganga have an important role in
pollution of river Ganga because it transports
considerable amounts of pollutants as well as heavy
metals into the Ganga. All the tributaries join the river
Ganga and drain their pollutant input load adding to the
already polluted Ganga river.
26. From the published research articles of many authors it is revealed that the
presence of heavy metal in the river may cause of the reduction in growth, size,
and survival of fish population or may also cause extinction of some fish species
and river dolphins. Daphnia and Cyclops are most sensitive to heavy metals.
Presence of such heavy metal pollutants in water course not only creates
unfavourable environment but also causes paucity of the fish organisms.
The occurrence of very large amount of heavy metal pollutants into surface
water and sediment can affect the self-purifying nature of the river. As soon as
the river loses its self-purifying nature, it results in the growth of high level of
pathogenic bacteria.
Effects
27. The heavy metal pollution of the river Ganga has drawn the attention of the scientists and
others concerned with the endangerment of the environment.
Regulatory standards for emission and discharges from different industries should be strict.
Recycling of wastewater containing heavy metals needs to be given greater importance not
only from environmental and health concerns but also as a resource conservation initiative.
Monitoring of wastewater from toxic heavy metal processing units of the different industries
needs to be executing more vigorously.
The government should outline a plan or strategy to comprehensively survey the Ganga
inorder to identify and specify the sources of the pollution
Strategies
28. Ganga Action Plan
The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) was launched by Rajiv Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India,
on June 1986.
The main goals of Ganga Action Plan:
(i)To improve the water quality by Interception, Diversion and treatment of domestic sewage and
(ii) Prevent toxic and industrial chemical wastes from identified grossly polluting units entering in to the river.
The key objective of the GAP was to improve the water quality by decreasing the pollution load before it reached to the
flowing river Ganga.
Ganga Action Plan, however, have had little success in meeting proposed objectives. An over-dependence on conventional
methods, designed and executed by the central Government without the involvement of local stakeholders, has provided to
the GAP's shortcomings.
A survey of CPCB, showed that 317 major industrial units are operating all along the bank of river Ganga and its tributaries.
Only 37% of these units followed some controlled measures and the remaining ones pose pollution hazards, and none of
them has any treatment facilities.
29. The $1 billion National Ganga River Basin Project is helping the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) build
institutional capacity for rejuvenating the river. It is also financing key infrastructure investments in the five mainstem states -
Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
Uttar Pradesh: Investments worth more than $250 million are focusing on reducing the pollution load in the river in key cities
and towns that lie along the river’s most critically polluted stretch. In Allahabad alone, the project will help build two sewage
treatment plants as well as 800 km of sewerage networks in four city districts, covering almost 80 percent of the city’s population
of nearly 1.3 million people.
Water Quality Monitoring: Some 30 state-of-the-art, real-time water quality monitoring stations will be installed along the
river in the first phase of a larger effort to acquire reliable water quality data. These will be managed by the Central Pollution
Control Board and will strengthen the regulation and oversight of the river’s pollution load by helping planners better understand
the point-source versus non-point source origins of pollution, as well as to assess the impact of treatment on the water’s
quality.
In the year 2008, the Prime Minister of India announced Ganga a National River and set up the National Ganga River Basin
Project (NGRBP) for its clean up.
National Ganga River Basin Project
30. National Mission for Clean Ganga
National Mission for Clean Ganga(NMCG) was registered as a society on 12th August 2011
under the Societies Registration Act 1860. It acted as implementation arm of National Ganga
River Basin Authority (NGRBA).
The Act envisages five tier structure at national, state and district level to take measures for
prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution in river Ganga and to ensure
continuous adequate flow of water so as to rejuvenate the river Ganga as below;
31. Namami Gange Programme is an Integrated Conservation Mission, approved as a
‘Flagship Programme’ by the Union Government in June 2014 to accomplish the
twin objectives of effective abatement of pollution and conservation and
rejuvenation of National River Ganga.
It is being operated under the Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga
Rejuvenation, Ministry of Jal Shakti.
The program is being implemented by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) NMCG is the
implementation wing of National Ganga Council (set in 2016; which replaced the National Ganga River
Basin Authority (NRGBA).
It has a Rs. 20,000-crore, centrally-funded, non-lapsable corpus and consists of nearly 288 projects.
32.
33. FIVE YEARS AFTER LAUNCH OF NAMAMI GANGE
The Namami Gange programme, aimed at making the Ganga nirmal and aviral, in 2015. Five years later, there were
signs that the effort had yielded some tangible results.
The basin of Ganga is India’s richest basin in terms of fish species — a study conducted by the the Zoological
Survey of India in 1991 put the number at 375. Over the years, the increasing pollution in India’s holiest river made
the survival of aquatic life difficult. In 1996, the iconic Gangetic Dolphin (Platanista gangetica), called ‘Tiger of the
Ganges’, was categorised as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The number of
Dolphins in the Ganga in the early 19th century was around 10,000. This came down to 3,526 by early 2000. The
species, India’s national aquatic animal ,had disappeared entirely in Haridwar and most of the Yamuna.
Five years after the launch of the mission, a survey of Ganga conducted by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII)
found that 49 per cent of the river has “very high biodiversity levels” and the sightings of biodiversity indicators,
such as the Gangetic Dolphin and Others, have increased over the last few years. Six stretches of the river with
high biodiversity levels have been identified by theWII in the study as : Devprayag to Rishikesh (61 kilometer) in
Uttarakhand
34. The authorities involved in cleaning the river have repeatedly come under the
scanner of a parliamentary panel as well as the National Green Tribunal for the
slow pace of cleaning-related work.
According to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)’s latest available data, the
water quality of Ganga across a significant portion of its 2,500 kilometres length is
still unfit for bathing and drinking as it does not meet the permissible parameters
for biochemical oxygen demand and total coliform.
THE OTHER SIDE
After spending Rs 100 billion on the programme, the authorities claim progress in cleaning the
river. However, The Central Pollution Control Board’s most recent data and Environmentalists
monitoring the river question these claims and state there is no marked improvement in cleaning
of Ganga and sewage continues to fall into the river unchecked.
35. Heavy Metals exhibit
Bio- accumulation: Pollutants like heavy metals are
conservative pollutants (they are non biodegradable)
and are build up in organisms over time. This is called
bio-accumulation.
Bio- magnification: Animals feeding on bio-
accumulators take in a higher level of contaminants
thus animals at higher trophic level obtain higher
concentration of toxic metals, the phenomenon is
known as bio- magnification.
36. Heavy Metals and Living Organism
Living organisms require varying amounts of heavy metals. Iron, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc are
required by humans. All metals are toxic at higher concentrations. Excessive levels can be damaging to the organism.
Other heavy metals such as mercury, plutonium, and lead are toxic metals that have no known vital or beneficial effect
on organisms, and their accumulation over time in the bodies of animals can cause serious illness. Certain elements that
are normally toxic are for certain organisms or under certain conditions, beneficial.
37. ADSORBENTS
One of the most promising methods from economic point of view
Adsorption is referred to as attachment of the molecules to the
surfaces of the adsorbent. Adsorbate is one which gets adhered to
solid surfaces and the surface is adsorbent
efficient and cost-effective method.
leads to the production of a high-quality effluent.
easy to use and does not generate any toxic pollutants,
an environment friendly technique .
traditional adsorbents: lack of reusability and tunability
A solution was made for this problem in the form of
nanoadsorbents
a new material in nano size to clean the water
38. Biofilters use microorganisms, which are capable of degrading many compounds, fixed to an
inorganic/organic medium (carrier) to break down pollutants present in a fluid stream.
biofiltration converts contaminants (heavy metals) into biomass, metallic by products, carbon-dioxide, salts and water.
use the energy and nutrients to grow and reproduce.
BIO- FILTERS
39. A research team at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
Mandi has developed a fibrous membrane filter using a
biopolymer-based material that helps to separate out the
heavy metals from water samples.
These membranes contain adsorbents — materials that attract
and hold the metals.
“We tested with a prototype with four litres of heavy metal-
laden water in the laboratory and have seen impressive
results,” the scientists said.
Fibes are nanometres in diameter — a hundred thousand times thinner than a single human hair. When the
fibres get finer, their surface area increases tremendously, which results in better adsorption of heavy metals.
Recent success
40. Azolla possesses all the properties of an ideal plant for use in
phytoremediation, such as fast growth rate, high biomass production,
moderately extensive root system, easy to harvest and tolerance to a
wide range of heavy metals. An integrated approach can be developed
using Azolla biomass produced during phytoremediation as source for
bioenergy production or bio-ore for recovery of marketable amount of
precious heavy metal.
The use of aquatic macrophytes, such as Azolla with hyper
accumulating ability is known to be an environmentally friendly option
to restore polluted aquatic resources.
Azolla based remediation